Sacred springs are significant among water sources, as they serve not only natural functions but also social ones, fulfilling the spiritual needs of residents and pilgrims. This article aims to determine the spatial distribution and role of consecrated/sacred springs in the formation of sacred landscapes. Sanctified springs act as key components and markers of sacred landscapes. The hydrogeological and climatic conditions of Western Ukraine, particularly in Lviv and Volyn oblasts, contribute to the formation of water springs. These regions' national, ethnological, religious, and cultural characteristics have influenced the development of a network of consecrated/sacred springs. The physiographic zoning scheme of Ukraine served as the cartographic basis for this study. During 2018-2023, field research was conducted on 112 sacred springs in Lviv oblast and 61 in Volyn oblast. Also, a survey of residents was carried out to gather information about the history and medicinal properties of the investigated springs. The identified spatial patterns of sacred spring distribution within Lviv and Volyn oblasts indicate that their location, concentration, and functioning depend on the characteristics of the surrounding natural environment. Various types of sacred spring groupings have been recorded, including ribbon, double, dispersed, isolated, compact, and blocked. Sacred/consecrated springs play a central role in forming sacred landscapes. The adequate functioning of such a landscape requires the development of special organisational, landscape-planning, and protective mechanisms for nature use.
Highlights:
• Sanctified springs are not individual formations but form a sacred landscape with the natural and cultural environment.
• Sacred/sanctified springs serve as focal points for the formation of certain social groups around them, sometimes far beyond the geographical location of these springs.
• Sacred springs should have the status of protected objects.
Over the past few decades, the use of e-commerce in business has increased significantly. More and more companies that used to focus exclusively on offline operations are beginning to consider e-commerce as a promising area of strategic development. As a result, studying the state of the e-commerce market in Ukraine, as well as trends and barriers to its development, will allow to develop an understanding of the peculiarities of the functioning and growth of business entities in the context of the Ukrainian online environment. In this regard, it is worth paying special attention to the study of the specifics of the development of the e-commerce market as a strategic recovery of the Ukrainian economy. The subject of the study is the process of development of the Ukrainian e-commerce market in the conditions of war. The purpose is to research and analyse the state of the e-commerce market in Ukraine in the context of growing instability caused by the war, as well as to identify key issues and trends in the development of the e-commerce system in an unstable and changing environment. The questions of this study require the use of a combination of general scientific and modern research methods, among which the most important are the method of system analysis (when studying the approaches and points of view of Ukrainian and Western scientists), economic and statistical analysis (to determine the trends in the development of e-commerce in Ukraine), analysis and synthesis (when studying the types and models of e-commerce), graphic analysis (to visualize a number of theoretical and practical provisions of the article). The article examines the state of the e-commerce market in Ukraine during the war. It finds that until 2022 there was a significant increase in the volume and growth rate of the e-commerce market. With the outbreak of the war, the market experienced a dramatic drop in volume, but from 2023 significant stabilisation processes took place. The importance of further development of the e-commerce market not only during the war, but also to overcome its consequences during the post-war recovery period is determined. Conclusions. Ukrainian e-commerce is experiencing high growth rates. The barriers to entering the online market are relatively low and the benefits of e-commerce for users and entrepreneurs are tangible. However, at the current stage, the Ukrainian e-commerce market has many unresolved issues that hinder its development. If the key issues are effectively addressed, the development of e-commerce in Ukraine will have a future.
AbstractMarket share is a part of the total market that a company allocates to itself and prepares, adjusts and implements its marketing plans in order to meet its needs. This study was conducted to develop a local model of increasing market share in Iranian dairy industries with a qualitative approach. The current research is considered to be applicable in terms of its purpose, and exploratory qualitative in terms of code collection method. The target population includes 12 experts, including professors of Islamic Azad University in marketing fields, including marketing managers in dairy companies who are familiar with market share issues. Sampling was done with the purposeful method until theoretical saturation was reached in the interviews. The main tool of data collection in the field section includes semi-structured interviews. Data-based theory approach by means of MAXQDA.20 software was used to analyze qualitative data and provide a paradigm model. Based on the results of the qualitative analysis, 22 categories and 78 indicators were identified in the form of six main categories including causal conditions (internal marketing, product life cycle management, market attractiveness, marketing mix, competitive strategy and planning and targeting), background factors (characteristics of customers, competitive environment and market turbulence), central phenomenon (market share development strategy), strategies and measures (market share management, sales promotion, advertising, competition, special brand value and market segmentation), intervening factors (management risk and sustainable competitive advantage) and consequences (stabilization of brand position, profitability, bargaining power and increase in market share). As a result, the paradigmatic model of the native pattern of increasing the market share in Iran's dairy industries has been fully drawn with a qualitative approach according to six conditions (contextual, causal, intervening, central phenomenon, strategies and actions, and consequences).Extended AbstractIntroductionToday, the food industry is one of the most important and broadest active industries in the global economy. The growing population, the diversification of consumer tastes, the increasing importance of the health of food products, healthy nutrition as a factor in preventing the occurrence of many diseases, the prominence of the role of food from the economic, health, etc. aspects all show the significant role of nutrition and food industry in today human life (Khakbeez, Rezaei & Azizi, 2021). Milk and its products are of special importance in human life due to their extraordinary nutritional value, and they always provide part of the body's needs in the human food pyramid, including protein and some vitamins and especially calcium, but they do not have substitute products; therefore, in terms of examining alternative goods, the circle of investigation should be limited to all types of dairy products (Mousavinejad & Khoramnia, 2021). In recent years, an increasing number of experts and business theorists assume that one of the ways to increase the efficiency of a company is to increase the market share, but not paying attention to the factors of increasing the market share can sometimes cause trouble as well as less profit for a company and also will undoubtedly follow more risks (Rajani et al, 2023). The importance of this issue is not only in maintaining the company's current market share; after all, as the industry grows, a company's market share must also increase to remain competitive and profitable. An increase in market share requires obtaining a larger share than before, and this indicates that the company's growth is more than average and that they have performed better than their competitors. Market share and brand influence are important to understand as part of the larger puzzle of brand growth and diversification. The more you know about the current market position – strengths and weaknesses, competitors and potential opportunities, the more clearly you can prioritize brand growth strategies and reduce the inherent risk of new investments (Mohsen et al, 2021). The issue of market share and the factors affecting it is a very broad category that cannot be created by presenting a simple model and including a limited number of variables. Therefore, it is necessary to use exploratory methods to identify the maximum number of factors involved in the market share; in fact, the main innovation of the present research is also in this matter, which presents a comprehensive model of factors affecting the increase of market share with a qualitative approach. On the other hand, by reviewing the literature, it is clear that not much research has been done on the market share in the dairy industry, which indicates a major research gap. In fact, by reviewing the available literature, it is clear that so far, not much research has been done to provide a model for increasing market share, both inside and outside the country. Therefore, using a qualitative approach, a completely new model can be achieved in this field. In fact, this research can be considered as a complement to previous researches and an attempt to solve some research gaps. Based on the mentioned material, the researcher is looking for the question: what is the local model of increasing the market share in the country's dairy industry?Theoretical frameworkEconomy and industrial organization is one of the trends of economics that examines the mutual behavior of producers with each other, producers with consumers and consumers with each other, and the study of the elements of the structure, behavior and performance of markets is the most important subject of industrial economics, and the quality of relationship of these elements to each other, the direction of their cause, and the factors affecting each of these elements have been the subject of numerous studies in this branch of economics. Market share is one of the structural variables to measure the intensity of competition between producers, which is affected by functional and behavioral factors in the literature of industrial economics. How these factors affect market share in the form of structure, behavior and performance patterns has always been a subject of disagreement among industrial economists, so that the economists of the school of structuralism consider the direction of causality from structure to function; while behaviorists and economists of the Chicago school consider the direction of causality from performance to behavior and structure (Abzari, Safari Shad, Abedi Sharbiani & Porveshi Murad, 2019). Usually, popular metrics for measuring marketing success, such as market share, are not well understood and used inappropriately. Market share is a very popular metric. In a survey of senior marketing managers, 67% consider market share based on net dollars a very useful measure, and 91% consider market share evaluation based on units sold useful. The explanation of why managers consider market share as a valuable criterion is rooted in an old research that was conducted in the 1970s and it points to the existence of a significant relationship between market share and return on investment. However, this relationship may not be as clear as customers' expectations (Lee, 2019). Studies