DThis paper presents an additive index on climate policy engagement at the municipal level, based on the three dimensions awareness, conception and implementation of climate change mitigation and adaptation. The distortion of the index is based on the self-perception and personal assessment of municipal decision-makers, which were collected and evaluated as part of a primary survey (postal survey). The index shows how strongly a municipality is committed to climate policy. Thus, it represents an extension of previous indices that either only consider climate mitigation or adaptation or are only based exclusively on secondary statistics. The second part of the paper describes the application of the index in three counties or 51 municipalities in Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The interpretation takes place in the context of structural characteristics of the municipalities concerned (number of inhabitants, share of votes of different parties, geographical location). The distribution of the index values shows a similar awareness in climate protection and climate change adaptation, but an increasing discrepancy in the implementation of adaptation-specific measures.
Cities. Urban geography, Urbanization. City and country
Mustapha Immurana, Abdul-Aziz Iddrisu, Ayisha Mohammed
et al.
Although a lot of studies exist on the drivers of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, very little attention has been paid to the effect of population health, to the extent that, some countries may be willing to compromise their health and safety standards in order to attract FDI inflows. In this study, we provide empirical evidence of the effect of population health on net FDI inflows in Africa. The study employs data from 1997 to 2017 on a sample of 35 African countries. Life expectancy and death rate are used to proxy population health whiles the Instrumental Variable Fixed Effects (IVFE) and the system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) regressions are used as the baseline and robustness empirical estimation techniques, respectively. The study finds life expectancy and death rate to have positive and negative significant effects on net FDI inflows respectively, irrespective of the estimation technique used. Our findings imply that, instead of lowering health and safety standards, enhancing population health (via for instance, improving access to quality healthcare, improved water and sanitation as well as vaccination against diseases among others) should rather be used as a strategy towards attaining higher net FDI inflows, especially into Africa.
Cities. Urban geography, Urbanization. City and country
George M. Nassef, Kariman Ahmed Shawky, Aladin Yassin
أصبحت كثير من مراكز المدن التاريخية المصرية تعاني من خطر التدهور والزوال بعد أن كانت مراكز ذات شهرة اقتصادية وتجارية وثقافية في الماضي، حيث تنهار البيئة التراثية من مباني تاريخية وفراغات عمرانية وتنهار معها الانشطة الاقتصادية، حيث إندثار الحرف التراثية وتدهور الخدمات وضياع الهوية التاريخية. ومن ثم تناولت كثير من الأبحاث ضرورة التدخل لإنقاذ تلك المراكز التاريخية والتي تمثل الهوية التاريخية.
ويهدف البحث إلى التوصل لأهم الحلول الفاعلة لتطوير مراكز المدن التراثية ذات الأنشطة الحرفية. لذا يتناول البحث من خلال المنهج النظري والتحليلي دراسة البعد الاقتصادي من خلال دراسة بعض المشكلات التي تم التوصل اليها بناء علي الأبحاث والدراسات السابقة. ويتم مناقشة الحلول الخاصة بتلك المشكلات، وبعد ذلك يتم قياس المشكلات والحلول في عدة تجارب عالمية للتأكد منها من خلال المنهج المقارن، ثم تطبيق تلك المشكلات والحلول علي مراكز مدن تاريخية مصرية كحالات دراسية. بالإضافة إلى إجراء إستبيان للخبراء لتدقيق اولويات المشكلات والحلول الاقتصادية لمراكز المدن التراثية. ويخلص البحث إلي التوصل لأهم المشكلات والحلول الاقتصادية وتطويرها كمدخل لإحياء مراكز المدن التاريخية ذات الأنشطة الحرفية التراثية. وتتلخص أهم المشكلات في تدهور الأنشطة الحرفية التراثية، ويلي ذلك نقص التمويل المناسب لإحياء تلك المراكز التاريخية. كما يأتي في مقدمة الحلول الاقتصادية تطوير الأعمال الانتاجية الحرفية، وأيضا تحويل المنطقة إلي مركز للنشاط الاقتصادي، حيث تسهم هذه الحلول في حل أكثر من مشكلة اقتصادية.
Many Egyptian historical city centers are currently facing the risk of deterioration and disappearance after being renowned for their economic, commercial, and cultural activities in the past. The heritage environment, including historical buildings and urban spaces, collapses along with economic activities, the disappearance of heritage crafts, the deterioration of services, and the loss of historical identity. Therefore, many studies have highlighted the necessity of intervening to save these historical centers, which represent historical identity.
