Hasil untuk "Bibliography. Library science. Information resources"

Farhad Farokhi

Privacy-preserving state estimation for linear time-invariant dynamical systems with crowd sensors is considered. At any time step, the estimator has access to measurements from a randomly selected sensor from a pool of sensors with pre-specified models and noise profiles. A Luenberger-like observer is used to fuse the measurements with the underlying model of the system to recursively generate the state estimates. An additive privacy-preserving noise is used to constrain information leakage. Information leakage is measured via mutual information between the identity of the sensors and the state estimate conditioned on the actual state of the system. This captures an omnipotent adversary that not only can access state estimates but can also gather direct high-quality state measurements. Any prescribed level of information leakage is shown to be achievable by appropriately selecting the variance of the privacy-preserving noise. Therefore, privacy-utility trade-off can be fine-tuned.

Ali Sanaei, Ali Rajabzadeh

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized by researchers across a wide range of domains, and qualitative social science is no exception; however, this adoption faces persistent challenges, including interpretive bias, low reliability, and weak auditability. We introduce a framework that situates LLM usage along two dimensions, interpretive depth and autonomy, thereby offering a straightforward way to classify LLM applications in qualitative research and to derive practical design recommendations. We present the state of the literature with respect to these two dimensions, based on all published social science papers available on Web of Science that use LLMs as a tool and not strictly as the subject of study. Rather than granting models expansive freedom, our approach encourages researchers to decompose tasks into manageable segments, much as they would when delegating work to capable undergraduate research assistants. By maintaining low levels of autonomy and selectively increasing interpretive depth only where warranted and under supervision, one can plausibly reap the benefits of LLMs while preserving transparency and reliability.

Sourav Saha, Harsh Agarwal, V Venktesh et al.

While recent advancements in Neural Ranking Models have resulted in significant improvements over traditional statistical retrieval models, it is generally acknowledged that the use of large neural architectures and the application of complex language models in Information Retrieval (IR) have reduced the transparency of retrieval methods. Consequently, Explainability and Interpretability have emerged as important research topics in IR. Several axiomatic and post-hoc explanation methods, as well as approaches that attempt to be interpretable-by-design, have been proposed. This article presents \irexplain, an open-source Python library that implements a variety of well-known techniques for Explainable IR (ExIR) within a common, extensible framework. \irexplain supports the three standard categories of post-hoc explanations, namely pointwise, pairwise, and listwise explanations. The library is designed to make it easy to reproduce state-of-the-art ExIR baselines on standard test collections, as well as to explore new approaches to explaining IR models and methods. To facilitate adoption, \irexplain is well-integrated with widely-used toolkits such as Pyserini and \irdatasets.

Matt Clancy

Scientific and technological progress has historically been very beneficial to humanity but this does not always need to be true. Going forward, science may enable bad actors to cause genetically engineered pandemics that are more frequent and deadly than prior pandemics. I develop a quantitative economic model to assess the social returns to science, taking into account benefits to health and income, and forecast damages from new biological capabilities enabled by science. I set parameters for this model based on historical trends and forecasts from a large forecasting tournament of domain experts and superforecasters, which included forecasts about genetically engineered pandemic events. The results depend on the forecast likelihood that new scientific capabilities might lead to the end of our advanced civilization - there is substantial disagreement about this probability from participants in the forecasting tournament I use. If I set aside this remote possibility, I find the expected future social returns to science are strongly positive. Otherwise, the desirability of accelerating science depends on the value placed on the long-run future, in addition to which set of (quite different) forecasts of extinction risk are preferred. I also explore the sensitivity of these conclusions to a range of alternative assumptions.

Zoe Ezzes, Sarah M. Schneck, Marianne Casilio et al.

