Hasil untuk "Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology"

Elena A. Kachanova

Introduction. The impact of global challenges in the modern world establishes its own technologies for achieving balance in planning and using budget finances in Russia. These problems acquire a special spectrum within the framework of a large number, diversity of legal types, natural and geographical features of the territory and financial independence of local budgets. Local budgets are the most significant source of financing for public utility infrastructure facilities that residents of municipalities use every day, which ultimately determines the comfort and quality of living in the local area. This article aims to consider the theoretical and methodological approaches to the content and causes of the local budget deficit and to substantiate the criteria for the effectiveness of its financing with an uncertain revenue base and increasing costs for organizing the provision of municipal services in all areas of expenditure obligations of local governments. To substantiate the working hypothesis of the study, we point out that local budgets of all legal types of municipalities have gratuitous transfers from higher-level budgets as the main source of revenue base, a small amount of tax initiative and budgetary powers to assess their expenditure obligations. As a rule, all these powers are regulated at the federal and regional levels. The methodological basis of the study was the provisions of the Keynesian and neo-Keynesian schools of budget regulation, taking into account the new model of municipal governance. The empirical basis of the study was the control indicators of draft budgets of a number of municipalities of the Sverdlovsk region, obtained by the author from official sources and the results of the webinar with representatives of financial departments as part of local governments of the Sverdlovsk region. Results and conclusions. The results of the study identified the criteria for the formation and implementation of an effective budget deficit policy, formulated practical recommendations for local governments to optimize the financing of the local budget deficit and servicing the debt obligations of the municipality in the context of prevention and adaptation to global challenges. As further directions of scientific research, it is necessary to indicate an assessment of the possibilities of applying these criteria by local governments to the reformed provisions of the budget legislation of Russia, expected for 2030-2036.

Abeer Mohammed Galal El_Deen

ظهرت أهمية استخدام تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات (ICT) في الخدمات التي تقدمها المدن لساكنيها خلال العقد الماضي خاصة في الدول المتقدمة، وقد ساهم ذلك في تطور مجتمعاتها ورفع مستوى كفاءة معيشتهم. امتد هذا الاتجاه وهو تحويل المدن وخدماتها إلى مدن "ذكية" إلى جميع الدول بما فيها الدول النامية. أظهرت الدراسات أن تكلفة البنية الأساسية الذكية المرتفعة قد تعيق استخدامها في الدول النامية والفقيرة أو أنه سيقتصر استخدامها على فئات محددة من المجتمع. وحيث أن هدف المدن الذكية هو تحسين جودة حياة المواطنين فكان هناك حاجة لدراسة أساليب أو حلول لتطبيق التكنولوجيا في الدول النامية بشكل يناسب ويحسن جودة حياة مجتمعاتها. تتبع الدولة المصرية حاليا سياسات تتوافق مع اتجاه المدن الذكية على المستوى العلمي والتطبيقي، فقد تم تجهيز بنية أساسية ذكية ببعض مدن الجيل الرابع، وكذلك وضعت خطط لتقديم بعض الخدمات باستخدام تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات بالمدن القائمة. وحيث أن مصر تصنف من الدول النامية، فكان من الواجب عمل دراسة لإمكانية استفادة جميع فئات المجتمع الحضري المصري من هذه الخدمات بل ورفع مستوى معيشته من خلالها. يقترح البحث بعض الحلول الاستراتيجية والإجرائية التي تمكّن حصول جميع فئات مجتمع المدينة المصرية على الخدمات الذكية وسبل حل مشاكله باستخدام التكنولوجيا، من خلال استنباط ايجابيات وسلبيات المدينة المصرية الذكية ومجتمعاتها، وكذلك دراسة بعض التجارب الدولية المشابهة للحالة المصرية في هذا الصدد، وباستشارة المتخصصين في المجالات ذات الصلة، يضع البحث أنسب الحلول لمجتمع المدينة المصرية وأكثرها قابلية للتطبيق. The importance of using (ICT) has emerged over the past decade, this has contributed in developing the societies and raise their quality of life, especially in developed countries. The transformation of cities and their services into "smart" has spread all over the world, including developing countries. Studies have shown that the high cost of smart infrastructure may either hinder its use in developing and poor countries or limit its use to specific levels of society. Therefore, there was a need to come up with solutions to apply new technologies in developing countries that suit and improve the quality of life of their societies. Egypt currently is setting policies in order to be executed in smart cities. Smart infrastructure has been equipped in some new cities, and some services were transformed to be smart in existing cities. Since Egypt is classified as a developing country, it was necessary to study the possibility of benefiting all levels of the Egyptian urban society from these services and raising their quality of life. The research suggests some strategic and procedural solutions that enable all levels of Egyptian cities communities to acquire the smart services and solve their problems using technology. By extracting the pros and cons of the Egyptian city and its communities, as well as studying some international experiences similar to the Egyptian case, that used technology to solve their citizens problems, in addition of consulting specialists in related fields, the research sets the most appropriate and applicable solutions for the Egyptian smart city that suit their communities.

