Hasil untuk "Toxicology. Poisons"

Hongji Yin, Dongxing Sun, Fengting Liu et al.

Diquat is a non-selective, broad-spectrum herbicide. Although its toxicity is significantly lower than paraquat, it still has a high mortality rate when ingested in large quantities. This report presents the case of a 21-year-old female who developed severe paralytic ileus and the rare radiological finding of hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) after ingesting 150 mL of diquat. Despite aggressive treatment, including gastric lavage, drainage, and blood purification, the patient ultimately succumbed to multiple organ failure. This report explores the potential causes of HPVG, including infection and elevated intestinal pressure, and highlights the possibility that montmorillonite may have exacerbated this process.

Jacob M. Cowley, Cassandra E. Deering-Rice, John G. Lamb et al.

Abstract Background Climate change and human activities have caused the drying of marine environments around the world. An example is the Great Salt Lake in Utah, USA which is at a near record low water level. Adverse health effects have been associated with exposure to windblown dust originating from dried lakebed sediments, but mechanistic studies evaluating the health effects of these dusts are limited. Results Monitoring data and images highlight the impact of local crustal and Great Salt Lake sediment dusts on the Salt Lake Valley/Wasatch front airshed. Great Salt Lake sediment and derived PM< 3.1 (quasi-PM2.5 or qPM2.5) contained metals/salts, natural and anthropogenic chemicals, and bacteria. Exposure of mice via inhalation and oropharyngeal aspiration caused neutrophilia, increased expression of mRNA for Il6, Cxcl1, Cxcl2, and Muc5ac in the lungs, and increased IL6 and CXCL1 in bronchoalveolar lavage. Inhaled GSLD qPM2.5 caused a greater neutrophilic response than coal fly ash qPM2.5 and was more cytotoxic to human airway epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT) in vitro. Pro-inflammatory biomarker mRNA induction was replicated in vitro using HBEC3-KT and differentiated monocyte-derived (macrophage-like) THP-1 cells. In HBEC3-KT cells, IL6 and IL8 (the human analogue of Cxcl1 and Cxcl2) mRNA induction was attenuated by ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N, N,N′,N’-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and ruthenium red (RR) co-treatment, and by TRPV1 and TRPV3 antagonists, but less by the Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR4) inhibitor TAK-242 and deferoxamine. Accordingly, GSLD qPM2.5 activated human TRPV1 as well as other human TRP channels. Dust from the Salton Sea playa (SSD qPM2.5) also stimulated IL6 and IL8 mRNA expression and activated TRPV1 in vitro, but inhibition by TRPV1 and V3 antagonists was dose dependent. Alternatively, responses of THP-1 cells to the Great Salt Lake and Salton Sea dusts were partially mediated by TLR4 as opposed to TRPV1. Finally, “humanized” Trpv1 N606D mice exhibited greater neutrophilia than C57Bl/6 mice following GSLD qPM2.5 inhalation. Conclusions Dust from the GSL playa and similar dried lakebeds may affect human respiratory health via activation of TRPV1, TRPV3, TLR4, and oxidative stress.

Božičević Lucija, Vrček Valerije, Peranić Nikolina et al.

Environmental pollution with plastic nanoparticles (PNPs) has rendered hazard assessment of unintentional human exposure to neurotherapeutic drugs through contaminated water and food ever more complicated. Due to their small size, PNPs can easily enter different cell types and cross different biological barriers, while their high surface-to-volume ratio enables higher adsorption of chemicals. This is how PNPs take the role of a Trojan horse as they enhance bioaccumulation of many different pollutants. One of the health concerns related to water pollution with neurotherapeutic drugs is endocrine disruption, already evidenced for the anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine (Cbz) and antidepressant fluoxetine (Flx). Our study aimed to evaluate endocrine disrupting effects of Cbz and Flx in mixtures with polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) using the in vitro luciferase assay to measure oestrogen receptor activity in T47D-KBluc cells treated with Cbz-PSNPs or Flx-PSNPs mixtures and compare it with the activities observed in cells treated with individual mixture components (Cbz, Flx, or PSNPs). Dose ranges used in the study were 0.1–10 mg/L, 1–100 µmol/L, and 0.1–10 µmol/L for PSNPs, Cbz, and Flx, respectively. Our findings show that none of the individual components activate oestrogen receptors, while the mixtures induce oestrogen receptor activity starting with 0.1 mg/L for PSNPs, 10 µmol/L for Cbz, and 0.5 µmol/L for Flx. This is the first study to evidence that PSNPs increase oestrogen receptor activity induced by neurotherapeutic drugs at their environmentally relevant concentrations and calls for urgent inclusion of complex mixtures in health hazard assessments to inform regulatory response.

