Hasil untuk "Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings"

Mahsa Torabi, Mohammadsaleh Norouzi, Ralph Evins

Mel Dodd, Nikhila Madabhushi, Robert Lees

The Placemaking Clarence Valley (PCV) living lab is an action research project working in partnership with communities affected by the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season. The programme trials innovations in community-led disaster resilience. The living lab reinforced the fact that the strength of place-making methods in building resilience is due to its highly relational process that activates place-based participation. Place-making aims to support community resilience planning through a socially engaged process of co-creating ideas for places, as well as through built outcomes generated from that process. Limitations existed in relation to the scale of participation reach and breadth. However, reflections on these learnings unlock answers for how creative participatory processes can be finetuned for social and ecological transformation initiatives, especially within the Australian disaster landscape. Practice relevance Place-based initiatives recognise that communities themselves are often best placed to understand their unique local needs in relation to civic resilience. The increasing adoption of place-based programmes in Australia is an acknowledgment that a collaborative and community-led focus in ‘place’ can generate shared understandings that have local relevance which in turn can unlock systemic issues and tackle challenges including entrenched disadvantage and compounding disasters. This article describes a living lab in regional Australia and considers how the co-design of places can help identify, describe, envision, and implement social and spatial infrastructures that strengthen social cohesion, social capital and resilience. Living labs in place-based initiatives are well-placed to test and rehearse community-led innovation. Co-design and place-making methodologies can provide adaptable approaches to improving civic resilience, offering alternatives to dominant top-down paradigms of post-disaster reconstruction approaches.

Mercy Ogunnusi, Mansur Hamma-adama, H. Salman et al.

A. N. Günenç, B. Graf, H. Stark et al.

M. MIMOUNI, L. KHARROUBI

Following multiple earthquakes in Algeria, large numbers of reinforced concrete structures have been severely damaged or destroyed, making it necessary to evaluate the actual seismic behavior of existing buildings. Classic linear elastic methods do not accurately represent the actual behavior of the structure, which makes it necessary to use calculation methods that take into account the post-elastic domain of the structure. The Push over method is a procedure that correctly predicts dynamic behavior in the event of a future earthquake. For frame structures, the formation of plastic hinges in the columns results in the transformation of the structure into a mechanism. This explains the need to give the post a higher strength than the beams.

Jianhui Hu, Wujun Chen, Yegao Qu et al.

Ioannis Koureas, Mohit Pundir, Shai Feldfogel et al.

Topologically interlocked materials and structures, which are assemblies of unbonded interlocking building blocks, are promising concepts for versatile structural applications. They have been shown to exhibit exceptional mechanical properties, including outstanding combinations of stiffness, strength, and toughness, beyond those achievable with common engineering materials. Recent work has established a theoretical upper limit for the strength and toughness of beam-like topologically interlocked structures. However, this theoretical limit is only achievable for structures with unrealistically high friction coefficients; therefore, it remains unknown whether it is achievable in actual structures. Here, we demonstrate that a hierarchical approach for topological interlocking, inspired by biological systems, overcomes these limitations and provides a path toward optimized mechanical performance. We consider beam-like topologically interlocked structures that present a sinusoidal surface morphology with controllable amplitude and wavelength and examine the properties of the structures using numerical simulations. The results show that the presence of surface morphologies increases the effective frictional strength of the interfaces and, if well-designed, enables us to reach the theoretical limit of the structural carrying capacity with realistic friction coefficients. Furthermore, we observe that the contribution of the surface morphology to the effective friction coefficient of the interface is well described by a criterion combining the surface curvature and surface gradient. Our study demonstrates the ability to architecture the surface morphology in beam-like topological interlocked structures to significantly enhance its structural performance.

Ivan I. Iushkin, Shaimaa Ghanim Hakim Alamedy, N. Stashevskaya

The construction industry is one of the important pillars of the economy. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a set of technologies that aims to enhance collaboration across the architecture, engineering, and construction industries to improve the productivity and quality of the design, construction, and maintenance phases of a building. Rethinking construction is the key to increasing productivity. However, BIM has not been widely adopted in the construction industry. It is necessary to understand the main problems hindering the implementation of BIM, consider the appropriate strategies that can be applied to gain a deeper understanding of BIM, conduct a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the factors influencing the implementation of BIM. Based on a literature review, a questionnaire survey and the collection of statistical data, factors of a negative impact on the implementation of BIM were identified. The results show that key factors influencing BIM adoption include a lack of trained professionals, of investment in staff training, of BIM standardization, as well as the position of leadership in organizations. This article puts forward some proposals to promote the implementation of BIM and specific measures to implement the widespread use of BIM technology in the construction industry.