Auditory-perceptual rating of connected speech in aphasia (APROCSA) is a system in which trained listeners rate a variety of perceptual features of connected speech samples, representing the disruptions and abnormalities that commonly occur in aphasia. APROCSA has shown promise as an approach for quantifying expressive speech and language function in individuals with aphasia. The aim of this study was to acquire and share a set of audiovisual recordings of connected speech samples from a diverse group of individuals with aphasia, along with consensus ratings of APROCSA features, for future use as training materials to teach others how to use the APROCSA system. Connected speech samples were obtained from six individuals with chronic post-stroke aphasia. The first five minutes of participant speech were excerpted from each sample, and five researchers independently evaluated each sample using APROCSA, rating its 27 features on a five-point scale. The researchers then discussed each feature in turn to obtain consensus ratings. The dataset will provide a useful, freely accessible resource for researchers, clinicians, and students to learn how to evaluate aphasic speech with an auditory-perceptual approach.

XRISM Science Team

This document was prepared by the XRISM Science Team to introduce the XRISM mission, its onboard instruments, figures of merit, and examples of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy to general astronomers and students.

Megan Kennedy

Manh-Toan Ho, Manh-Tung Ho, Quan-Hoang Vuong

This paper seeks to introduce a strategy of science communication: Total SciComm or all-out science communication. We proposed that to maximize the outreach and impact, scientists should use different media to communicate different aspects of science, from core ideas to methods. The paper uses an example of a debate surrounding a now-retracted article in the <i>Nature</i> journal, in which open data, preprints, social media, and blogs are being used for a meaningful scientific conversation. The case embodied the central idea of Total SciComm: the scientific community employs every medium to communicate scientific ideas and engages all scientists in the process.

Baban Gain, Dibyanayan Bandyopadhyay, Tanik Saikh et al.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Information Retrieval (IR) in the judicial domain is an essential task. With the advent of availability domain-specific data in electronic form and aid of different Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, automated language processing becomes more comfortable, and hence it becomes feasible for researchers and developers to provide various automated tools to the legal community to reduce human burden. The Competition on Legal Information Extraction/Entailment (COLIEE-2019) run in association with the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL)-2019 has come up with few challenging tasks. The shared defined four sub-tasks (i.e. Task1, Task2, Task3 and Task4), which will be able to provide few automated systems to the judicial system. The paper presents our working note on the experiments carried out as a part of our participation in all the sub-tasks defined in this shared task. We make use of different Information Retrieval(IR) and deep learning based approaches to tackle these problems. We obtain encouraging results in all these four sub-tasks.

Sadaf ul Zuhra, Samir M. Perlaza, Eitan Altman

In this paper, the fundamental limits on the rates at which information and energy can be simultaneously transmitted over an additive white Gaussian noise channel are studied under the following assumptions: $(a)$ the channel is memoryless; $(b)$ the number of channel input symbols (constellation size) and block length are finite; and $(c)$ the decoding error probability (DEP) and the energy outage probability (EOP) are bounded away from zero. In particular, it is shown that the limits on the maximum information and energy transmission rates; and the minimum DEP and EOP, are essentially set by the type induced by the code used to perform the transmission. That is, the empirical frequency with which each channel input symbol appears in the codewords. Using this observation, guidelines for optimal constellation design for simultaneous energy and information transmission are presented.

Katarina Švab

Namen: Knjižničarke in knjižničarji se že od nekdaj spopadajo z vprašanjem, kako pridobiti v knjižnico neuporabnike in nečlane. Vprašanje (p)ostaja aktualno tudi v današnjem času. V prispevku želimo predstaviti mnenja oziroma razloge za neobiskovanje knjižnic staršev predšolskih otrok, kakšna je njihova percepcija knjižnice in kaj bi morala knjižnica narediti, da bi ti starši s svojim otrokom obiskali knjižnico. Metodologija/pristop: Da bi pridobili bolj poglobljene razloge ter podatke, smo izvedli pilotno študijo v obliki polstrukturiranega osebnega intervjuja. V februarju 2020 smo v različnih krajih Slovenije intervjuvali dvajset staršev predšolskih otrok, ki s svojimi otroki ne obiskujejo mladinskega oddelka in njihovi otroci niso člani knjižnice. Rezultati: Čeprav intervjuvana skupina staršev knjižnice ne obiskuje, imajo o knjižnici, njenih storitvah in knjižničarjih dobro mnenje. Kot glavni razlog za neuporabo storitev knjižnice navajajo pomanjkanje časa, težave z dostopnostjo oziroma parkiranjem ter da so njihovi otroci še premajhni, da bi obiskovali knjižnico. V ospredju predlaganih izboljšav in sprememb ni bila knjižnična zbirka, temveč dogodki (delavnice, družabni dogodki), ki bi se jih lahko udeležili skupaj z otrokom. Bolj kot prilagoditve v opremi si želijo kotička, kjer ne bodo čutili, da so otroci s svojim oglašanjem moteči. Omejitve raziskave: Podatkov pilotne raziskave ne moremo posploševati, četudi so bili intervjuji izvedeni v različnih krajih Slovenije. Pripombe in mnenja neuporabnikov so priložnost za razmislek o obstoječih in novih knjižničnih storitvah ter načrtovani promociji. Izvirnost/uporabnost raziskave: V slovenskem prostoru ni veliko tovrstnih kvalitativnih raziskav z neuporabniki knjižnic. Rezultati so lahko izhodišče za nadalje raziskave v lokalni skupnosti in načrtovanje novih knjižničnih storitev za nove uporabnike, da odgovorijo na njihova pričakovanja in potrebe.