This research aims to identify effective solutions for developing heritage city centers with craft activities. Through a theoretical and analytical methodology, the research examines the economic aspect by studying some of the problems that have been identified based on previous research and studies. Solutions to these problems are discussed, and then the problems and solutions are measured in multiple international experiments through a comparative methodology. Finally, the research applies these problems and solutions to Egyptian historical city centers as case studies, in addition to conducting a survey of experts to confirm the priorities of economic problems and solutions for heritage city centers. The research concludes by identifying the most important economic problems and solutions and developing them as an approach to revitalizing heritage city centers with craft activities. The main problems identified include the deterioration of heritage crafts activities, followed by a lack of appropriate funding to revitalize these historical centers. The proposed economic solutions include developing craft production activities and transforming the area into a center for economic activity, which can solve multiple economic problems.
Cities. Urban geography, Urbanization. City and country
This article concentrates on issues relating to the revitalisation of urban space in the Polish context, with a particular focus on small towns. It discusses the development of small towns after World War II, the changes that took place after Poland’s accession to the European Union, current legal framework, and the directions for revitalisation planning and implementation in Poland. The article is based on publications dealing with revitalisation processes, materials provided by annually-held conferences dedicated to small towns, and studies analysing revitalisation programmes of towns which got involved in pilot activities within the framework of the project called The Model Revitalisation of Cities. The authors highlight the benefits that a well-prepared revitalisation brings; they also discuss the limitations and problems facing local governments in the course of meeting this challenge. The article can provide inspiration for researchers to undertake studies in order to examine and evaluate the preparation and implementation of revitalisation processes as well as their effect on the resolution of social, economic, functional, spatial, technical, and environmental problems diagnosed in degraded areas. The paper should also be useful to local governments developing their revitalisation programmes.
During the summer of 2019, the National Environmental Vision (De Nationale Omgevingsvisie-NOVI), was published in the Netherlands. For the first time in planning history, the Netherlands got a full-scale vision, not just for infrastructure or land use, but for the entire living environment. The vision highlighted a common interest for businesses, governments, academia and civil society: the quality of the environment. At the same time however, NOVI still hesitates to address the confrontation between the comfortable, pre-existing structures (fossil fuel dependence, high CO2 emissions etc.) and the extent of change of Dutch cities and landscape (nitrogen crisis, shortage of housing etc.). Based on this observation, this paper investigates how design-led approaches can allow different stakeholders to see the bigger picture, embrace change and contribute to the active implementation of strategic visions. Focusing on the Randstad region, the authors draw inspiration from the work of Superstudio and use extreme –and sometimes dystopian–- scenarios of large-scale change as a snapshot of a potential future. Building upon their experience with projective visions and research-by-design, they indicate how the implementation of strategic visions like the NOVI can be enhanced by practices that leverage imagination, creativity and data-driven experimentation.
Mohamad soleimani Meranjani, Ali Shamai, Taher Parizadi
et al.
Objective:Neighborhood as a "spatial" and historical phenomenon has usually had two dimensions: explicit or implicit territory, and the other is a "special social group".Spatial matching of neighborhood and the local community, especially in metropolitan areas, was discussed in the urban literature. Explaining the process of this divergence and the impact of urbanism on it in the scale of Tehran metropolitan neighborhoods has been the main issue of this article.
Methods: This research was of the survey-analytical type, and the method of data collection was documentary-field. The statistical population is Tehran's metropolitan neighborhoods that, based on a classification, five neighborhoods have been selected by purposive sampling. Quantitative and statistical methods including one-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, and multivariate regression were used to analyze the data.
Results:The results showed that despite the changes caused by modernity, it is still possible to distinguish a range of neighborhoods from the community's characteristics in the metropolis of Tehran. The level of neighborhood identity in Tehran's sample neighborhoods has been relatively high; however, this situation has not led to the formation and improvement of their residents' interactions and internal social solidarity. The results also showed that all indicators of urbanism as an independent variable had significant relationships and negative effects on the community's characteristics in the sample neighborhoods.
Conclusion: However, the findings of this article indicate the existence of fields and capital of the community in the sample neighborhoods of Tehran; However, based on the basic idea of the research, it should be noted that promoting and strengthening the spatial matching of community and neighborhood is the basic condition for creating, improving and recreating existing neighborhoods within the framework of modern metropolitan discourse and urbanism of Tehran metropolitan scale.