Gita Safitri, Hanny Wahidin Wiranegara, Yayat Supriyatna

Perkembangan perumahan berpagar di wilayah metropolitan Jabodetabek terlihat dari tingginya permintaan atas hal tersebut. Namun, perumahan berpagar mencerminkan bentuk segregasi spasial yang berkontribusi terhadap segregasi sosial yang makin meluas. Tren ini bertentangan dengan tujuan pembangunan perumahan, yaitu menciptakan komunitas yang kohesif. Tujuan studi ini untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi preferensi pemilihan perumahan berpagar. Terdapat tiga tipe perumahan berpagar di wilayah Jabodetabek: single-gated community, clustered gated community, dan private city. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode survei kuesioner dengan menggunakan Skala Likert dengan sampel 100 responden. Teknik analisis menggunakan Regresi Linier Berganda. Responden berasal dari tiga kategori perumahan berpagar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel lokasi dan aksesibilitas, kontrol keamanan di tingkat cluster, dan fisik rumah berpengaruh signifikan pada preferensi penghuni pada tiga tipe komunitas berpagar di wilayah ini. Berdasarkan preferensi responden, tipe private cities adalah yang paling tinggi. Dalam mengurangi segregasi sosial melalui pembangunan tipe ini perlu dipertimbangkan penyediaan diversifikasi tipe rumah dan penyediaan fasilitas dan ruang komunal yang lebih luas agar menarik penduduk dari berbagai latar belakang.

مجتبی موحدی, مهدی همایون فر, مهدی فدایی اشکیکی et al.

یکی از پیچیده ترین مسائل تصمیم گیری برای سرمایه گذاران بورس اوراق بهادار، ارزیابی عملکرد شرکت ها می باشد که بر اساس رویکردهای مختلف قابل انجام است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی معیارهای عملکرد شرکت های حاضر در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران با رویکرد ترکیبی دلفی فازی و نقشه نگاشت فازی است. اگر چه مطالعات متعددی در زمینه ارزیابی عملکرد شرکت ها ثبت شده است، اما تعداد انگشت شماری از کارت امتیاز متوازن (BSC) به منظور شناسایی معیارهای ارزیابی عملکرد استفاده نموده اند. در این مقاله ابتدا با استفاده از روش دلفی فازی از میان 82 معیار ارزیابی عملکرد استخراج شده از ادبیات تحقیق، معیارهای کلیدی ارزیابی عملکرد شرکت ها از دیدگاه سرمایه گذاران شناسایی شدند و سپس با استفاده از روش نقشه نگاشت فازی، روابط میان آنها بررسی و معیارهای ارزیابی رتبه بندی شدند. بر اساس یافته ها پنج معیار رشد سود عملیاتی (OPG)، نسبت قیمت به سود هر سهم (P/E)، نسبت سود عملیاتی به فروش، نسبت سود ناخالص به فروش و نرخ رشد فروش شرکت که همگی آنها شرکت ها را از منظر مالی مورد بررسی قرار می دهند، مهمترین معیارها از نظر سرمایه گذاران هستند.

Sean Grisdale, Alan Walks

Privately owned high-rise condominiums have been increasing as a proportion of all housing units built in the Greater Toronto Area for many decades. This has inspired a growing literature theorizing both “condoism” as an emergent planning-development regime and the implications of “condoization” and “condofication” for urban governance and everyday life in cities like Toronto. Building on this literature, this article assesses the implications of Toronto’s increasing reliance on (mainly vertical) condominium development for the socio-spatial transformation of the housing market, particularly for renters. Analyzing time-series data from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation and the Census of Canada to quantify the effects of the city’s condoization, we answer three key questions: How important is condominium development for understanding the restructuring of Toronto’s economy? How has condoization contributed to the ongoing gentrification of Toronto’s inner city? How is condoization restructuring Toronto’s rental market? Building on previous research categorizing and mapping the gentrification of Toronto’s inner city, we find that condoization is an increasingly defining element restructuring the city’s rental market, while this restructuring also plays a central role in the advancing gentrification of the city’s core.

Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik, Faris Abdurrachman, Utomo Noor Rachmanto

Government interventions to limit the spread of the COVID-19 disease have decreased mobility, which, in turn, impacts aggregate economic activity. Understanding mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic may serve as a proxy for understanding its economic impact. This study aims to examine the relationship between pre-existing socioeconomic factors and the economic impact of COVID-19 using aggregate mobility data, particularly from emerging economies with a dominance of informal workers within economic activities. This study will utilize the public mobility dataset to provide an exploratory picture of the socioeconomic and policy determinants of mobility during the pandemic, focusing on Indonesia. The exploratory analytical findings indicate that the impact of COVID-19 on the economy, as indicated by mobility data, is highly correlated with various prior socioeconomic determinants. Moreover, more prosperous and urbanized areas have a larger formal sector, employ more people in manufacturing and/or tourism, possess a more educated labor force, and are more digitally connected; they tend to experience more significant decreases in mobility. The study has provided lessons to developing countries with a vast informal sector size and the gap in access to digital technology to design a more effective, timely, and well-targeted policy response in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Gul’nara M. Alekminskaya

<p>This article discusses the views of J. Assman on the essence of cultural memory and the identity formed on its basis. Identity can be viewed as the result of reflection on the unconscious self-image. J. Assman established a connection between personal and collective identity. Individual consciousness can be defined as sociogenic, not only because it arises in the process of socialization, but also because it creates a community and is the bearer of a collective self-image. J. Assman highlights the difference between individual and personal identity. Both aspects of self-identity are sociogenic and culturally determined, they arise in the mind, formed by the language, values and norms of a particular culture. Identity is a product of social construction and therefore always acts as a cultural identity. The difference between a collective identity and a different one is that the second one is symbolic. Collective identities belong to the realm of the social imagination. Collective identity also exists only to the extent that individuals recognize it as their own. Societies need the past for their self-determination. Awareness and recognition of belonging to a particular culture is a cultural identity. Personal identity is achieved through communication and interaction with other people, through living with them in a common symbolic world of meaning. Culture becomes the second nature of man, man adapts to the symbolic world of meanings. Culture creates a space suitable for human existence and is a prerequisite for the formation of personal and individual identity. The semantic horizons shared by people become a symbolic expression of we-identity. Of great importance is speech and the general system of symbols – the main means of forming groups. The complex of community transmitted in symbols is a cultural formation – something through which a collective identity is created and preserved in the change of generations. The sense of community is generated by the circulation of common meaning.</p>

Andrey Zaytsev, Pak Khe Sun, Olga Elkina et al.

This article is devoted to designing a comprehensive assessment of the level of economic security of a region, taking into account its innovative component. The relevance of the study is supported by the need for a more detailed consideration of certain aspects of economic security to improve the efficiency of the functioning of the subjects of the Russian Federation and create favourable conditions for their economic development from a strategic perspective. The goal of this article is to determine a comprehensive assessment of the level of economic security of the subjects belonging to the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation, as well as analysing the contribution of each region to ensuring national and economic security. To design a comprehensive assessment of the level of economic security of a region, it is proposed to average the normalized values of all indicators employing the simple average method. The method used is the basis of the rating approach of the European Commission employed for designing a comparative assessment of the level of innovative development of the EU regions, which makes it possible to adapt it to the Russian conditions, taking into account the specifics of the domestic economic system. As a result of the study, the criterion boundaries of the integral indicator for assessing the level of economic security were established, which allowed comparing the territorial entities within the region under consideration and identifying the level of secure development of the territory in the economic sphere. The result of the implementation of the proposed methodology was an assessment of the economic security level of regions. The proposed methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the economic security of the territory is characterized by efficiency, simplicity, and accessibility and also takes into account the innovative aspect of the development of a territory. The results obtained enable one to use the developed methodology to solve a wide range of issues to ensure the economic security of a region.

Valéria Aparecida Costa Bonfim, Fabiana Lopes de Oliveira

Este artigo objetiva apresentar a importância de dois instrumentos de preservação do patrimônio arquitetônico moderno: o Plano de Conservação e o Manual de Uso, Operação e Manutenção desenvolvidos para as fachadas do Edifício Copan, mas que podem inspirar documentos similares para outros edifícios de arquitetura moderna. Se ambos instrumentos fossem exigidos pelos órgãos responsáveis pela preservação patrimonial, poderiam auxiliar os gestores e proprietários a cuidar do bem tombado de forma adequada e consciente, sem alterar as características arquitetônicas do imóvel, proporcionando durabilidade aos seus subsistemas construtivos.