Michał Krupa

Ioannis Krikidis

We study the information-energy capacity region (IE-CR) of an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel in the presence of high-power amplifier (HPA) nonlinearity. Specifically, we consider a three-node network consisting of one transmitter, one information receiver and one energy receiver and we study the capacity-achieving input distribution under i) average-power, peak-power constraints at the transmitter, b) HPA nonlinearity at the transmitter, and c) nonlinearity of the energy harvesting circuit at the energy receiver. We prove that the input distribution is discrete and finite and we derive closed form expressions for the special cases of maximizing the harvested energy and maximizing the information capacity. We show that HPA significantly reduces the achievable IE-CR; to compensate HPA nonlinearity, a predistortion technique is also discussed and evaluated in terms of IE-CR performance.

Luis H. Díaz-García, Felipe Rodríguez Almeida, Gwendolyne Peraza-Mercado et al.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with organic and inorganic selenium on the productive and reproductive performance of ewes and their offspring. Selenium (Se) is an essential mineral for sheep, studies have found its intestinal absorption and biodisponibility in the animal is greater when it comes from an organic source. A total of 18 multiparous and 22 nulliparous ewes Pelibuey breed were used in this study, averaging 54.8 ± 9.4 kg and 39.7 ± 5.6 kg of body weight (BW). The experimental units were blocked by the number of parturitions (none or more than one). Then randomly assigned to one treatment: basal diet +1.2 ppm of organic Se (OSe, Sel- Plex®) or basal diet +1.2 ppm inorganic Se (ISe). Using the linear model PROC MIXED, BW changes were measured in ewes and average daily gain (ADG) in offspring. Fisher’s test, chi-squared test and t test were used for analyzing reproductive rates and production efficiency. No differences (P > 0.05) were found for BW changes, productive efficiency, and pregnancy rate between treatments. Prolificacy was higher (P < 0.05) for primiparous ewes in the OSe group vs the ISe group (66.7 vs 18.2%). No differences (P > 0.05) were found for birth weights of lambs. The ADG was higher (P < 0.05) for the offspring of ISe vs OSe ewes. This indicates that the OSe supplementation improves reproductive parameters, but not the productive such as ADG. Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con selenio orgánico e inorgánico sobre el desempeño productivo y reproductivo en ovejas de pelo. El selenio (Se) es un mineral esencial en ovinos; estudios han encontrado que su absorción intestinal y biodisponibilidad dentro del animal es mayor cuando proviene de una fuente orgánica (EFSA, 2014). Dieciocho ovejas multíparas y 22 nulíparas de raza Pelibuey con 54.8 ± 9.4 kg y 39.7 ± 5.6 kg de peso vivo fueron utilizadas para formar bloques, considerando número de partos (0 o 1 en adelante); luego asignadas aleatoriamente a un tratamiento: dieta basal +1.2 ppm Se orgánico (OSe, Sel-Plex®) o dieta basal +1.2 ppm Se inorgánico (ISe). Fue usado un modelo lineal PROC MIXED para cambios de peso en ovejas y ganancia diaria de peso (GDP) en crías; y las pruebas de Fisher, chi-cuadrada y t para parámetros reproductivos y eficiencia de producción. No se encontraron diferencias (P > 0.05) para cambios de peso, eficiencia productiva, porcentaje de preñez entre tratamientos. La prolificidad fue mayor (P < 0.05) para nulíparas bajo OSe vs ISe (66.7 vs 18.2%). No se encontraron diferencias (P > 0.05) para pesos al nacimiento en corderos. La GDP fue mayor (P < 0.05) para corderos hijos de borregas bajo ISe vs OSe. Es concluyente que el OSe mejora parámetros reproductivos, pero no los productivos como las GDP.