The article analyzes the formation and development of Kyiv museums during the imperial period, as well as the transformations, that took place in this field during the revolutionary period (1917 - 1919). The article deals with the history of museums through the prism of analyzing the contribution of central and local authorities to the development and further activities of museum institutions. The influence of the state authorities and the Ukrainian national movement on the development of museums is considered in the example of the largest Kyiv museums.
Museums have played an essential role in the formation of collective memory, memory policy, the nation-building processes et cetera. During the study period in European countries, national museums were opened. As P. Aronsson and G. Elgenius mentioned, «The national museum is thus a knowledge-based socio-political institution, with corresponding collections and displays that ultimately claim, articulate and represent dominant national values and myths». This article examines the potential of Kyiv museum institutions to become Ukrainian national museums.
Kyiv during the imperial period was an important centre of Russian culture and power. For imperial authorities, Kyiv was the administrative centre of the Southwestern region, the city from which Christianity spread, the centre of Russification of Ukrainian territory et cetera. At the same time, Kyiv was the centre of the Ukrainian movement in the Russian Empire. The Ukrainian activists could perceive this city in a completely different way – as a historic capital. For the Ukrainian intelligentsia of the Russian Empire, museum institutions had great potential in the study of the history and culture of Ukrainian lands.
The first museums in Kyiv were opened at St. Volodymyr University in the 1830s. The most significant museums in the city were the Church-Archeological Museum at the Kyiv Theological Academy and the Kyiv City (Art, Industrial and Scientific) Museum
There was no purposeful state museum policy in the Russian Empire. At the same time, the imperial and local authorities had an influence on the creation of museum institutions and their further development (mostly through funding). From the point of view of imperial power, which acted in a particular paradigm of non-recognition of Ukrainians as a separate people, Kyiv museums were supposed to be “Russian”, followed by, or should be followed by, authorities of all levels. However, supporters of the Ukrainian national movement, occupying official positions, used the museums for their purposes, finding opportunities to involve local authorities and patrons. The city's museums operated under different signage, but they had the potential to become Ukrainian national museums, most of all the Kyiv City Museum. This museum has evolved accordingly, thanks to scholars associated with it.
In 1917 - 1919 the situation in the city changed. Ukrainian state entities - the UNR and the Ukrainian state, of course, had completely different views on the development of the Ukrainian nation and sought to implement the "Ukrainian project" by creating their state. History and culture were now an essential lever of legitimizing the new government, which, thanks to the influence of the Ukrainian intelligentsia, understood the possibilities of the museum industry. The Ukrainian National Museum had a crucial role in this process. There was no doubt that it should be based in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine.
Cities. Urban geography, Economic history and conditions
13–17 березня 2018 року в Державній науковій архітектурно-будівельній бібліотеці імені В. Г. Заболотного в партнерстві з компанією КНАУФ, провідним виробником будівельних і оздоблювальних матеріалів у світі, відбувся воркшоп ARCHINTEGRATION 2018 в рамках V Міжнародного молодіжного архітектурного фестивалю ARCHIVISION 2018.
Cities. Urban geography, Economic history and conditions
Der Beitrag diskutiert die Debatten, die der Sammelband Beißreflexe aufbrachte. Er verweist einerseits auf gefährliche Nähen zum Diskurs der Rechten, die sich die Beißreflexe-Autor*innen insbesondere durch ihren Schulterschluss mit der Zeitschrift EMMA einhandelten. Andererseits greift er den Impetus von Beißrefexe auf, Machtverhältnisse auch unter linken Aktivist*innen und gesellschaftlich Marginalisierten systematisch zu analysieren. Anhand des Buches Schwule Sichtbarkeiten (Çetin/Voß 2016) zeigt er, wie Wissenschaftler*innen, diese ohnehin oft in der öffentlichen Kritik stehenden Gruppen z.T. vor weiterer Kritik „verschonen“ und stattdessen Machtverhältnisse einseitig im Feld der Privilegierten beschreiben. Er problematisiert, dass dies die hegemonialen, in diesem Fall rassistischen, Kritiken „wahrer“ erscheinen lässt, da alternative Erklärungsangebote ausbleiben.
Cities. Urban geography, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
Lugares de mal vivir: Una historia cultural de los prostíbulos de Buenos Aires, 1875-1936
CarideBartrons, Horacio. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial IAA-FADU-UBA, 2017, 273 páginas.