Ramezan Rajani, Mohammad Farhangi, Hojjatallah Jafaryan et al.

Prebiotics, as feed additives, can activate the antioxidant and immune systems of fish and significantly improve the survival of aquaculture animals in stressful conditions. The exposure of fish to copper sulfate leads to oxidative stress, suppression of the immune system, and destruction of vital body tissues. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Sanyar prebiotic on the immunity and tissue changes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to CuSO4 stress. Two hundred common carp fish with an average weight of 12.33 ± 0.93 g were stocked in four treatments (triplicates) for 60 days. The experimental treatments contained Sanyar commercial prebiotics in 100 g of food, which included P1 (1 ml prebiotic liquid), P2 (0.1 g prebiotic powder), P3 (0.5 ml liquid and 0.05 g powder), and treatment C (control treatment without any additives). At the end of the experimental period, the fish were exposed to acute toxicity of Cu (0.1 m/l) for 96 hours. Gill, kidney, and liver tissue samples were collected and evaluated after 96 hours. According to the results obtained, there were significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) and final weight (p < 0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the Sanyar treatments (1.56 ± 0.37), which had a significant difference from the control treatment (1.85 ± 0.35) (p < 0.05). The results showed that immunity indices such as lysozyme, cortisol, and ACH50 increased in the experimental treatments compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). The highest and lowest lysozyme activities were observed in P2 (16.35 ± 0.57) and control treatments (13.15 ± 1.00), respectively (p < 0.05). Generally, no significant difference was observed between growth and nutrition indices in Sanyar treatments (p < 0.05). Symptoms of kidney, liver, and gill tissue damage were reported from mild (hyperemia and infiltration of inflammatory cells) to severe (hemorrhage and necrosis). The lowest severity of tissue damage was observed in the treatments fed with Sanyar food supplement. In general, the results of this study showed that the addition of Sanyar prebiotic to the diet of common carp improves the growth indicators and immune response and can also be beneficial in increasing fish resistance to copper toxicity.

Ye LI, Rui WANG, Jiashu ZHU et al.

BackgroundPregnancy-related anxiety has a negative impact on the physical and mental health of pregnant women and the normal growth and development of the fetus. Establishing prediction models for pregnancy-related anxiety to screen associated predictive factors may provide important opportunities for prenatal intervention.ObjectiveTo establish a prediction model of pregnancy-related anxiety risk of pregnant women.MethodsFrom January to July 2021, a questionnaire survey on pregnancy-related anxiety and predictors was conducted among pregnant women having routine prenatal check-ups provided by an obstetrics clinic of a tertiary grade A hospital in Ningxia. The socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects were collected, and the pregnant women were evaluated by the Life Event Scale (LES), Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), Family APGAR Index (APGAR), and Pregnancy-related Anxiety Questionnaire (PAQ). R 4.2.0 software was used to fit all selected variables by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to identify predictors of pregnancy-related anxiety in the second and third trimesters. On the basis of logistic regression analysis, prediction models of pregnancy-related anxiety in the second and third trimesters were constructed, and the model nomogram and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were drawn. The prediction effect of the model was evaluated by area under the curve (AUC). A calibration chart was drawn to evaluate the calibration of the model.ResultsA total of 1500 questionnaires were distributed, and 1448 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective rate of 96.53%. Among the 1448 pregnant women, the overall positive rate of pregnancy-related anxiety was 28.80% (417/1448), and the positive rates in the second and third trimesters were 29.21% (276/935) and 27.49% (141/513), respectively. The predictors entering the the second trimester model were age of marriage, family care, social support, family expectations for the fetus, physical condition during pregnancy, and whether experiencing life stressful events during pregnancy. The predictors entering the the third trimester model were pregnancy intention, physical discomfort, and whether experiencing life stress during pregnancy. A risk prediction model of pregnancy-related anxiety for the second trimester was established: risk of pregnancy-related anxiety=−0.07× marriage age +0.12× family care −0.03× social support −0.65× family expectation of fetal sex +0.42× physical condition during pregnancy +0.47× whether experiencing life stressful events during pregnancy. A risk prediction model of pregnancy-related anxiety for the third trimester was established: risk of pregnancy-related anxiety=−5.69+0.82× pregnancy intention +1.06× physical discomfort +0.94× whether experiencing life stressful events during pregnancy. The ROC curves of the two models were drawn. The AUC of the second trimester model was 0.71, and the AUC of related validation model was 0.68. The AUC of the third trimester model was 0.72, and the AUC of related validation model was 0.66.ConclusionThe risk prediction models of pregnancy-related anxiety constructed based on LASSO regression and logistic regression have good prediction ability, and they suggest that pregnant women in the second trimester with short marriage age, high family care, low social support, family expectations for fetal sex, average physical condition, and experiencing life stress during pregnancy, and pregnant women in the third trimester with spontaneous pregnant intention, unintended pregnancy, physical discomfort, and experiencing life stress during pregnancy are high-risk groups for pregnancy-related anxiety.