David Cajamarca-Zuniga, Oleg Vasil'evich Kabantsev, Christopher Marin

Earthquake magnitude catalogues and peak ground acceleration (PGA) maps for Ecuador may be found in several studies, however, there are rare works on the characterisation of the epicentral macroseismic intensities associated with earthquakes. In view of the concept that macroseismic intensity enables us to categorise the extent and severity of damage to buildings and structures caused by an earthquake, this study aims to compile a macro-seismic intensity-based catalogue of earthquakes in Ecuador, characterise the epicentral macroseismic intensities associated to seismogenic sources and perform a comparison with the National Seismic Hazard Map. This paper is the first that presents a catalogue of earthquakes with macroseismic intensities ≥VII and a series of maps of earthquake epicentres according to intensity, focal depth, data and magnitude of seismic events in Ecuador, based on the study of historical and instrumental records from 1900 to 2021. The obtained data shows that 95% of the territory of Ecuador has a PGA 0.1 g, which corresponds to seismic intensities greater than VII, while regions with seismicityVIII (ag = 0.2 g) constitute 86%, and 3.8% of the territory of Ecuador has very high seismicity (IX), where the PGA exceeds 0.5 g. This information suggests that the normative National Seismic Hazard Map of Ecuador underestimate the hazard mainly in the south-east and in the Central Andes of Ecuador, and require an actualization.

Mingming Du, Kun Zhou, Runze Yu et al.

Engineering noncovalent interactions for assembling nonspherical proteins into supramolecular architectures with tunable morphologies and dynamics is challenging due to the structural heterogeneity and complexity of protein surfaces. Herein, we employed an anisotropic building block l-rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase (RhuA) to control supramolecular polymorphism in highly ordered protein assemblies by introducing histidine residues. Histidine-based π-π stacking interactions enabled thermodynamically controlled self-organization of RhuA to form three-dimensional (3D) nanoribbons and crystals. Self-assembly of different 3D crystal phases was kinetically modulated by the strong metal ion-histidine chelation, and double-helical protein superstructures were formed by engineering increased histidine interactions at the RhuA binding surface. Their structural properties and dynamics were determined via fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering. This work is aimed at expanding the toolbox for the programming of tunable, highly ordered, protein superstructures and increasing the understanding of the mechanisms of protein interfacial interactions.

Benedetta Orfeo, L. Todisco, J. León

ABSTRACT Existing masonry bridges may appear to the eyes of observers as “natural” pieces, as though they had been there since ever. Nevertheless, their construction required large efforts and engineering skills. The interest on studying the building processes lies not only on the contribution to the construction history, but also on the importance of such a knowledge when assessing and refurbishing masonry bridges. This article aims to partially shed light on the lack of technical (and historical) knowledge that still exists on this topic. In essence, it provides information on centrings as a fundamental auxiliary structure employed for the building of bridge vaults. This goal is achieved by reviewing the technical literature on the topic (mainly Spanish, French, German and Italian treatises) and carrying out some numerical analyses on three different rigid centrings, with the goal of understanding their structural behaviour, and estimating their internal forces, deflections and reactions.

Nicoleta Elisabeta Pascu, Victor Adir, George Adir et al.

This paper is focused to analyze a book cover using principles of advertising design, namely: conception unity, structure harmony, reception order, composition balance, contrast and hierarchy of information. The authors consider that a book cover is an advertisement because it has to realize the AIDA concept. It is about graphic design where the image and the title have an important role in selling a book. The target of the study (only a part of it is in the paper) was to answer to a few questions which will be defined in this paper. In our study we have identified a lot of different cover designs used by various publishing houses. We have analyzed the impact of colours, typography and scale to create order, balance and hierarchy to an adequate cover.

Takuzo Yamashita, Masayuki Kohiyama, Kenta Watanabe

Abstract We are developing an artificial intelligence system for structural health monitoring that can detect local damage in a building structure by using the E‐Simulator numerical simulation system that is being developed by the Japanese National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience. In this study, we confirmed the applicability of a multiclass classifier using a deep neural network to address the problem of identifying damage patterns in braces installed in a steel frame. Experimental data obtained from shaking table tests were used for training and testing. Cross‐validation tests were conducted for several cases with different numbers of sensors, sensor degrees of freedom, and nodes in the hidden layers of the network. The results demonstrated that the accuracy of the damage pattern detection from the constructed classifier exceeded 77% when the appropriate hidden layers were selected and reached 87.9% for the best case.

Adriana Rossi, Sara Gonizzi Barsanti

The paper presents Axis Strutture, patented by the authors, awarded with V:alere funds (VAnvitelli pER la ricErca 2020) for the establishment of an innovative start-up, now academic spin-off. It is based on the assemble of iron and wood with 'pins' (in Latin 'axis') threaded to ensure an economic profit in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, reviewing ancient technologies in the light of advanced research. The focus is on the structural connections of a construction system that clamps the steel frame elements with the wooden infill, allowing to assemble modular, prefabricated and flexible components customized on the design phase’s request. It provides effective emergency shelters assembled or dismantled as quickly as tents but more stable, healthier and comfortable. With a single star key, the steel uprights can be attested with wooden and similar tampons avoiding nails and screws which allows the total reuse of the components. The patented connections implement a new construction method promoting the self-construction of garden houses, leisure environments, bungalows, garages and quality housing modules, since they are resilient, resistant and with a controllable impact on the environment. The case study provides an opportunity to verify actions aimed at the implementation of Design for Adaptability strategies promoting virtuous life cycles that involves the entire community in sustainable models from an economic, environmental and social point of view.