Jesús Armando Ríos Flores, Juan Manuel Ocegueda Hernández
Este estudio presenta un análisis sobre el efecto de la capacidad innovadora en el crecimiento económico bajo un marco espacio-temporal. Al reconocer las limitantes de la representatividad de la propiedad intelectual en las regiones institucionalmente débiles, se genera un indicador agregado para la capacidad innovadora mediante un modelo factorial, que permita comparar los efectos de ambos indicadores. Los resultados muestran que la capacidad para innovar, en el caso de las patentes, sólo es significativa en presencia de efectos espaciales, mientras el indicador agregado es significativo en todos los casos, y es aún mayor cuando el efecto espacial es relevante.
Cities. Urban geography, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
Resumo: este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as conceituações contemporâneas dos Movimentos Sociais, assim como problematizar as suas atuações e perspectivas de formação dentro dos parâmetros da base marxiana como método. Identificar-se-ão os processos de consciência, que dualizam entre a emancipação e a constituição da Ideologia, esta última, como uma das formas emanadas de percepção do mundo. Apontamos os tensionamentos entre Trabalho e Capital como categorias, ainda, inexoráveis de constatação do resultado extrator do trabalho vivo pelo capitalismo, e da tentativa de uma epistemologia pós-moderna de “responder” à modernidade. Apresentamos possibilidades da desfetichização como direcionamentos e pautas na formação política dos sujeitos que, assim, interagem com os diversos grupamentos societários. As conclusões levam-nos a uma perspectiva radicalizada de aprofundamentos das lutas sociais, que levem em consideração a totalidade dos envolvimentos e da necessidade de articulação das convergências dentro das diversas temáticas protagonizadas pelos Movimentos Sociais.
Palavras-chave: Movimentos Sociais. Marxismo. Educação.
Cities. Urban geography, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
Over the last decade Polish cities have become popular destinations of the foreign clubbing tourism. Interest of foreign tourists, however, is not reflected in the interest of scientists, because clubbing tourism-related issues have not been extensively studied in the literature regarding Polish cities. In this paper the authors have tried to fill this gap by analysing the potential of city break clubbing tourism in Wrocław, the city which has been selected the European Capital of Culture 2016. As part of the analysis, the following elements affecting the development of this type of tourism were examined: transport accessibility, clubbing infrastructure (discos, nightclubs and pubs), and other factors (accommodation facilities and selected tourist attractions). The transport accessibility data include only regular direct flights carried by low-cost carriers (LCC) in 2014 (number of connections, frequency of flights and ticket prices), as this type of transportation is crucial for city break tourism.
Introduction
From 1970s onward, the concept and meaning of development was revised that the result of this change was the concept of human development. An important dimension of human development is sustainable development which emphasizes on changing human based view to production based view. Accordingly, physical capital is not the only investment in a country but also human and social capitals gain more importance and can be an essential tool with high capability and performance in clarifying and solving the issues and problems human society faced with, which provide the situation for achieving sustainable development . Hence, the concept of sustainable development, sees the environment health and tendency to sustainable development through the partnership of local organizations. This partnership will lead to social capital. This social capital must be with more per capita for the next generations comparing with today's generation. Social capital like the concept of physical capital and human capital refers to the characteristics of social organization such as networks, norms and trust which facilitates the coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit. Social capital increases the benefit of investment in the field of physical and human capital. Nowadays, many of designers and planners know social capital as an important tool for sustainable development in the environment, social, cultural and economical field and have special attention on this issue and in practice consider social capital and sustainable development as supplement and related from different aspects. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the social capital theory and its relationship to sustainable development in the cities of West Azarbaijan province in Iran. Accordingly, first the various dimensions of social capital in the cities of West Azarbaijan province have been evaluated and then sustainability of the cities have been leveled and finally, the relationship between social capital and sustainable development in the cities of West Azarbaijan province is discussed.
Research Methodology
This is an applied research type and its study methods is descriptive – analytical and correlation. Statistical society is 36 cities of West Azarbaijan province for sustainable development based on administrative- political divisions of year 2006. The indices of urban sustainable development includes 8 features of population, social, economical, health-medical, cultural, urban infrastructure facilities and equipment, transport and communication and physical indices. The sample volume has been selected 384 people based on Cochran’s formula for the component of social capital. Component of social capital indices include 5 components of social participation, high interest to society , social trust, cooperation and assistance, family relations and friends. Sampling method to measure social capital is sampling with optimal allocation based on population of each city. Tool for gathering sustainable development data which includes 53 indices, are public census of population of housing, statistical yearbooks and relevant organizations and institutions. Tool for gathering social capital data is questionnaire .the questionnaire has been measured through Likert and a five-choice scale. The models of Tapsis , Entropy Coefficient and cluster analysis are used for analysis of sustainable urban development. Also for the relationship between the variables, the inferential statistical tests such as correlation, regression and path analysis were used.