Alyssa K. Merrill, Katherine Conrad, Elena Marvin et al.

Pregnancy is a unique critical window with nearly ubiquitous exposure to low concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Human and animal research suggests that PFAS compounds disrupt hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, with some evidence of altered “anxiety-like” behavior, but little is known about the potential effects on maternal mental health following exposures during pregnancy. Evaluating the consequences of gestational PFAS exposures on maternal health is essential, because approximately 1 in 10 women experience postpartum depression, often with increased anxiety. To address this gap, dams were exposed to a low dose, 0.1 mg/kg, of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from gestational day 0 to birth. Maternal behavior was then observed from postnatal days 5–9, and “anxiety-like” behavior was measured using open field spontaneous locomotor behavior and elevated plus maze following weaning. No difference was observed in the litter size or sex of offspring. Gestational PFOA exposure altered maternal behavior. Despite similar nursing durations, PFOA dams spent more time nursing in a flat posture and on their side, and less time in kyphosis. Despite significantly quicker first contact, PFOA dams did not return pups to the nest quicker, indicating reduced retrieval latency. At weaning, dams displayed increased “anxiety-like” behaviors in the elevated plus maze with a significantly higher mean duration in the closed arms and reduced choice frequency with significantly lower number of entries in the closed and open arms. PFOA dams showed reductions in ambulatory movement across the session. Pregnancy exposure to PFOA altered both maternal and “anxiety-like” behavior in dams. Additional assays focused on depression-associated behaviors, such as forced swim, anhedonia, and social preference, will further delineate behavioral mechanisms. Further research on the effects of environmental contaminant exposures during pregnancy should investigate how co-exposures to other risk factors, such as stress, may enhance behavioral toxicity. Understanding how environmental contaminant exposure during pregnancy effects maternal depression-associated, and/or “anxiety-like” behavior is necessary for the public health protection of women.

Aldert H. Piersma, Nancy C. Baker, George P. Daston et al.

This manuscript provides a review focused on embryonic stem cell-based models and their place within the landscape of alternative developmental toxicity assays. Against the background of the principles of developmental toxicology, the wide diversity of alternative methods using pluripotent stem cells developed in this area over the past half century is reviewed. In order to provide an overview of available models, a systematic scoping review was conducted following a published protocol with inclusion criteria, which were applied to select the assays. Critical aspects including biological domain, readout endpoint, availability of standardized protocols, chemical domain, reproducibility and predictive power of each assay are described in detail, in order to review the applicability and limitations of the platform in general and progress moving forward to implementation. The horizon of innovative routes of promoting regulatory implementation of alternative methods is scanned, and recommendations for further work are given.

Hamed Faraji, Farideh Tabatabaee Yazdi, Nematollah Razmi

Cereal grains are a favorable habitat for aflatoxin- producing fungus to develop. the current investigation was carried out to evaluate the quantity and kind of contaminated imported grains and rice generated in the province of Shiraz, Iran. A total of 60 random rice samples were taken from paddy fields in October and November 2020. Aspergillus genera were detected using PCR. HPLC was used to determine the quantity and type of aflatoxin and mycotoxins in samples collected. Irradiation studies were carried out utilizing a collimated beam system with wavelengths ranging from 200 to 360 nm. The quality of rice was assessed using UV light therapy on some of the changed factors, such as amylose content, aroma, and brightness [P < 0.05]. Aspergillus genera were found in 33.3% [20 samples of 60] of rice samples after morphological and molecular analysis of the ITS gene. According to the sequencing experiment, 12 strains [60%] were identified as Aspergillus flavus, whereas 8 strains [40%] were identified as Aspergillus parasiticus. Ver-1 and afl-R genes were positive in 12/12 [100%] Aspergillus flavus and 87.5% in Aspergillus parasiticus. According to the HPLC findings, three Aspergillus parasiticus strains [37.5%] were able to create all four types of aflatoxins, and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 were produced by 16.6% of Aspergillus flavus strains. Aflatoxin-1 (AFG1) was lowered to 35.1, 48.2, 59.9, and 65.2%, significantly, at doses of 1.22, 2.44, 3.66, and 4.88 Jcm−2 [P < 0.01]. Furthermore, at doses of 1.22, 2.44, 3.66, and 4.88 Jcm−2, AFB2 and AFG2 was shown to be reduced by 13.1%, 11.7%, 30.3%, and 28.9%. [P < 0.05]. At a maximum dose of 4.88 Jcm−2, AFB1 was shown to be extremely susceptible to UV irradiation, with a > 70% decrease seen [P < 0.001]. Our findings imply that UV irradiation with lower energy and lower danger can help minimize aflatoxin contamination in food.