L. Ermakova, D. Sukhovskaya

Hanna Hilbrandt

Das Handbuch Kritische Stadtgeographie ist Leser*innen dieser Zeitschrift schon aus einer 2015 erschienen Rezension der Erstauflage dieser Veröffentlichung bekannt (Beurskens, 2015). Es spricht für die wachsende Bedeutung der kritischen Stadtgeographie, dass auch die 2016 erschienene zweite Auflage des Buches bald vergriffen war und 2018 eine dritte, korrigierte und stark erweiterte Auflage neu herausgekommen ist. Mit dem Buch reagieren die Herausgeber*innen, Bernd Belina, Matthias Naumann und Anke Strüver, auf ihre Beobachtung einer Leerstelle in der Geographielehre im Bereich dieses Themenfeldes. […] Was ist neu an der dritten Auflage? Das aktualisierte Handbuch wurde um 23 Kapitel auf 66 erweitert und deckt damit ein breiteres Themenspektrum ab. Einzelne Beiträge wurden überarbeitet. Ein zweiseitiges Vorwort skizziert die vorgenommenen thematischen Ergänzungen und begründet diese durch die Weiterentwicklung der Disziplin (S. 11). Eine wünschenswerte Veröffentlichung als E-Book steht auch in der Neuauflage weiterhin aus.

U. Rao

Alejandro Reys

La relación entre el Cine y la Arquitectura comprende una cuestión compleja, de múltiples aristas y pasible de ser abordada desde perspectivas muy diversas. De la representación de la figura del arquitecto a la evolución de la idea de ciudad a lo largo de la historia, muchos son los aspectos de la Arquitectura que pueden ser analizados a través de la lente del séptimo arte. Este artículo pretende poner el énfasis en uno de ellos en particular, considerándolo de especial importancia por afectar a ambas disciplinas por igual: las cualidades narrativas de la Arquitectura a la hora de la conformación del espacio fílmico. Reconoce en la evolución de esta relación tres instancias, diferenciadas principalmente por los métodos de producción del entorno de rodaje cinematográfico: una primera etapa, signada por los sistemas de estudios y las escenografías construidas ex profeso, una segunda, caracterizada por la adopción generalizada del rodaje en locación y una tercera, vigente hasta la actualidad, dominada por la aparición y consolidación de las Imágenes Generadas por Computadora (CGI). Mediante el análisis de este recorrido se procura demostrar la condición simbiótica de la relación Arquitectura/Cine, y el rol relevante del segundo en la representación y connotación de la primera.

Larisa Yu. Korosteleva

Migration: variety of concepts and multiple manifestations. Book review: Rybakovsky L. L. History and theory of migration. KN. 2: population Migration: a phenomenon, concept, determinants. Moscow: Ekon-Inform, 2017.

N. Niriella

Dewin Iván Pérez-Fuentes, Jorge Leonardo Castillo-Loaiza

Este trabajo presenta una revisión de literatura sobre el concepto de capital humano, se muestran las diferentes metodologías de medición, la relación que mantiene con el mercado laboral y la salud, y algunos hechos estilizados al res- pecto en América Latina y varias regiones del mundo. Los primeros plantea- mientos los proporcionó la escuela clásica, posteriormente fueron formalizados por Schultz, y en adelante varios autores continuaron el legado. Los análisis empíricos demostraron que el nivel de capital humano se correlaciona positiva- mente con la variable salud y exhibe grandes diferencias a nivel regional, las cuales favorecen a Europa occidental y América del Norte. 

Undiri Kima, Agung Sugiri

The market provides a means of survival for the local and urban communities. The local farmers, local artisans, and other informal sectors find the market as their source of income and food and a place of relaxation. They find the market as a place where they meet friends. The article seeks to understand and analyze how informal sectors cluster groups agglomerate in and around the Mendi Local Market (LM) area of Papua New Guinea. This research has made particular reference to Street Vendors (SV) who are operating their daily activities in and along the market corridor and exert their influences to the LM and the public. The study provides the scenario to understand the impact of the social relations of the informal street vendors and their daily associated influences on LM. This article seeks to trace and to understand how informal market clusters are operating and concentrating around the local market. The conclusion suggests that the relationships of the informal sector, street vendors, and local market should be promoted through an appropriate inclusive policy and regulatory environment.The market provides a means of survival for the local and urban communities. The local farmers, local artisans, and other informal sectors find the market as their source of income and food and a place of relaxation. They find the market as a place where they meet friends. The article seeks to understand and analyze how informal sectors cluster groups agglomerate in and around the Mendi Local Market (LM) area of Papua New Guinea. This research has made particular reference to Street Vendors (SV) who are operating their daily activities in and along the market corridor and exert their influences to the LM and the public. The study provides the scenario to understand the impact of the social relations of the informal street vendors and their daily associated influences on LM. This article seeks to trace and to understand how informal market clusters are operating and concentrating around the local market. The conclusion suggests that the relationships of the informal sector, street vendors, and local market should be promoted through an appropriate inclusive policy and regulatory environment.

Helibera Rita Ramos Capistrano de Aquino, Sandra Mara Alves da Silva Neves, Edinéia Aparecida dos Santos Galvanin et al.

O Pantanal é um importante bioma de Mato Grosso, cujas atividades antrópicas ameaçam seu equilíbrio natural, dentre elas o desenvolvimento da pecuária bovina expansiva e intensiva, com introdução de espécies de forrageiras exóticas, visando o aumento da produtividade. Este estudo objetivou, por meio de revisão bibliográfica, investigar a ameaça provocada pela expansão da pecuária bovina na região do pantanal Mato-grossense ao longo dos anos, assim como promover a discussão sobre alternativas viáveis para um modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável. A análise da expansão da atividade e revisão de estudos de viabilização do aproveitamento da vegetação nativa evidenciou que é possível minimizar os impactos negativos da pecuária bovina no Pantanal através do pastoreio aliado ao aproveitamento da pastagem nativa, a suplementação alimentar e o manejo adequado. Assim como a utilização de rebanho proveniente de melhoramento genético que se adapte às condições ambientais e a implementação de políticas públicas sobre a importância da conservação da biodiversidade no planejamento e construção de programas de incentivos.

Hanna Göbel

Der Kommentar zum Beitrag von Alexa Färber diskutiert eine Vermengung von drei unterschiedlichen Kritikbegriffen sowie Orten von Kritik in der aktuellen Debatte um die Assemblageforschung im Feld der Urban Studies. Ich rekonstruiere und unterscheide zwischen einem Kritikbegriff als theoretischer Norm, wie er von der (neo-)marxistischen Stadt- und Raumforschung vertreten wird, und der ontologischen Kritik dieser Norm seitens der Assemblageforscher_innen. Alexa Färbers Beitrag zeigt drittens exemplarisch eine sich einschleichende normative Ebene in der Assemblageforschung auf, die bislang als Kritikform unterbelichtet geblieben ist. Diese wird als Wiedereinführung (re-entry) von empirisch vollzogener Kritik in die Assemblageforschung bezeichnet. Damit ist eine theoretische Neupositionierung von Kritik ‚innerhalb’ einer Assemblage gemeint, indem Kritik nicht mehr als theoretische Norm ‚außerhalb’ zu verorten ist. In diesem Kommentar plädiere ich dafür, in der Assemblageforschung eine differenzierte Auseinandersetzung mit unterschiedlichen Begriffen und Orten von Kritik zu pflegen, um innerhalb der Urban Studies und für interessierte städtische Akteure mit urbaner Expertise (u.a. Architekt_innen, Planer_innen, Künstler_innen, Aktivist_innen, Kultur- und Sozialarbeiter_innen, DIY-Gemeinschaften) klarer adressierbar zu sein.

Mert Nezih RİFAİOĞLU

Antakya, known as Antioch during the ancient period, is significant among Turkey’s historical urban contexts. It is located in the south-east of Turkey, near the Syrian border and is the capital of Hatay province. Called the ‘Queen of the East’ at one time, it is an important city historically since it was an early center of Christianity and one of the capital cities of the Roman Empire. As a result of its importance, the city has been formed/re-formed over time by different empires, and many structures from various periods are still persist in the current urban form. The aim of this paper is to examine the French Mandate and Turkish Republican Period urban conservation and development strategies in Antakya in order to better understand their influences and effects on its historical urban core. The paper thus begins with an introduction and brief outline of the historical development of the core of Antakya. The second part focuses on the French Mandate and Turkish Republican Period urban conservation and development plan strategies. The final part discusses the effects of different urban development strategies on the historic core of the city.