Discussions and Results
Research findings show that from the view point of urban sustainable development, out of 36 cities of the province, Urmia city is placed at very high-level development and Mahabad, Khoy and Bukan at high-level development and 6 cities at medium-level and other cities are placed at low and very low-level of development, that shows a gap between the cities in sustainable urban development. From the view point of social capital, cities of Mahabad, Bukan, Urmia, Khoy are placed at very high-level ,7 cities at high-level, 12 cities at medium-level and 13 cities at low and very low-level.
Findings obtained from field studies show that social capital in the cities of West Azarbaijan province is 2.96 that is 59.28 % , which its most part belongs to Mahabad city with about 76.6% and its lowest belongs to Firuragh city of about 48.4%. Also, Findings show that the relations of family and friends with 3.39 namely 67.8% has the highest and social participation with 2.66 namely 53.2 % has the lowest level of social capital. In terms of physical development, Findings indicate the development of large cities and lack of development of small towns, and in terms of social capital, larger cities likewise have higher social capital than smaller cities. In general, the results indicate that among the five dimensions of social capital , social participation, high interest to society, cooperation and assistance, family relations and friends have a significant relationship with urban sustainable development and social trust due to its weak relation with urban sustainable development is meaningless.
Conclusion
The results show that the rate of urban inequality for sustainable development indices is 1.33 in the cities of West Azarbaijan province, that shows the gap between the components of urban sustainable development. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the development level shows development is very low in most cities. Also, in terms of overall development, the pattern of regional space in West Azarbaijan province is Core-Periphery. That is how much become closer to the big cities in terms of demographic, economic, administrative , the cities are more developed because most cities in the province are small towns. Therefore, these cities are located at the surrounding areas of the province. Also, the top-down planning in the structure plan of the state and regions has increased the proscription of small towns. In total based on the results, we can say that component of the high interest to society with 0.395 has had the highest impact on sustainable development in cities of West Azarbaijan province. Finally, based on the existing facts, we can say that there is a relation between sustainable development and social capital to the amount of 0.67 with % 99 of confidence level.
Spatial Analysis of the Relationship between Social Capital and ...
Keywords: Social capital, Urban sustainable development, Spatial analysis, West azarbaijan Province.
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Si bien es cierto que en América Latina se advierten procesos de descentralización surgidos de la articulación Estado-sociedad, es preciso reconocer que aún prevalecen prácticas y culturas políticas populistas, patrimonialistas y clientelares que disminuyen (e incluso invalidan) el efecto de los esfuerzos de participación ciudadana. El presente trabajo analiza el origen y desarrollo de la relación Estado-sociedad civil, enfatizando la dimensión territorial asociada a la democratización y la consolidación de los movimientos sociales en América Latina. Posteriormente explora el desempeño de los procesos de descentralización y algunas de sus particularidades, en relación con el discurso político que los justificó. Por último, evalúa las bondades de dicha relación y, sobre todo, las limitaciones en cuanto a su contribución a los procesos democráticos de la región.
Cities. Urban geography, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology
One of the key aims of cluster approaches in regional development policy has been improving the skills and qualifications of the labour force. This function can be performed by regional “qualification networks”. In this contribution, the data of an empirical study on qualification networks in the state of Brandenburg are evaluated under the aspect of their orientation toward the needs of local business and industry. The paper outlines the thematic, organizational and financial development of 63 such networks, approximately half of which take the requirements of specific businesses or industries located in the region into consideration in their work.
Cities. Urban geography, Urbanization. City and country
Este trabajo analiza el marco jurídico e institucional del proceso de planeación urbana
en México y sus deficientes resultados. Se revisan y comparan en particular los artículos
27 y 115 constitucionales, que norman e inciden en la actuación del municipio sobre los
procesos de desarrollo urbano. Primero se hace una breve caracterización de cada uno
en distintas etapas y después se desarrollan en detalle sus reformas. Los resultados muestran
que, pese a los avances logrados, los municipios siguen enfrentando obstáculos para
desempeñar sus tareas de gestión urbana; uno de los escollos más importantes es la contraposición en algunos aspectos de dichos artículos. A ello se suman el centralismo y la verticalidad de las políticas públicas federales del sector urbano, donde el municipio sigue subordinado a los otros dos niveles de gobierno. A todo ello lo antecede una caracterización
sobre el desfase que ha experimentado el desarrollo del país en cuanto a crecimiento urbano
y económico.
Cities. Urban geography, Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology