Abstract This study investigates the relationships between causation and effectuation decision-making logics and multiple dimensions of de-internationalization among Thai manufacturing export firms. Although existing research has explored internationalization processes, the decision-making dynamics underlying market withdrawal remain underexplored, particularly in emerging economy contexts. Using survey data from 129 Thai exporters and employing partial least squares structural equation modeling, this study examines how causation and different dimensions of effectuation influence various aspects of de-internationalization, including product, market, operational, and time dimensions. The findings demonstrate that the experimentation dimension of effectuation exhibits significant positive associations with all dimensions of de-internationalization, indicating its central role in market withdrawal decisions. Causation demonstrates significant negative relationships with both market and operational dimensions of de-internationalization, indicating that firms employing more systematic planning approaches are less likely to reduce their market presence or operational commitment. Interestingly, the flexibility dimension of effectuation exhibits a significant negative relationship with the time dimension, suggesting that more flexible firms complete their de-internationalization process more quickly. The study contributes to international business theory by demonstrating that different dimensions of effectuation have varying impacts on de-internationalization decisions and that market withdrawal is not simply a reversal of internationalization but a complex process influenced by different strategic approaches. For practitioners, the findings suggest the value of maintaining an experimental mindset while recognizing that systematic planning and experimental approaches are not mutually exclusive. The study provides important insights for understanding how firms navigate international market withdrawal decisions in emerging economies and offers directions for future research in this critical area of international business.
The management represents the art of creating, maintaining and developing: businesses, managers, employees and their
work. The trend in management will follow the trend of today's life, which is lived in an increasingly digitalized environment. Our
professional and personal development, work activity is increasingly influenced by digital technologies. Digitalization, the
implementation of digital technologies will require employees who have more and more skills in the digital field and who are
increasingly better trained. Thus, school will be increasingly important. It was mistakenly believed that with the introduction of
technologies (today we are talking mainly about the use of digital technologies), they will replace human work, which did not
happen in reality. All technologies are just tools for employees to become more efficient, the business to be more profitable,
employees to be increasingly trained, and their work to become easier to do and in a shorter time. There is a great interest in
integrated of all technologies, because these are real tools to obtain as many advantages as possible in as little time as possible and
use as fewer resources as possible. We have fast internet connections, increasingly powerful computers; cloud computing, artificial
intelligence, these being among the most important digital tools, which can be capitalized on in today's digital era. Management is a
living organism, which, living in today's times, adapts to the current increasingly digitalized environment. Thus, it tends to digitize
itself more and more in its activity by using digital tools such as: artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the internet, the computer,
for forecasting activities, for developing strategies, for planning activities, for human resources management, for planning
production, for risk management, etc. The paper presents the current characteristics of the digital environment, in which we live, but
also what are the characteristics of digital management. SMEs and their importance for the economy and society are also
presented, along with the ways of implementing digital management by Romanian SMEs and by SMEs at an international level. The
paper ends with conclusions and proposed research topics for the future, inspired by the theme presented in this paper.
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science
This paper explores the macroeconomic impact of the Mediterranean-style diet in
reducing the risk of premature death from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). By
utilizing an aggregate health production function approach, we investigate whether
adopting the Mediterranean-style diet has a measurable country-level protective effect.
Our analysis draws on data from 178 countries and develops two composite indexes to
measure i) adherence to the Mediterranean-style diet and ii) the prevalence of
metabolic syndrome. Our results show a departure from the Mediterranean-style diet in
favor of the Western-style diet across countries in the Mediterranean region during the
last decades. However, we find that adhering to the Mediterranean-style diet
significantly reduces the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (after controlling for major
potential confounding factors, such as health system performance and the
implementation of WHO-recommended NCD prevention measures). The positive
effects of the Mediterranean-style diet are, however, outweighed by the negative ones
of unhealthy dietary patterns. These findings emphasize the need to promote the
Mediterranean-style diet to curb the burden of NCDs.
Abstract The issue of financial distress has received much attention of scholars because it harms firm financial and operational systems which could lead to insolvency. The objective of this study is to examine the determinants of financial distress in Ethiopian insurance companies. A panel dataset was obtained from 11 insurance companies which range from 2010 to 2021. The study used the “Altman’s Z”-score model as a measure for financial distress. The pooled OLS regression results revealed that profitability (ROA), liquidity levels, insurers’ size, earnings growth, diversification have negative and significant effect on financial distress. Moreover, inflation rate, claims ratio, leverage, and asset tangibility have positive significant impact on financial distress. The study will have implications for different stakeholders, such as managers, policy makers, shareholders, etc., in that firm-specific and macro-economic factors are essential for managing the status of financial distress.