Non G. Williams, Lee Parry

Yongpeng Wang, Guy Sedar Singor Njateng, Tianrui Zhao et al.

The buds of Vaccinium dunalianum Wight (VD) are widely used in Yunnan as herbal tea [Que Zui Tea (QT)] and herb. However, the security and toxicity of QT have not been determined yet. The aim of this study is to evaluate the acute and subacute-toxicity of hot water (QTW) and aqueous-ethanol (QTE) extracts of QT. Acute-toxicity studies of QTW and QTE revealed no signs of related to treatment, indicating that median-lethal-dose (LD50) values of QTW and QTE is surpass 5000 mg/kg. The results of subacute-toxicity studies of QTW and QTE showed no significant side reaction of all doses the two extracts. The levels of Lymphocyte (LYM) and percentage of lymphocytes (LYM%) significantly decreased, and percentage of granulocytes (GRA%) increased in rats that received these two extracts at doses greater than 1250 mg/kg/day. However, the 1250 and 2500 mg/kg/day QTW and QTE did not trigger any pathological changes in body weight or organ tissue, so partial changes in blood parameters were considered as minor symptoms. Therefore, the present results demonstrated that the two extracts are safe at 2500 mg/kg/day or at lower doses.

Pankaj V. Jariwala

Despite spectacular success in the field of revascularization in coronary artery disease, it still remains the most prevalent cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Myocardial Infarction (MI) is the world's most common presentation of ASCVD and common cause of Heart Failure (HF). Even-though Heart Failure(HF) doesn’t have a "Universal definition" like MI, it is generally described as “a clinical syndrome caused by any structural/ functional cardiac dysfunction that impairs the ventricle's capacity to fill/ eject blood”. Yet there is one entity that requires considerable attention: Post-myocardial infarction heart failure (PMIHF).

Anastasiya Kalinina, Mariya Zamkova, Elena Antoshina et al.

Cyclophilin A (CypA), an 18 kDa multi-functional protein with cis–trans isomerase activity, is both a ligand for cyclosporine A and a proinflammatory factor. CypA is also a chemoattractant for hemopoietic stem cells and progenitors of different lineages, and can mediate regenerative processes in an organism. Accumulated experimental data have suggested there are practical applications for this protein in the treatment of several diseases (i.e. neutralization of cyclosporine A side effects, etc.). However, the range of CypA safe doses as well as its toxic effects remain unknown. The study here investigated the acute toxicity of a single intraperitoneal (IP) or subcutaneous (SC) dosing of recombinant human CypA (rhCypA) in both female and male mice and its effect on gene expression of acute phase proteins (APP) in the female mice after IP treatment. The results showed that toxicity of rhCypA was most evident in female and male mice dosed IP with 750 mg/kg, and manifested as kidney injury and increased granulocyte/lymphocyte ratios in the blood. Enhanced expression of Sаа1 and Sаа2 genes was induced with doses of 0.1–2 mg/mouse of rhCypA. Injection of the maximal dose (750 mg/kg) significantly stimulated expression of all the APP genes studied.

Suanne Bosch, Tarryn Lee Botha, Anine Jordaan et al.

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is used as an ecotoxicological model species in both aqueous medium and solid substrates. It is easy and of low cost to maintain in the laboratory and it produces hundreds of offspring within a short period of time. It also has a small body size (1 mm), making it possible for in vivo assays to be conducted in 12-well plates. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are a class of emerging pollutants. Nanogold (nAu) is used in many consumer products and in vivo drug delivery. These materials can be released into the aquatic environment during production or discarding of consumer products. As nAu is insoluble in water, the sediment would become the final depository for the materials. It has become increasingly important to use sediment dwelling organisms to screen for possible toxicity of these ENMs. In this study C. elegans was exposed to a range of concentrations of nAu and ionic gold in M9-media, acting as a substitute for pore water. After 96-hour growth, fertility and reproduction were determined. Internal structure damage and internalisation of particles in C. elegans were determined by using SEM and CytoViva® Darkfield Imaging. From these images the nanomaterials are distributed around the oocytes in the reproductive organs, as well as the pharynx. Results obtained indicate that nAu affects reproduction more than growth due to internal gonad damage, albeit at very high exposure concentrations, indicating no toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations. Ionic Au is more toxic than nAu and effects fertility and reproduction due to ion release. These results give more information regarding the toxicity and in vivo uptake of nAu and form part of an environmental risk assessment of ENMs.

Alan S. Kolok

Thanh-Luu Pham, Kazuya Shimizu, Thanh-Son Dao et al.

We investigated the accumulation and adverse effects of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis in the edible clam Corbicula leana. Treated clams were exposed to toxic Microcystis at 100 μg of MC (microcystin)-LReq L−1 for 10 days. The experimental organism was then placed in toxin-free water and fed on non-toxic Microcystis for the following 10 days for depuration. Filtering rates (FRs) by C. leana of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis and of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris as a control were estimated. Adverse effects were evaluated though the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Clam accumulated MCs (up to 12.7 ± 2.5 μg g−1 dry weight (DW) of free MC and 4.2 ± 0.6 μg g−1 DW of covalently bound MC). Our results suggest that although both toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria caused adverse effects by inducing the detoxification and antioxidant defense system, the clam was quite resistant to cyanotoxins. The estimated MC concentration in C. leana was far beyond the World Health Organization's (WHO) provisional tolerable daily intake (0.04 μg kg−1 day−1), suggesting that consuming clams harvested during cyanobacterial blooms carries a high health risk.

O. Lapatto-Reiniluoto, E. Vuori, K. Hoppu et al.

Swedin Linda, Arrighi Romanico, Andersson-Willman Britta et al.

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) trigger pronounced inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs of mice following administration via pharyngeal aspiration or inhalation. Human exposure to SWCNT in an occupational setting may occur in conjunction with infections and this could yield enhanced or suppressed responses to the offending agent. Here, we studied whether the sequential exposure to SWCNT via pharyngeal aspiration and infection of mice with the ubiquitous intracellular parasite <it>Toxoplasma gondii</it> would impact on the immune response of the host against the parasite.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>C57BL/6 mice were pre-exposed by pharyngeal administration of SWCNT (80 + 80 μg/mouse) for two consecutive days followed by intravenous injection with either 1x10³ or 1x10⁴ green fluorescence protein and luciferase-expressing <it>T. gondii</it> tachyzoites. The dissemination of <it>T. gondii</it> was monitored by <it>in vivo</it> bioluminescence imaging in real time for 7 days and by plaque formation<it>.</it> The inflammatory response was analysed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and by assessment of morphological changes and immune responses in lung and spleen.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There were no differences in parasite distribution between mice only inoculated with <it>T. gondii</it> or those mice pre-exposed for 2 days to SWCNT before parasite inoculum. Lung and spleen histology and inflammation markers in BAL fluid reflected the effects of SWCNT exposure and <it>T. gondii</it> injection, respectively. We also noted that CD11c positive dendritic cells but not F4/80 positive macrophages retained SWCNT in the lungs 9 days after pharyngeal aspiration. However, co-localization of <it>T. gondii</it> with CD11c or F4/80 positive cells could not be observed in lungs or spleen. Pre-exposure to SWCNT did not affect the splenocyte response to <it>T. gondii.</it></p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Taken together, our data indicate that pre-exposure to SWCNT does not enhance or suppress the early immune response to <it>T. gondii</it> in mice.</p>

Vibenholt Anni, Birkedal Renie K, Larsen Erik H et al.

A Della Torre, LBL Albuquerque, NM Farrapo et al.

Plathymenia reticulata Benth has an anti-inflammatory effect and is capable of neutralizing the neuromuscular blockade induced by Bothrops jararacussu or Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms, probably by precipitating venom proteins (an effect caused by plant tannins). The present study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic activity of P. reticulata by using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay (Ames test) and the micronucleus test in CHO-K1 cells. P. reticulata extract concentrations of 2.84, 5.68, 11.37, and 19.90 mg/plate were assayed by the Ames test using TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 bacterial strains, with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolic activation. Concentrations of 5, 1.6 and 0.5 &#956;g/mL of P. reticulata extract were used for the micronucleus test. P. reticulata extract was mutagenic to TA98 (-S9) and showed signs of mutagenic activity in TA97a and TA102 (both -S9) strains. Micronucleus test CBPI values showed that the endogenous metabolic system increased the number of viable cells when compared to the non-activated samples and the micronucleus frequency increased when the cells were treated in the absence of S9. We concluded that P. reticulata extract may present direct mutagenic properties.