Hasil untuk "Chinese language and literature"

T. Einarson, A. Acs, C. Ludwig et al.

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common comorbidity in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). CVD’s prevalence has been growing over time.PurposeTo estimate the current prevalence of CVD among adults with T2DM by reviewing literature published within the last 10 years (2007–March 2017).MethodsWe searched Medline, Embase, and proceedings of major scientific meetings for original research documenting the prevalence of CVD in T2DM. CVD included stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular death. No restrictions were placed on country of origin or publication language. Two reviewers independently searched for articles and extracted data, adjudicating results through consensus. Data were summarized descriptively. Risk of bias was examined by applying the STROBE checklist.ResultsWe analyzed data from 57 articles with 4,549,481 persons having T2DM. Europe produced the most articles (46%), followed by the Western Pacific/China (21%), and North America (13%). Overall in 4,549,481 persons with T2DM, 52.0% were male, 47.0% were obese, aged 63.6 ± 6.9 years old, with T2DM duration of 10.4 ± 3.7 years. CVD affected 32.2% overall (53 studies, N = 4,289,140); 29.1% had atherosclerosis (4 studies, N = 1153), 21.2% had coronary heart disease (42 articles, N = 3,833,200), 14.9% heart failure (14 studies, N = 601,154), 14.6% angina (4 studies, N = 354,743), 10.0% myocardial infarction (13 studies, N = 3,518,833) and 7.6% stroke (39 studies, N = 3,901,505). CVD was the cause of death in 9.9% of T2DM patients (representing 50.3% of all deaths). Risk of bias was low; 80 ± 12% of STROBE checklist items were adequately addressed.ConclusionsGlobally, overall CVD affects approximately 32.2% of all persons with T2DM. CVD is a major cause of mortality among people with T2DM, accounting for approximately half of all deaths over the study period. Coronary artery disease and stroke were the major contributors.

K. Bayly-Castaneda, M-S. Ramirez-Montoya, Morita-Alexander et al.

The rapid evolution of knowledge requires constantly acquiring and updating skills, making lifelong learning crucial. Despite decades of artificial intelligence, recent advances promote new solutions to personalize learning in this context. The purpose of this article is to explore the current state of research on the development of artificial intelligence-mediated solutions for the design of personalized learning paths. To achieve this, a systematic literature review (SRL) of 78 articles published between 2019 and 2024 from the Scopus and Web or Science databases was conducted, answering seven questions grouped into three themes: characteristics of the published research, context of the research, and type of solution analyzed. This study identified that: (a) the greatest production of scientific research on the topic is developed in China, India and the United States, (b) the focus is mainly directed towards the educational context at the higher education level with areas of opportunity for application in the work context, and (c) the development of adaptive learning technologies predominates; however, there is a growing interest in the application of generative language models. This article contributes to the growing interest and literature related to personalized learning under artificial intelligence mediated solutions that will serve as a basis for academic institutions and organizations to design programs under this model.

C. Preiksaitis, Nicholas Ashenburg, G. Bunney et al.

Background Artificial intelligence (AI), more specifically large language models (LLMs), holds significant potential in revolutionizing emergency care delivery by optimizing clinical workflows and enhancing the quality of decision-making. Although enthusiasm for integrating LLMs into emergency medicine (EM) is growing, the existing literature is characterized by a disparate collection of individual studies, conceptual analyses, and preliminary implementations. Given these complexities and gaps in understanding, a cohesive framework is needed to comprehend the existing body of knowledge on the application of LLMs in EM. Objective Given the absence of a comprehensive framework for exploring the roles of LLMs in EM, this scoping review aims to systematically map the existing literature on LLMs’ potential applications within EM and identify directions for future research. Addressing this gap will allow for informed advancements in the field. Methods Using PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) criteria, we searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for papers published between January 2018 and August 2023 that discussed LLMs’ use in EM. We excluded other forms of AI. A total of 1994 unique titles and abstracts were screened, and each full-text paper was independently reviewed by 2 authors. Data were abstracted independently, and 5 authors performed a collaborative quantitative and qualitative synthesis of the data. Results A total of 43 papers were included. Studies were predominantly from 2022 to 2023 and conducted in the United States and China. We uncovered four major themes: (1) clinical decision-making and support was highlighted as a pivotal area, with LLMs playing a substantial role in enhancing patient care, notably through their application in real-time triage, allowing early recognition of patient urgency; (2) efficiency, workflow, and information management demonstrated the capacity of LLMs to significantly boost operational efficiency, particularly through the automation of patient record synthesis, which could reduce administrative burden and enhance patient-centric care; (3) risks, ethics, and transparency were identified as areas of concern, especially regarding the reliability of LLMs’ outputs, and specific studies highlighted the challenges of ensuring unbiased decision-making amidst potentially flawed training data sets, stressing the importance of thorough validation and ethical oversight; and (4) education and communication possibilities included LLMs’ capacity to enrich medical training, such as through using simulated patient interactions that enhance communication skills. Conclusions LLMs have the potential to fundamentally transform EM, enhancing clinical decision-making, optimizing workflows, and improving patient outcomes. This review sets the stage for future advancements by identifying key research areas: prospective validation of LLM applications, establishing standards for responsible use, understanding provider and patient perceptions, and improving physicians’ AI literacy. Effective integration of LLMs into EM will require collaborative efforts and thorough evaluation to ensure these technologies can be safely and effectively applied.

Hanwei Wu, Yongliang Wang, Yunsong Wang

Since emotion regulation is a key factor in second language (L2) education, multitudes of studies have been conducted on this emotional factor. Yet, the majority of previous research has focused on the emotion regulation strategies used by L2 learners. In recent years, some scholars have started to explore L2 teachers’ emotion regulation from various perspectives, but to the best of our knowledge, no systematic review to date has been carried out in this area. Using CiteSpace software (Version 6.2.R2), the present review study analyzed 26 articles published from 2020 to 2023. The analysis outcomes showed that L2 teachers’ emotion regulation is a growing but still nascent research area that attracts interdisciplinary attention from psychologists and linguists around the globe. The results also demonstrated that Iran and China are the most fruitful and fertile lands in this area with Iran having a higher degree of collaboration among institutions and authors. Considering the limitations of previous studies, this study provides some suggestions for future research.

Jinju Huang, Siu Kan Law, Albert Wing Nang Leung et al.

Cancer is a major global health concern, affecting nearly 20 million individuals annually, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). There are some unconventional and conventional treatments for cancer. Typically, they span a wide spectrum of conventional and advanced therapeutic approaches, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). This has long been valued for its non-invasive, targeted, and minimally toxic approach in the management of cancer. More importantly, PDT results in fewer operative and post-operative major complications, faster recovery times, reduced operating time, and saved costs. There are two types of photosensitizers in PDT, including synthetics (e.g., hematoporphyrin derivative, photofrin II, verteporfin) and natural (e.g., Hypocrellin A (HA) and Hypocrellin B (HB)). Nine electronic databases—WanFang Data, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SciFinder, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)—were systematically searched for this review, covering the literature published within the past 20 to 30 years (time range), without language restrictions. Studies were included if they were identified using the keywords Hypocrellin A, Hypocrellin B, photodynamic therapy, and cancer (inclusion criteria). All eligible papers were collected, critically analyzed, and summarized. Duplicate records were excluded during the screening process (exclusion criteria). HA and HB, derived from the fungus <i>Hypocrella bambusae</i>, offer a natural alternative with lower toxicity. However, these compounds are still in the in vitro or in vivo, and must meet rigorous standards for “quality”, “safety”, “efficacy”, “pharmacokinetics”, as well as “regulatory compliance” before entering clinical trials. “Curcumin” is a successful PS for traditional Chinese medicine used in PDT during clinical study and it is used as a benchmark for HB. Currently, scientists are paying attention to “nanotechnology” that enhances hypocrellin’s properties in PDT for achieving clinical goals, but further investigations are required.

Zhang Y, Xian X, Wang F et al.

Ye Zhang,&amp;ast; Xiaotong Xian,&amp;ast; Furui Wang,&amp;ast; Bochong Zhou, Yuwen Wang, Penglei Wang, Yun Li, Yun Wu Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China&amp;ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yun Wu, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86– 551– 63869485, Email wuyunanyi@163.com Yun Li, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, People’s Republic of China, Email yunli_001@aliyun.comBackground: Opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) is increasingly being adopted to provide effective analgesia and reduce opioid-related adverse events. However, existing literature on OFA remains contentious, and its impact on postoperative recovery following thyroidectomy has not been evaluated. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that OFA enhances the early quality of recovery in patients undergoing thyroid surgery.Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 204 adult patients undergoing thyroidectomy were randomly assigned to receive either OFA (esketamine, dexmedetomidine, and bilateral superficial cervical plexus blocks) or opioid-based anesthesia (OBA, sufentanil and remifentanil). The primary outcome was the quality of recovery on the first postoperative day, assessed using the quality of recovery-15 scale. Secondary outcomes included sleep quality score, area under the curve of pain intensity. Anesthesia-related complications were also recorded.Results: On the first postoperative day, the OFA group had a significantly higher quality of recovery-15 score versus the OBA group (137.6 [5.6] vs 128.2 [10.5], mean difference = 9.4, 95% CI, 7.0– 11.7, P &lt; 0.001). Patients in the OFA group also had better sleep quality (mean difference = 7.8, P &lt; 0.001), lower area under the curve of pain intensity versus those in the OBA group. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was lower (1.0% vs 18.6%, P &lt; 0.001) in the OFA group versus the OBA group. Patients receiving OFA had a delayed extubation and prolonged postanesthesia care unit stay.Conclusion: We showed that with a pre-emptive and preventive analgesia effect, OFA improved quality of recovery, sleep quality, pain, and postoperative nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy. However, a prolonged emergence recovery was observed when patients receiving OFA strategy, warranting further investigation to optimize agent design and monitoring method to balance the intraoperative anesthesia depth.Name of Trial Registry: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry.Registration Number: ChiCTR2300070794; URL: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=196152.Plain Language Summary: Thyroid surgery is increasingly performed as day case procedures. With the goal of enhanced recovery, it is important to assess outcomes from the patient’s perspective. This double blind, randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effect of opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) on subjective quality of recovery (QoR) in patients undergoing thyroid surgery compared to those receiving opioid-based anesthesia. Importantly, we found that OFA improved QoR, sleep quality, pain, and postoperative nausea and vomiting after thyroid surgery, although it was associated with an increased risk of prolonged emergence recovery. Although cumulative effects of OFA has been shown to potentially enhance the overall postoperative QoR after different surgeries, such as orthopedic and thoracoscopic surgeries, our results showed that the advantages of OFA for QoR, particularly for thyroid surgery, remains limited and contentious. It warrants further investigation to optimize agent design of OFA.Keywords: opioid-free anesthesia, dexmedetomidine, esketamine, quality of recovery, thyroid surgery

Chi Zhang, Chi Zhang, Chi Zhang et al.

ObjectiveTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has shown unique benefits in insomnia management, but existing bibliometric studies on TCM for insomnia remain fragmented. This study, through bibliometric methods, systematically maps the research landscape of TCM in insomnia management from 2005 to 2024, with the objective to explore research hotspots and developmental trends, thereby providing references for future studies.MethodsThis study retrieved English-language literature on the treatment of insomnia with Traditional Chinese Medicine from 2005 to 2024 in the Science Core Collection. The included literature was imported into CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix R software packages to analyze annual publications, authors, countries/regions, institutions, journals, cited reference, and keywords, in order to explore the hotspots and trends in TCM treatment of insomnia.ResultsA total of 738 articles were included. The number of annual publications in this field increased rapidly from 2016 to 2021. China was the country with the highest number of publications, among which Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine were the top three institutions in terms of publication volume. Yeung, Wing-fai from Hong Kong Polytechnic University was the author with the highest number of publications. Medicine published 74 articles, the highest number among all journals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology and Sleep were, respectively, the most frequently cited and co-cited journals. The main keywords included sleep, randomized controlled trial, traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, etc. The research hotspots mainly focused on acupuncture, chemical components, cancer-related insomnia, and depression-related insomnia. The research focus is transitioning from clinical efficacy to mechanism research, especially the study of the chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine through network pharmacology may be a future research trend. Moreover, this field is paying more attention to insomnia subtypes such as comorbid insomnia and secondary insomnia.ConclusionTCM treatment of insomnia is receiving increasing attention. It shows unique advantages in reducing drug dependence and managing comorbid insomnia. In the future, the evidence-based development of TCM should be promoted through mechanism research, multidisciplinary collaboration, stratified intervention, and the transformation of high-impact evidence, providing an integrated solution for global insomnia management.

Leyan Gao, Zhirui Yang, Yuyao Zhou et al.

Brain tumors provide unique insights into brain plasticity due to their slow growth compared to acute cerebrovascular diseases. Despite relying on sophisticated functional networks, patients with brain tumors exhibit minimal deficits in higher language functions and demonstrate positive post-injury plasticity; however, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. We utilized high-density electroencephalography to investigate language network plasticity in brain tumor patients without evident language deficits. Natural rhythmic sentences and non-rhythmic sentences with contrasting speech prosodic harmony were employed to examine the impact of task integrativeness on functional network reorganization. Our study reveals that rhythmic speech perception, characterized by higher processing integrativeness, induced inhibited task engagement in the frontal lobe but evoked enhanced hubness and modularity, which supported the generation of new connections and promoted the efficiency of global connectivity. Furthermore, local invasion in the frontal lobe prompted adjacent hubs to generate enriched connections during the early processing phase, facilitating later functional reorganization. Our findings underscore the significant role of global hubs in language network plasticity and reveal the importance of highly integrated tasks for network reorganization in language rehabilitation.

S. Renjith, Rashmi Manazhy

Mostafa Azari Noughabi, Shanshan Yang, E. Botes et al.

Foreign language teaching enjoyment (FLTE) has recently been introduced as a broad positive emotion experienced by foreign language (FL) teachers, despite obstacles embedded in FL teaching. However, identifying its psychological outcomes – and the cultural specificity of these outcomes – has received scant research attention across different contexts. The present cross-cultural study aims to investigate whether teachers’ FLTE can predict and influence engagement and well-being in the English as a foreign language (EFL) context of Iran and China. A series of structural equation models (SEMs) indicated that EFL teachers’ FLTE affected their work engagement and well-being in both Iranian and Chinese samples, with structural invariance tests confirming the group-level differences between Iranian and Chinese EFL teachers in the light of FLTE outcomes. The study provides insight into the positive outcomes of positive emotions in FL teaching as framed by the lens of positive psychology. In addition, a rare non-Western cross-cultural comparison contributes to the ongoing discussions in literature regarding the influence of cultural contexts on the experience and outcome manifestation of positive emotions.

Andrés M. Grisales A., Sebastián Robledo, Martha Zuluaga

Topic modeling is a Natural Language Processing technique that has gained popularity over the last ten years, with applications in multiple fields of knowledge. However, there is insufficient empirical evidence to show how this field of study has developed over the years, as well as the main models that have been applied in different contexts. The objective of this paper is to analyze the evolution of the topic modeling technique, the main areas in which it has been applied, and the models that are recommended for specific types of data. The methodology applied is based on bibliometric analysis. First, we searched the Web of Science and the Scopus databases. We then used scientometric techniques and a Tree of Science methodology, which allowed us to analyze the search results from the perspectives of classics, structure, and trends. The results show that the USA and China are among the most productive countries in this field and the applications have been mainly in the identification of sub-topics in short texts, such as social networks and blogs. The main conclusion of this work is that topic modeling is a versatile technique that can complement systematic literature reviews and that has been well-received in different academic and research contexts. The results of this study will help researchers and academics to recognize the importance of these techniques for reviewing large volumes of unstructured information, such as research articles, and in general, for systematic literature reviews.

Erwei Ma, J. Liu, Kai Li

Introduction Live streaming e-commerce is an important way for consumers to shop nowadays. Anchors, as salesperson in live streaming e-commerce, greatly affect the sales of the broadcast room. This paper studies the influence mechanism of anchors’ language appeals, rational appeal, and emotional appeal on users’ purchase intention. This study establishes a research framework which based on stimulus-organism-response (SOR) theory, and constructs a model to reflect the relationship between anchors language appeals, self-referencing, self-brand congruity, and purchase intention. Methods Survey using a convenience sample (N = 509) was conducted on Chinese mainland netizens through WJX platform (October 17-23, 2022) to obtain data. The partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method was used for data analysis. Results The study found that anchors’ language appeals was positively correlated with self-referencing and self-brand congruity, and there is a positive correlation between self-referencing, self-brand congruity, and purchase intention. Self-referencing and self-brand congruity play a mediating effect between anchors language appeals and purchase intention. Discussion This study advances the literature on live streaming e-commerce research and SOR and provides practical implications to influence the strategy of the e-commerce anchors.

Shabeen A. Basha, M. Elgammal, Bana M. Abuzayed

Abstract This study reviews the literature of online peer-to-peer (P2P) lending from 2008 until 2020 as an emergent but fast spreading phenomenon in the context of digital finance. Previous literature is geographically skewed towards United States and China with focus on determinants of funding success and loan attributes. Recent studies shift from using logit and survival analysis methods to examine funding success and default predictions, towards applying artificial intelligence. There is a controversial debate regarding adopting a self-regulatory approach versus stricter financial institutions-based regulations with a few studies suggesting a hybrid approach. We suggest several avenues for future research, such as examining the determinants and performance of P2P lending platforms in emerging and developing markets; regulatory differences, the effects of behavioral characteristics such as cultural impact, language, information technology literacy, and the innovation quotient on P2P funding attributes; and the relationship between P2P lending and traditional finance channels.

Li Shan Shan

With the promotion of the "Belt and Road" initiative, the importance and urgency of the transition from language teaching to culture teaching in international Chinese language education has become more and more prominent. The purpose of this paper is to explore the application value and practical challenges of Chinese folklore in international Chinese language education. Through reviewing, combing and integrating and analyzing the literature, we point out the role of Chinese folklore in international Chinese language education, as well as its problems and possible solutions in practice, on the basis of the definitions, classifications and characteristics of folklore. It is found that Chinese folklore has unique value in enhancing language skills, spreading Chinese culture, and innovating teaching methods, but in concrete practice, it is necessary to fully examine the cultural taboos among different countries and ethnic groups, develop more targeted teaching materials, and do a good job in teacher training and classroom design.

Yun Wang, Shaojiao Zhang

This paper argues that the historical process of the Sinicization of Buddhism and the evolution of the value of female roles in Buddhist beliefs have advanced hand in hand; the more Buddhism becomes Sinicized, the higher the status of women in Buddhist beliefs becomes. To some extent, the Sinicization of Buddhism can be considered a feminization process. Female roles in Buddhist beliefs are often passive objects and marginal positions that are uncertain and continuously presupposed by others. This article starts from a cultural, philosophical perspective, aiming to examine the internal logic of the evolution of female roles in Buddhist beliefs. In terms of individual experience, the highlighting of the identity as a “subject” of sexual desire makes women a necessary but insufficient prerequisite “option” for guiding male sexual desire—in Indian Buddhist beliefs, women’s enlightenment involves both reflecting on sexual desire itself and negating their own gender disadvantage. As Buddhism spread worldwide, Western Buddhist traditions laid the foundation of Buddhist belief on “sacred images”, while various local cultural genes infiltrated the imagination of “Western Buddhist nations”. The Buddha’s gender orientation achieved a transcendence of both male and female or a bilateral blend, leaning more towards female. Ultimately, from the perspective of family identity, in a Chinese Buddhist belief world organized by the patriarchal system, the unique role of women in the family—“mother”—pushes Buddhist belief back to the scene of the emotional world.

Xiuwen Zhai, Abu Bakar Razali

In the last 19 years (2003–2021), research on genre-based approaches (GBAs) to writing pedagogy has been accumulating in the fields of English as a second language (ESL) and English as a foreign language (EFL). This review mapped existing literature to identify research trends and provide a research agenda for future GBAs. This study employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and identified 52 published articles and 2 unpublished doctoral theses via a structured keyword search on Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, Google Scholar, and ProQuest in the fields of teaching English to speakers of other languages, language learning, and education. The results show that GBA is now widely used in teaching English academic writing to ESL/EFL tertiary/graduate students. The main research findings include: (1) the top five countries in the number of paper publications are China (i.e., five), the United States (i.e., five), Japan (e.g., 4), Thailand (e.g., four), and Sweden (e.g., four); (2) the top four authors in the number of paper publications are Hyland (i.e., two), Lu (i.e., two), Negretti (i.e., two), and Pineh (i.e., two); and (3) the top three most strengthen keywords are writing pedagogy, genre-based approach, and English for academic purpose. This study also discusses the theoretical and practical implications.

Huiling Ma, Lilliati Ismail, N. Noordin et al.

Willingness to communicate (WTC) is an individual’s predisposition to communicate with a person or persons at a specific time. Over the past century, there has been a dramatic increase in WTC research. This study aims to offer an overview of the existing literature regarding WTC from 1900 to 2022 and provide a bibliometric and visual analysis of the research status as well as the development trend of this research field. A total of 428 journal articles were retrieved for the purpose of conducting bibliometric research. The data for this study were collected from the Web of Science (WOS). The results established the development status of the field of WTC, the annual scientific production and growth rate, the thematic evolution and trend topic, co-citation, and coupling between authors, sources, and countries. The bibliometric analysis showed that: (1) In the past decades, research in WTC has continued to soar and annual publications can be divided into three stages, which are an initial stage, a slow development stage, and a rapid expansion stage. It has been discussed to a wider extent mainly within the fields of education and linguistics; (2) of the 38 countries that the articles were exported from, the United States topped the list with the most publications, and Canada received the most citations. China has the most inter-country collaboration compared to other countries, which is at the center of international cooperation. China’s main cooperation countries were Iran, Japan, Canada, and Australia. The top author in the WTC field with the most production and impact is MacIntyre, PD, while System was the most popular journal. (3) By means of keyword analysis, “second language” was the most frequent keyword, followed by “model” and then “attitude”. Based on the results of the thematic evolution analysis, the research themes for 2021 to 2022 are “model”, “competence”, “Chinese”, “abroad”, “teachers”. The findings may be beneficial to L2 teachers and learners better to understand the role of WTC in language study. Researchers in this field might find the study useful for finding new research directions, relevant sources, and opportunities for collaboration.

Jianhua Xu, Guyu Sun, Wei Cao et al.

The Covid-19 pandemic has given rise to stigma, discrimination, and even hate crimes against various populations in the Chinese language–speaking world. Using interview data with victims, online observation, and the data mining of media reports, this paper investigated the changing targets of stigma from the outbreak of Covid-19 to early April 2020 when China had largely contained the first wave of Covid-19 within its border. We found that at the early stage of the pandemic, stigma was inflicted by some non-Hubei Chinese population onto Wuhan and Hubei residents, by some Hong Kong and Taiwan residents onto mainland Chinese, and by some Westerners towards overseas Chinese. With the number of cases outside China surpassing that in China, stigmatization was imposed by some Chinese onto Africans in China. We further explore how various factors, such as the fear of infection, food and mask culture, political ideology, and racism, affected the stigmatization of different victim groups. This study not only improved our understanding of how stigmatization happened in the Chinese-speaking world amid Covid-19 but also contributes to the literature of how sociopolitical factors may affect the production of hate crimes.

Chengchen Li, Li Wei

ABSTRACT The article reports on the development and validation of a new scale for assessing attitudes towards multiple languages among multilingual students from Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, China. The Language Attitudes Scale-Student Form (LASS) was developed based on relevant theory and literature as well as interview data from four students and four language teachers. The LASS consists of 40 items, with ten measuring students’ attitudes towards their dialect, ethnic (minority) language, Putonghua, and English, respectively. The LASS was validated among 5,237 students of seven schools from the elementary level to the tertiary level. The participants were mainly from Han (n1 = 1,827) and two ethnic minority groups of Tujia (n2 = 2,242) and Miao (n3 = 886). The traditional triadic (cognition-affect-behaviour) model of language attitudes was generally supported across ethnic groups, languages, and educational levels. A series of validity tests and reliability tests were conducted, showing that the LASS was psychometrically sound. In addition, the predictive effects of language attitudes in self-perceived language proficiency and real language achievement were also confirmed to a large extent, highlighting the need to include language attitude as an important individual difference factor for language learning.

Juxiao Zhang, Hai-Feng Chen, Bing-Zhou Chen et al.

An important sign of the accessibility of Braille information is the realization of the mutual translation between Chinese and the Braille. Due to the irregularity and uncertainty of the Prevailing Mandarin Braille, coupled with the lack of a large-scale Braille corpus, the quality of Chinese-Braille translation seems to be poor. In July 2018, the National Language Commission released the “Chinese Common Braille Scheme” and advocated replacing the “Prevailing Mandarin Braille.” Aimed at improving translation accuracy, this research, which is based on the self-built Chinese Common Braille corpus and combined with the HanLP (Han Language Processing) dictionary and the Chinese-Braille word corpus (a Braille word segmentation and concatenation dictionary for generating a unigram language model), uses the n-gram language model to design and implement a Chinese-Braille intertranslation system that integrates Chinese and Braille Word Segmentation and Concatenation Rules. More importantly, this research proposes an experimental plan for improving the Braille Word Segmentation and Concatenation Rules using a Chinese-Braille word corpus. Experiments show that in the field of educational literature, the accuracy rate of translation from Chinese to Chinese Common Braille has reached 95.01%, and the accuracy of Chinese Common Braille to Chinese translation has reached 90.15%.