Tri Hardiningtyas

The subject matter that will be discussed on the writing competence librarians as contributors to and preservation of information as knowledge. This paper to explore the writing competence of librarians in contributing to the wealth of knowledge in historical knowledge. Writing of competence librarians can be done by following a community librarian wrote. This work by using the method of literature study conducted by way of data describing the authorship librarian at the time of filing the number of credits that accompanied grain authorship professional development activities. The results showed that the writing competence librarian yet provide maximum results as a contributor in the dissemination and preservation of information. The work of the librarians should be explored and pursued through the establishment of community to be able to write. Written works especially librarians who are ready to share the results of writing published in a sense as an effort dissemination and preservation of information. The conclusions from this study that the competence to write librarians can play a role as contributing of knowledge, writing librarians same with other professions, yet the number of papers produced by the librarian because of a lack of effort to improve the writing competence librarians continue to be more exercise superior and capable of being the biggest contributor to the treasures of knowledge. Keywords: librarians writing; competency of writing; library; librarian

Elke C. Bongartz

Jesus Munoz Morcillo, Klemens Czurda, Andrea Geipel et al.

This article provides an overview of the web video production context related to science communication, based on a quantitative analysis of 190 YouTube videos. The authors explore the main characteristics and ongoing strategies of producers, focusing on three topics: professionalism, producer's gender and age profile, and community building. In the discussion, the authors compare the quantitative results with recently published qualitative research on producers of popular science web videos. This complementary approach gives further evidence on the main characteristics of most popular science communicators on YouTube, it shows a new type of professionalism that surpasses the hitherto existing distinction between User Generated Content (UGC) and Professional Generated Content (PGC), raises gender issues, and questions the participatory culture of science communicators on YouTube.

Jiachun Liao, Oliver Kosut, Lalitha Sankar et al.

A tunable measure for information leakage called \textit{maximal $α$-leakage} is introduced. This measure quantifies the maximal gain of an adversary in refining a tilted version of its prior belief of any (potentially random) function of a dataset conditioning on a disclosed dataset. The choice of $α$ determines the specific adversarial action ranging from refining a belief for $α=1$ to guessing the best posterior for $α= \infty$, and for these extremal values this measure simplifies to mutual information (MI) and maximal leakage (MaxL), respectively. For all other $α$ this measure is shown to be the Arimoto channel capacity. Several properties of this measure are proven including: (i) quasi-convexity in the mapping between the original and disclosed datasets; (ii) data processing inequalities; and (iii) a composition property.

Oskarly Pérez-Anaya

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un nuevo índice que ayude a realizar una medición bibliométrica más completa de las revistas científicas. El índice de Osk pretende dar solución a algunos de los problemas que presentan otros índices, tales como no medir todos los factores que intervienen en el proceso editorial de una revista científica. Los componentes que participan en la ecuación del Índice de Osk presentan unos valores acordes con la jerarquía que ocupan en las revistas, entre estos se encuentran artículos de investigación científica, revisión, ediciones, citas, etc., cada uno de los valores que intervienen en la ecuación son aditivos y/o multiplicativos, ya que todo lo que se presenta en una revista es producto del esfuerzo de un equipo editorial; por último, este índice se caracteriza por su flexibilidad, permitiendo la adición o eliminación de valores de acuerdo a las características del objeto de estudio que se desea evaluar.

Margaret Arleen Hoogland, MLS, AHIP

This book outlines prevalent health issues and discusses the problems inherent with acceptable and new ways of providing patient care.