Ryuichi Yoshitake

Abstract This paper reports and examines the building techniques of the recently excavated Messene Theater in Greece. In the Hellenistic period, both traditional building materials (poros and limestone) and methods (masonry, jointing, and transportation) were employed in the Messene Theater. The massive retaining wall of the auditorium and the skenotheke were built using limestone, but local poros stone was favored for use in the retaining wall of the parodos and other parts of the building. Traces of traditional joint and lifting techniques (dowels, clamps, lifting ropes, and lewis) have been observed. In the Roman imperial period, both Roman building materials (marble, granite, and brick) and local traditional masonry have been observed. The white and multi‐colored marble applied to the scaenae frons was most likely delivered from quarries from both local and other provinces. Remarkably, the mason marks on the stone blocks of the Roman imperial period suggest a systematic modification by previous building materials. Similarly, the vaulting of the Roman scene building seems to have been built using cut‐stone voussoirs instead of fired‐brick. The observed building techniques of the Messene Theater suggest a conservative tendency in provincial Roman Greece.

Clara Luiza Miranda, Leticia Tabachi Silva, Martha Machado Campos et al.

O presente artigo aborda a pandemia de covid-19 a partir da hipótese de que as condições socioespaciais preexistentes são decisivas no processo de disseminação da doença. A dinâmica pandêmica revela, como fatores agravantes, a rápida disseminação do vírus em bairros periféricos e a elevada letalidade na população de menor renda devido, sobretudo, ao menor acesso a condições sanitárias adequadas, serviços de saúde e informação. O objetivo deste estudo é relacionar precariedade do habitat e saúde em cinco municípios da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória, utilizando como principal fonte de pesquisa o Mapeamento de Ações Comunitárias de Enfrentamento à covid-19, que registrou a atuação do governo em áreas vulneráveis durante a pandemia. Ademais, foram utilizados também estudos relativos à questão étnico-racial, à interface entre demografia e geografia e à área de saúde. A conclusão assinala a desigualdade socioespacial como fator preponderante ao analisar os impactos da pandemia.

Veronica Radulescu

Electric cars for children may seem dangerous to some, but they are quite safe compared to other toys. They are made of non-toxic materials, which have good impact resistance and are lightweight. Due to the manufacturing processes, their components are not small and cannot endanger children. The main objective of the paper is to study the optimal orientation of the construction of a children's car from ABS material processed by injection molding.

Bingbing Guo, Durability

1 School of Civil Engineering / Key Lab of Engineering Structural Safety and Durability / National Key Laboratory of Green Building in West China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China 2 School of Civil Engineering / Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry Information Technology / Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control of the Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail: guobingbing212@163.com

Edoardo Rossi, Filippo Grande, M. Faggella et al.

ABSTRACT The protection of cultural heritage against earthquake induced actions is one of the main challenges the earthquake engineering science and practice are facing. This article presents a seismic assessment study on one of the most ancient colonial buildings present in Peru, the Cathedral of Lima, focusing on its towers. A historical review highlighted how these structures, together with the whole Cathedral, suffered intense damage and partial collapse during previous earthquakes. In order to identify the structure main deficiencies, both linear kinematic analyses and nonlinear static analyses have been performed. Different nonlinear finite element models have been created to evaluate the influence of the adjacent walls. Different load distributions have been compared to evaluate how simplified patterns could provide results close to load distributions taken from a modal analysis of the complex. A simple retrofit strategy, consisting on the introduction of steel ties, has also been studied as a reference. Results show good correlation between kinematic and pushover analyses. The construction, when compared to the requirements of the national code for new buildings, results significantly vulnerable, pointing out the need to accept some structural damage even after seismic retrofit.

C. Ciano, M. Virgilio, M. Montanari et al.

Theoretical predictions indicate that the n-type Ge / Si − Ge multi-quantum-well system is the most promising material for the realization of a Si -compatible THz quantum cascade laser operating at room temperature. To advance in this direction, we study, both experimentally and theoretically, asymmetric coupled multi-quantum-well samples based on this material system, that can be considered as the basic building block of a cascade architecture. Extensive structural characterization shows the high material quality of strain-symmetrized structures grown by chemical vapor deposition, down to the ultrathin barrier limit. Moreover, THz absorption spectroscopy measurements supported by theoretical modeling unambiguously demonstrate inter-well coupling and wavefunction tunneling. The agreement between experimental data and simulations allows us to characterize the tunneling barrier parameters and, in turn, achieve highly controlled engineering of the electronic structure in forthcoming unipolar cascade systems based on n-type Ge / Si − Ge multi-quantum-wells.