This paper analyzes Romania’s level of economic development nationally and regionally. The Gross Domestic
Product is the most representative indicator of the results achieved. Therefore, we made a comparison on how this
indicator evolved in the eight development regions of Romania, showing the positive or less positive aspects specific to
each region. The most relevant indicator that expresses the level of economic development of a region is certainly the
regional Gross Domestic Product per inhabitant, but we also analyzed other aspects regarding the economic situation
in a territorial profile given the national or European context.
We also presented other statistical data significant for this study. The analysis of the evolution of the regional
Gross Domestic Product compared to the national and European average represents another direction through which
we highlighted the way regional disparities have evolved in Romania.
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science
Making valid decisions by top management and modern trends in tourism offer in small economies requires a
realistic appreciation of the business environment of tourist companies, i.e. legal entities that deal with the organization
of tourist trips and other activities at the request of users of tourist services.
The top management's decision-making in relation to the modern trends of the tourist offer in small economies
implies the existence of an appreciation of the real facts of the economic and social environment in which tourist
companies operate.
However, decision-makers should take into account the fact that each tourist destination offers tourists a
complex, complex and unique tourist product that is the result of the activities of tourist and non-tourist entities on the
valorization of available natural resources and cultural heritage. It is the basis of appreciation of the characteristics of
the tourist offer as the broadest basis for business decision-making by top management.
The existence of features of possible influence such as static, i.e. the existence of a tourist offer that can be
manifested in its physical attachment to certain localities, which is an important feature in the functioning of the tourist
market, which is an important feature that must be fundamentally respected.
In addition, the existence of spatial separation and most often the distance of the offer from the area where the
tourist demand is concentrated is another segment that the top management of tourist companies should pay attention to
when making business decisions.
The third level of observation of work in tourism represents the totality of management decisions by top
management with the aim of achieving the set basic goals that are valid for the functioning of tourism companies, which
is of particular importance for business in small economies such as the Republic of Serbia. Often in the literature, one
can see the emphasis on profit making as a guiding idea when making management decisions, but also increasing the
sales of other sectors of the economy, such as increasing the marketing of agricultural products, increasing the sale of
luxury products, etc.
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science
Taking into account that following the application of various accounting regulations for the same company and
the reporting period, the information provided by the financial statements of an entity regarding the operating leasing
transactions in the lessee's accounting (prior to the date of 01.01.2019) was not sufficient for investors and analysts in
order to make decisions, to ensure comparability between entities, but also to determine the degree of indebtedness and
used capital, they adjusted the elements of the statement of financial position with the information on operating leasing
found in the explanatory notes.
Looking from this perspective and taking into account the major importance of the complete description of
economic phenomena related to the operational leasing transactions in lessee’s accounting, we considered it useful to
conduct a study to analyze the possibility of reducing the differences in the presentation of similar phenomena from an
economic point of view, in the financial reporting of the lessee, respectively in the way of accounting for its operational
leasing transactions, in order to facilitate the interpretation of information on these operations, in all markets and to
all users of accounting information. In this regard, we will address issues related to ensuring complete registration in
accounting, depending on the national and international reference, ensuring the comparison of the usefulness of
accounting information in the two variants.
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science
In time, the legislation changes in the accounting domain, taxation areas and not only led to the appearance of
some representation methods of the business information that reflect more or less transparent the actual fact of a
business entity. Most of the times is impacted the result of the financial year of a company, this being subject to
taxation. In the endeavor of some entities to diminish their profit to avoid tax by masking results a significant role also
has the existence of the conventions for the avoidance of double taxation, they being a refuge for companies’ profits.
The idea to comprehend in detail the reality transposed in the financial standings of an entity is a subject of interest
both for the business entity itself and for its partners and the institutions they come into contact with, this is an idea
from which we started from in making this paper with the purpose of making known the various aspects of using
creative accounting. At the same time, we want to point out the fact that the limits of creative accounting are almost
inexistent and that the legislation on global level facilitates in certain conditions the hiding of actual legality of the
companies.
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science
E-marketing strategy is part of an e-marketing plan that points out the necessary activities and resources to
achieve the set goals. The marketing strategy is basically a way of directing and adjusting the activities to the target
market. In order to achieve the best results by companies, it is necessary to make a detailed analysis of every aspect of
the company's operations and its current presence on the Internet. Through research and analysis, can be seen the
company's capabilities in order to achieve the best results.
When creating an e-marketing strategy, it starts from analyzing the company's presence on the Internet,
researching the competition and the capabilities of the company and campaign planning. E-marketing strategy enables
the company to achieve its goals through a carefully selected combination of e-marketing tools and web marketing.
Companies to remain successful on the market, it is necessary in their marketing strategy to implement e-marketing as a
new way of working. The subject of research in this scientific paper is the determination of the strategic approach of the
companies in Republic of Macedonia for the implementation of e-marketing as a new way of working.
For the realization of this scientific paper, descriptive research is applied on the territory of Republic of
Macedonia with a sample method. The analysis uses χ2- test calculation and calculation of the coefficient of
contingency. Based on the data analysis, certain conclusions and recommendations have been adopted, which can be
used by the companies in future.
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science
Prices are the key points of transfer and interactions. Balance means knowing the real demand and adapting thier
supply at its level and structure.
In studying the prices, the knowledge of economic content and the mechanism of their formation in exchange
process is a crucial prerequisites to accomplish the transition from theoretical foundations to practical foundations of
concrete modalities, of pricing techniques.
If demand can assimilate the production of considered enterprises, then the manufacturer is concerned to determine
that level of production for which will get maximum profit, profitability threshold, elasticity of supply compared with the
price, to choose the best outlet. Price depends on the intersection of demand and supply
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science
Abstract Background Generative art is created by a system that operates autonomously, or semi-autonomously, rather than directly by the artist. The artist creates the system and establishes parameters that affect the outcome, but the outcome itself emerges from the system rather than from the artist. Generative art systems are frequently computer programs, although biological, social, or other systems may also be used as well. Findings Computer programming environments are often technically demanding, but there are also those that are more accessible and offer novices ways to engage with concepts and practices of generative art. We report on our experience with two such environments, TurtleArt and Scratch, that we have used in workshops with preservice and in-service teachers over the past several years. Conclusions TurtleArt and Scratch are two programming environments that are accessible to novices and provide a way to explore and create works of generative art.
In the course of transition, former socialistic countries moved from planned to market economy. This journey
typically started with sharp falls in economic activity in all transition countries, accompanied by deterioration of
various social indicators. Hence, their main objective was the recovery of economic activity, i.e. increasing the
economic growth rate, which in addition was supposed to enable catching up with the European developed economies.
This growth movement is usually described by famous U-curve of transition. However, in spite of the efforts and
reforms, all transition economies recorded various paces of recovery. This study discusses that difference, through
various GDP indicators, - real GDP path, GDP growth rates path, the height of the GDP index achieved and the
volatility of growth rates. Analysed in concert, these indicators suggest several other variations of the transition Ucurve,
such as: the rapid-J group, the wide-U group and the L-curve group. Namely, almost three decades after the
start of the transition, the differences persist, suggesting that some transition economies has not moved significantly
towards catching up with the successful transition countries, or with the developed economies.
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science
The relationship between turnover and organizational performance represented the field of interest for various
authors in literature, some of the studies identifying even a strong association between the organizational performance
and the management of human resources itself. Turnover thus represents an indicator of results which has a
fundamental role in characterizing the efficiency of the activity carried out by a company.
The final results are conditioned by the volume of resources, which are however, limited, an efficient strategy
of management being necessary for the correct accomplishment of the previous established objectives and
capitalization of its real potential. Findings regarding the size of a business or a company and its variation in time are
necessary in attracting and securing the resources which are indispensable for achieving the objectives and goals
proposed. To fully understand a company's activity, any analysis of an indicator must include a description of its
dynamics. Thus, the analysis of the turnover in time can be achieved using conventional statistical models. In concrete
terms, it is part of the economic and financial results indicators, helping to diagnose and to evaluate the company,
estimating efficient management practices. The present paper aims at illustrating the relevance of a factorial analysis
model for a sample of enterprises selected, the results highlighting the connection between the sales and labor
productivity, but also between sales and the degree of technical equipment. The study revealed the following aspects: a
positive and direct connection between labor productivity and sales, so we can state that higher levels of productivity
produce higher sales, but also a negative connection between the degree of technical equipment and the level of sales,
relation which is very important since we want to know how well a business is employing its assets to generate sales.
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science
The establishment of an economic unit, regardless of the type and its legal form is conditioned by the existence
of a capital which it commences, he creates and assumes obligations and dealings with third parties. As an important
part of the heritage capital expressed as pecuniary obligation is designed to drive toward those who participate in the
formation of capital, whether they are natural or legal persons. Whereas these obligations do not have period due, they
are permanent throughout the existence and functioning of the economic unit.
Capital represents funding sources used by an enterprise, a permanent and lasting manner. They must fund all
amounts fixed and structural part of the amount of Revolving Fund (the circulating assets of mining subsided with the
debts). Determining the optimal size of capital is an issue of the utmost importance in the financial management of the
company, as a possible insufficiency of resources influences long-term solvency, liquidity and return it.
Over the long term, the goal of any business is to get a sufficient return on capital invested.
Creating a company, maintaining the market position and its economic growth requires resources to ensure
optimal deployment, to development activities. Creation and operation of a society is not possible in the absence of the
capital which can be considered a set of resources likely to provide future revenue streams.
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science