indicate that this relationship is often correlative rather than causal (Yousefi, Mehralian, Rasekh & Tayeba, 2019).Research methodologyThis research is fundamental in terms of its purpose, and descriptive exploratory in terms of nature. Because the database method and the paradigm model of Strauss & Corbin (1998) are of high comprehensiveness to include various components involved in a phenomenon; in this research, this approach has been used to provide a model for increasing market share in the dairy industry. The tool for collecting codes, indicators and components includes a semi-structured interview. The target population of this research includes professors of Islamic Azad University and several university units in marketing fields, including marketing managers in dairy companies who are familiar with market share issues. To determine the samples of this research and to determine this group of experts, the purposeful sampling method was used. After conducting 12 interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved. The implementation process of the current research was such that after studying the research literature and getting familiar with the subject, questions were formulated in the form of a semi-structured interview and given to the experts (participants in this research). Based on the answers given by the experts, coding was done in three consecutive stages, including open, central and selective coding, and thus the research paradigm model based on the database theory was obtained.Research findings Data integration is very important in grounded theory. In the research process, after collecting data, analyzing and interpreting them; it is time to present the model, conclusion and summary of the research. In the first step, by examining the current situation, the obtained data are classified into 6 main categories. Based on the opinion of professors and experts, 22 categories and 78 indicators from all the indicators obtained from the qualitative analysis of the interview database have been used to present the local model of increasing the market share in Iran's dairy industry.Conclusion Based on the results of the secondary coding of the research, internal marketing indicators, product life cycle management, market attractiveness, marketing mix, competitive strategy and planning and targeting were selected as the categories of causal conditions in compiling the market share increase in Iranian dairy industries. The result obtained in relation to causal conditions implies the fact that internal marketing is used to improve performance and increase the quality of products and services, improve the behavior and performance of personnel, develop organizational culture, and ultimately improve customer satisfaction. Every product has a specific life cycle that includes different stages such as design, development, production, marketing and sales. The indicators of product analysis, market analysis, competition analysis and environmental analysis were selected as the central categories in compiling the market share increase in Iran's dairy industries. The indicators of market share management, sales promotion, advertising, competition, special brand value and market division were selected as strategic categories in compiling the market share increase in Iran's dairy industry. The indicators of customer characteristics, competitive environment and market turbulence were selected as the categories of background conditions in compiling the increase of market share in Iranian dairy industry. The indicators of risk management and sustainable competitive advantage were chosen as the categories of intervening conditions in the formulation of increasing the market share in the dairy industry of Iran. The indicators of brand positioning, profitability, bargaining power, and market share increase were selected as outcomes in compiling the market share increase in Iran's dairy industry.
Rapid urbanization has put the marine environment under great threat, and cities in the Bay Bottom area are more likely to cause a large number of ecological problems in urban development and construction due to their special land-sea interaction environment. Ecological network is an effective solution to coordinate regional ecological protection and sustainable urban development. This study focused on Chengyang District, one of the highly urbanized areas at the bottom of Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao, China, was using Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) to initially identify ecological source areas and extracting important ecological source areas in conjunction with the landscape connectivity assessment, and was determining ecological resistance values based on the importance of ecosystem services, and was optimizing ecological network by the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR) and network structure analysis. The results indicated that: (1) the habitat in Chengyang District is severely fragmented, and the ecological network structure has significant features in terms of source area, type and corridor distribution, with a low percentage of source area, identification of characteristic source types such as reservoirs, wetlands, and aquaculture ponds, while the corridors are concentrated in the area of rivers and bays, and there is fragmentation in the inland areas of the city. (2) Preliminarily, 15 ecological source sites were identified, mainly distributed in the vicinity of Jiaozhou Bay Wetland, Jihongtan Reservoir and Laoshan Mountain, among which, Jiaozhou Bay Wetland is the most important ecological source in Chengyang District. Thirty-two ecological nodes and 24 ecological corridors were constructed. (3) By increasing the inland ecological sources in Chengyang District, the optimized ecological network forms a spatial pattern of “four cores, three belts, and four districts”, and proposes and formulates targeted ecological protection and management strategies to promote the sustainable development of the urban areas in the bottom of the bay. In addition, this study provides a new reference for the global ecological protection of cities in the bay area by improving the ecological network of cities in the Bay Bottom area.
Abstract
A psychiatric facility represents a temporary home for its patients. Multiple studies have provided ample evidence that the built environment has the potential to support patients in their recovery process, in part by offering a homely surrounding. If their environment also succeeds in creating a therapeutic milieu in which the patients’ needs for protection, security, privacy, and orientation are met, the contribution of these surroundings can be even more significant. For example, clear, comprehensible building structures help patients to find their way around the new environment and further provide a feeling of security. To fulfill this goal, planners should pay special attention to the access zones and semi-public spaces in these types of buildings, as psychiatric patients often spend a lot of time there. Corridors should provide high spatial quality with daylight areas and places to sit down.
Based on an analysis of more than 30 psychiatric facilities in Germany, three spatial typologies were identified within which the factors listed above have been explored.
Firstly, the “Pavilion type”: square or slightly rectangular pavilion structures, generally with courtyards enclosed on four sides and multiple additions. This typology is found very often, especially on new build sites. The Pavilion type allows a useful combination of room functions and good lighting of all spaces. Secondly, the “L- or T-shaped type”: Linked L- or T-shaped, often appearing as comb-like buildings. These structures are particularly successful in integrating with the surrounding landscape. Thirdly, the “Block type”: Closed, block-like single-floor and two-floor typologies of different lengths. However, these building structures are increasingly rare as they often appear out of human scale and result in long, monotonous corridors.
In building design it is crucial to consider the triad of “architecture/interior design/ and landscape design” and to emphasize the specifics of the site. Each of these typologies offer different opportunities to achieve this goal; yet, only when a unique atmosphere is created – one in which everyone feels accepted and is seen as an individual – can patients, staff and visitors feel the comfort and support of a successful homely environment.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
The number of studies providing empirical evidence on e‐learning in the field of special education is limited. From this point of view, the aim of this study is to examine whether the factors influencing the e‐learning adoption of university students with disability differ according to the type of disability and gender. The participants of the study consist of 809 university students with a single disability (orthopaedic, visual or hearing). Confirmatory factor analysis and two‐way ANOVA were used in the analysis of the study. The factor analysis showed that validity and reliability of the measurement tool was established and the model fit was good. The results revealed that for all dependent variables (social influence, self‐efficacy, compatibility and facilitating conditions), students with orthopaedic disability and visual impairment had higher scores than students with hearing impairment. On the other hand, contrary to expectations, there was no difference between students with orthopaedic disability and students with visual impairment in any of the factors according to the type of disability. In addition, none of the factors differed by gender. The findings provide empirical evidence that can contribute to the planning of online education processes of students with disability by revealing the similarities and differences in the use of e‐learning systems according to the type of disability. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic The field of special education deals with the special needs of individuals and frequently uses technology to provide the support they need. It is observed that educational processes have been moved to online environments due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, which has affected the field of education nowadays and e‐learning systems in online environments have become indispensable for students with special needs. With their flexible structure, e‐learning systems create universal and inclusive learning environments for all students. Accessibility and special education adaptations are needed for individuals with special needs to use e‐learning systems effectively. For this, first of all, the effects of the disabilities of these individuals in using e‐learning systems should be determined. What this paper adds The results showed that social influence, self‐efficacy, compatibility, and facilitating conditions all differed significantly by type of disability. The research findings revealed that all factors differed significantly in terms of orthopaedic and visual impairment versus hearing impairment. The main contribution of the study can be summarized as investigating the relationships between technology adoption and types of disability with empirical evidence and the fact that the implications and inferences made for theory and practice have the potential to make critical contributions to technology acceptance and use of individuals with special needs. It can be stated that the tool adapted in this study offers a valid and reliable tool for future studies with university students with special needs. Implications for practice and/or policy There is a need for considering the individual differences of participants and adaptations for hearing in the adoption of e‐learning systems. Individual differences should be taken into account in the designs of e‐learning systems, and user‐oriented designs should be given priority. It can be mentioned that providing subtitle support for live lessons and recorded videos for the hearing impairment and adding sign and text support to the audio stimuli, providing screen readers for the visual impairment in the e‐learning system can make valuable contributions to improving the quality of education. What is already known about this topic The field of special education deals with the special needs of individuals and frequently uses technology to provide the support they need. It is observed that educational processes have been moved to online environments due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, which has affected the fiel of education nowadays and e‐learning systems in online environments have become indispensable for students with special needs. With their flexible structure, e‐learning systems create universal and inclusive learning environments for all students. Accessibility and special education adaptations are needed for individuals with special needs to use e‐learning systems effectively. For this, first of all, the effects of the disabilities of these individuals in using e‐learning systems should be determined. What this paper adds The results showed that social influence, self‐efficacy, compatibility, and facilitating conditions all differed significantly by type of disability. The research findings revealed that all factors differed significantly in terms of orthopaedic and visual impairment versus hearing impairment. The main contribution of the study can be summarized as investigating the relationships between technology adoption and types of disability with empirical evidence and the fact that the implications and inferences made for theory and practice have the potential to make critical contributions to technology acceptance and use of individuals with special needs. It can be stated that the tool adapted in this study offers a valid and reliable tool for future studies with university students with special needs. Implications for practice and/or policy There is a need for considering the individual differences of participants and adaptations for hearing in the adoption of e‐learning systems. Individual differences should be taken into account in the designs of e‐learning systems, and user‐oriented designs should be given priority. It can be mentioned that providing subtitle support for live lessons and recorded videos for the hearing impairment and adding sign and text support to the audio stimuli, providing screen readers for the visual impairment in the e‐learning system can make valuable contributions to improving the quality of education. 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In this study, by using the ERA5 data of the atmospheric circulation field that was re-analyzed by the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts), we revealed the features of the Northeast China Cold Vortex (NCCV) from 1950 to 2020 (including active days, occurrence time of NCCV processes, and process durations). This study focused on a comparative analysis of the differences in the NCCV’s climate characteristics in the cold and warm periods to help future predictions. The results revealed the following: From 1950 to 2020, the NCCV occurred 2961 times on 9782 days. The average annual occurrence time of NCCV processes, annual average of cold vortex days, and average process duration of the NCCVs were 41.7 times, 137.8 days, and 3.6 days, respectively. These indicators of the NCCVs showed an increasing trend, but the trend was not significant. The NCCVs occurred most frequently in May, followed by June, and were located at the southernmost point in June. Therefore, it had the most active days and a relatively long process duration in May and June, significantly impacting Northeast China. During the cold period (1950–1980), the annual occurrence time of NCCV processes, number of cold vortex days, and the process duration of the NCCVs all showed an increasing trend, while in the warm period, these showed a decreasing trend. In addition, the durations of the NCCVs decreased significantly in the warm period, which indicated that the NCCV processes continued to weaken after climate warming. During the warm period (1981–2020), the frequency and active days of the NCCVs throughout the year and most months increased, and its general location was more southerly than in the cold period. Moreover, the annual average occurrence time of NCCV processes, number of active days, and average duration of the NCCV in the warm period were more than those in the cold period. Finally, the NCCVs continued for longer in autumn and winter than in spring and summer, and the durations of the NCCVs increased in warm periods.
Previous research has suggested that children raised in unpredictable and unresponsive environments show worse executive control of attention. Here, we leverage recent findings from developmental neuroscience to discuss how environmental predictability might facilitate executive control development. We focus on two types of predictability: contingent responsiveness (i.e. ‘every time I do X, then Y happens’), and temporal predictability (i.e. ‘at X time intervals, Y happens’). We discuss the mechanisms through which predictability in one aspect of the environment can drive behavioural sensitivity to that aspect to be selectively increased, relative to other less predictable aspects. This selective enhancement is similar to the effect of executive attention, but driven by external properties of the environment. Thus, predictable aspects of the environment are, in the short term, easier to pay attention to than unpredictable ones. We discuss how these short-term effects can lead to long-term improvements in executive attention control.
Jacek Skudlarski, Alina Burliai, Ruslan Mudrak
et al.
Current state of the development of agricultural business is characterized by negative trends caused by the prevalence of extensive production systems and the reduction of investments into agricultural research, while the influence on the environment and natural resources is constantly increasing. Besides, climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the XXI century, which exerts a negative influence on social-economic and natural systems and requires the development of the ways for the industry to adapt to climate changes. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the main areas of innovative development of agricultural business in the context of climate change. System approach as well as the application of a wide range of general scientific and special methods make up the framework of the research. It has been established that climate changes directly affect the agriculture of the country that greatly depends on climate and weather conditions. The main tool to adapt agriculture to climatic changes should be the introduction of innovations resulting in its innovative development. The article also presents the systematization of the main directions of innovative development of agricultural business in the context of climatic changes: biological (new cultivars, hybrids of agricultural crops, new types and breeds of agricultural animals), technical and technological (advanced technologies in plant and animal production), chemical (fertilizers, plant protection agents, plant growth regulators), organizational and economic (business organization, management, and marketing), social (social development of a person), development directions of alternative energy (energy production from renewable sources), and digitalization (digit transformation of production processes).
The catalytic process of enzymes in nature has attracted much attention due to its specific selectivity and activity. In the process of coordination self-assembly, by adjusting the types of metal nodes and the structure of organic ligands, the cavity of the metal-organic cage(MOCs) can obtain a special environment with a variety of synergistic forces. In recent years, research on supramolecular reactors has shown that its cavity structure is similar to that of biological enzymes and exhibits very high reaction rate and stereoselectivity in the catalytic process. This feature has aroused extensive research interest of scientists. This article reviews the research progress of metal-organic molecular cages as catalysts in the past two years.
Abstract Background Student engagement can predict successful learning outcomes and academic development. Expansion of simulation-based medical education will bring about challenges to educators and require them to help medical students to engage themselves in a simulation-based learning environment. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with ten medical students to explore their learning types and characteristics in the simulation-based learning environment. The interpretative phenomenological methods were used to analyze the data. Results The interviews were thematically analyzed to form three types of student engagement in the simulation-based learning environment: reflective engagement, performance engagement, and interactive engagement. The analysis also identified eight sub-themes: active, persistent, and focused thinking engagement; problem-oriented thinking engagement; active “voice” in class; strong emotional experience and disclosure; demonstration of professional leadership; interaction with realistic learning situations; support from teammates; and friendship-like lecturer-student interaction.Conclusions The findings explain the mechanisms behind student engagement in the simulation-based learning environment from two perspectives: the two-way construction of individuality and space in learning along with the interdependence of the learner and the learning community. That is, expanding the learning space centering around “inquiry” helps strengthen reflective communication and dialogue. It also facilitates imagination, stimulates empathy, and builds an inter-professional learning community. In this way, medical students are expected to learn from the two-way transmission of information, cultivate and reshape the interpersonal relationship, so as to improve engagement in the simulation-based learning environment.
Amy Nelson, Sulochana Manandhar, Juliana Ruzante
et al.
Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacterial pathogens is a fast-growing public health concern. AMR in non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars (NTS) among food animals is of special concern as this may transmit resistant pathogens to humans during handling or consumption of animal products. In Nepal, the possibility of AMR Salmonella serovars among food animals is an important area of research, particularly in light of the rapidly growing poultry industry, lack of surveillance and proper biosecurity measures; and paucity of relevant data. This study was conducted with the aim to estimate the burden of NTS and associated antimicrobial resistance in the environments of commercial poultry farms and the poultry carcasses in slaughter house. This study also intends to find some basic knowledge of the poultry farmers and their practice relating to the use of antimicrobials, vaccination and biosecurity measures. Methods Taking one health approach, a cross-sectional study was carried out in Chitwan district of Nepal between May and October 2017. Various environmental samples viz. farm litter, feed, water, poultry faeces, vehicle swabs, farm swabs from 12 broiler poultry farms and various sections of poultry carcasses from 21 slaughter houses were aseptically collected. These were microbiologically assessed for the presence of NTS serovars and their phenotypic and genotypic indicators of antimicrobial resistance. The poultry farmers were also briefly interviewed regarding their basic biosecurity related knowledge and practices before collecting the environmental samples. Results Overall, of total environmental samples collected, 50% (31/62) tested positive for NTS serovars with environmental swabs (70%, 8/12) being the most culture positive sample types. Similarly, of 159 tissue samples collected from 24 carcasses, 79% (126/159) were culture positive for NTS serovars. Nearly 97% (153/157) of isolates showed antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline, while 11% (17/157) to ciprofloxacin and 5% (8/157) of isolates were resistant against azithromycin. All 157 isolates were sensitive to meropenem. In terms of AMR genes, tetA (83%, 131/157), QrnS (40%,64/157), mefA (8%, 13/157) and VIM-1 (0.6%, 1/157) were detected in the isolates that corresponded to the AMR to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and meropenem respectively. In farmers interview, only 42% (5/12) of farmers mentioned of using basic biosecurity measures such as applying lime powder around the farm; 84% (10/12) of farmers reported vaccinating their birds with some vaccine and 75% (9/12) of farmers used various antimicrobials prophylactically such as neomycin (33%, 4/12), colistin (33%, 4/12), furaltadone (33%, 4/12), doxycycline (25%, 3/12), sulfatrimethoprim (25%, 3/12) and tylosin (16%, 2/12). Conclusions This study revealed gross contamination of farm environment and subsequent poultry meat samples with NTS serovars that were resistant to several clinically important antimicrobials. Further, inadequacy of even basic biosecurity measures and frequent prophylactic use of antimicrobials in the commercial poultry farms was observed. This reinforces an urgent need to raise awareness and implement proper biosecurity approaches from farms to slaughter houses in order to reduce the burden of NTS contamination of surrounding environment and poultry products. Further, high prevalence AMR among NTS isolates also underscores the need to strengthen the policies to prevent the rampant use of clinically used human antimicrobials in poultry sector.
Environmental sciences, Public aspects of medicine
1. Introduction Faryoumadi Ibn Yaman is one of the eminent poets of the eighth century; however, in the field of ode, lyric, elegiac poems, etc., is not the first-ranked poet among other poets of Persian language, but the distinctive point about this poet compared with other poets is his poetic style on ethical and doctrinal themes that often are reflected in his stanzas. Because in Iranian society, especially after the Mongol invasion and afterwards, such poems were so popular, and in a way, traced and revived the ethics of the Iranian damaged society, the audience and critics have given them special value. Allameh Shabli Naamani has said about the value of Ibn Yamin’s poetic style: “Ibn Yamin expresses moral poems so well that to this day nobody has come up with such poems, and because of his style, effects on the singer so that these effects are not in the words of others” (Naimani, 1984, 200). Therefore, based on various theories, it is necessary to examine the causes of the effectiveness and power of Ibn Yamin’s stanzas. One of these methods and theories is evaluating the poetics of his stanzas. Poetics has a Greek descent, and is the Arabic title of the famous treatise of Aristotle. “In the poetics conceptualization of a work, autonomy and features of its structures has fundamental importance that each work can have its special aesthetic-semantic rules. These special rules, of course, are obtained carefully examining the effect in a holistic glance” (Tavakoli, 2004, 73). In this research, we seek to study and analyze the most important and prominent components in the two aesthetic and semantic realms of Ibn Yamin’s stanzas so that the audience aware when confronted with the poems of such poet, his dominant attitude and worldview, as well as the effect rate of environmental factors on his mind and words. 2. Methodology In this article, by using a descriptive-analytical method, first, with a general and comprehensive look investigates all stanzas of Faryoumadi Ibn Yamin, then, with a careful look carried out to note and point out the most important and pivotal meanings of poetry and literal device of the poet that has the most frequency and reduplication. Finally, the link between the semantic and aesthetic realms of Ibn Yamin’s stanzas as well as the relationships between these realms with the environment and socio-political situation were analyzed and studied 3-Discussion 3.1. The semantic realm of Ibn Yamin’s stanzas Persian poetry has been rich since its first evolution and progressive period in terms of possessing precious themes. It is believed that this was the result of the existence of such sources and references in the Pahlavi language and the attention of Persian poets to them (Mahjub, 1993, 89). Also, the interaction with other tribes and the richness of the religious works and sources of the moral and doctrinal themes that their effects have been known since the advent of Persian writings works until the eighth century, has led to the formation of various types of moral and doctrinal poetry in various fields. In the following, we will examine the most significant and prominent meanings of Ibn Yamin's poems. 3.1.1. Abstemiousness and world instability The most important reasons for this motif is that “this famous speaker was in one of the most turbulent historical periods in Iran, and perhaps his place of life was more turbulent than other provinces in this land” (Khanlari, 1968, 3) and the difficulty of the poet’s era and the reversal of the norms of society has caused the poet to get away from the world and its criticism. One of the most frequent effects of the world’s instability is the transient of pleasures and troubles that the poet constantly conveys himself to the instability of this situation and not taking seriously the happy and sadness of the world, and this is psychologically a kind of reaction to endure hardship and psychological counterpart with them. Also, addressing the issue of “death” in the criticism of the world is evident in the poem of Ibn Yamin, which has often been viewed by social and doctrinal approach and by hoping to overcome the hardships and transient of the world, accepts the world’s instability. 3.1.2.Complaint and Criticism Criticism makes the main core of Ibn Yamin’s theories and teachings. Ibn Yamin’s criticisms present the living and alive images of the circumstances of his life. Also, Ibn Yamin’s criticisms are pervasive, sophisticated, and ironic; pervasive because the content of his critical stanzas is remarkable, as well as his critique does not include one person or a particular person, but includes most people in his society and era, which is found a typically state. His criticisms and complaints include criticisms and complaints of the era and fortunes; of ungratefulness the people of highbrow and the prosperity of market the artless people; complaining and criticizing the presence of the envious, the gibers and the enemies; even the complaint and critique of the admirers. 3.1.3. Forgiveness and enviousness The lack of generosity and forgiveness is one of the main weaknesses and disadvantages of the poet’s era. The reasons for addressing this issue in Ibn Yamin’s praiseworthy stanzas is that one of the most frequent commendable traits, which the poet always deals with, is his generosity and forgiveness that he, like others, is deprived of such a trait. In these stanzas, on the one hand, in the poet’s mind are depicted the utopia and the ideal city, and on the other hand, social movements are reflected in the depths of history and his era. 3.1.4. Reason and rationalism Reason and wisdom are very valuable to Ibn Yamin, and he can be called “admirer the intellect” and “rational poet”, but in the poet’s turbulent era in which “Iranian have suffered as much as their past and future history” (Safa, 1991, 1), rationalism is associated with sadness and discomfort and has lost its efficiency and effectiveness. 3.1.5. Taking the opportunity and worth of living Thinking about taking opportunity and benefit of the world’s opportunities and spending moments of life on pleasure and jollification and unsuspecting yourself from where its beginning and outcome are not apparent, Ibn Yamin’s views on death and ignoring consciously sadness has become the dominant motif of his stanzas, that is, it is due to his rational attitude to the realities of life and how it is easier to go. 3.2. The Aesthetic Realm of Ibn Yamin Stanzas Poetry, apart from what it says, how it says is tuned with beauty in everything. According to Roland Barth, the literary text is a semiotic device based on a secondary system; the literary text of semiotic device uses the primary system to create a semiotic structure at higher and more complex levels (Shamsa, 2009, 21). In fact, this field is the realm of rhetoric, in which the poet’s efficient and effective literary device should be addressed. 3.2.1. Paradox The most prominent device used in stanzas of Ibn Yemin is paradox and confrontation. The function of this device is in many cases natural and accessible to the content of poetry and has been covered in all aspects of poetry such as name, verb, adjective, adverb, phrases and sentence structure. One of the reasons for this element returns to its social environment and the poet era; the society that has become anomalous to the norm and worthy of worthlessness. 3.2.2. Simile and allegory Ibn Yamin in his moral stanzas often expresses the basics and results of practical wisdom in the form of correct allegorical and analogies with rich and stable words and expressions. Most of the similes of Ibn Yamin or “sensible analogies” are that they should be considered as the images of the depth, because they refer to facts beyond the nature, and their application has had the influence, the image authority, and giving depth to them; Or "Sensory analogies" that are taken from the areas of nature, war, astronomy, aristocratic and mystical elements, respectively. On the other hand, the use of allegory and in some cases fictional parables in the poetry stanzas express the expansive structure of the virtual image that Ibn Yamin uses to explain the thoughts, teach ethics, inform, and prove his claims. 3.2.3. Ambiguity Another one of the most prominent literary techniques of Ibn Yamin, like other poets of his era, especially Hafiz used artistically and skillfully in his poetry, is “ambiguity”, especially “balanced ambiguity” that the poet uses it to seek a multilateral and stable link between the speech words of his consistent and congruence attitude from several aspects of the audience mind to the considered subject. 3.2.4. Allusion Ibn Yamin has been using the allusion to create the new meanings, imagine and enrich the poetic images, as well as to expend and promote the principles of Islam especially Shi’a, and on the other hand, he has used the religious and epic elements for his petty purposes and interests, such as the praising of admirer, or for a superficial allegory. His allusions are two groups: a) Religious and Qur’an allusions: In the eighth century, with regard to Shi’a movements and the availability of open spaces for the tendency toward Islam specially Shi’a, a poet like Ibn Yamin adapts and arranges verses and anecdotes that this adaptation of the Qur’an, sometimes in the form of words, sometimes covered the Qur’an themes with the theme of Persian poetry, and once had had the allusion to verses and Quran anecdotes that, in addition to the structure of the poetry world created the context of guiding people and strong stimulus for the Shi’a movements, including the leaders. B. National and mythological allusions: Among national and mythological names and personalities, Ibn Yamin refers to Hatam Ta’ei (who is grateful for forgiveness and enviousness) due to the pivotal nature of the issue of forgiveness in stanzas, and Rustam (who personifies power and strength) is specially reminded due to the fatalism and many praises; because the poet speaks of the power and strength of omen and fortune, and the admirers that outstand in warfare and prowess. 3.2.5. Alliteration Such device focused on the poet mind, which uses it across multiple stanzas to match his rhymes with other couplet words. Among these congruous words, Ibn Yamin repeats some of the words more than others. For example, absolute pun between the two words “world (universe) and the world (alive)”, which have the central concept of the world’s instability and temporality, or the excessive pun between the two words “Gardon and Don”, which denotes abstemiousness. 4. Conclusion The central concepts of Ibn Yamin in the semantic realm are the abstemiousness and unstable of the world that one of the most important reasons for this tendency is the unfavorable condition of society. Another notable concept is the lack of forgiveness; it is one of the main weaknesses and disadvantages of the poet’s era. Another concept is the complaints and criticism, which include complaints and criticisms of the era and fortunes, ungratefulness the people of highbrow and the prosperity of market the artless people, the presence of the envious, the gibers and the enemies; even the admirers. Another issue is the rationalism of Ibn Yamin that he can be called the “admirer of the intellect” and “rational poet”, and ultimately, the time spending and taking the opportunity. The most pivotal elements of rhetoric in the aesthetic realm of Ibn Yamin are: Paradox, which has been mentioned consciously and skillfully in all aspects of Ibn yamin’s poetry. The purpose of Ibn Yamin in the field of simile and allegory is informing, teaching, preaching, explaining the thoughts, and proving the claims. Among all sorts of ambiguity, “balanced ambiguity” is often used to create artistic ambiguity in poetry, to integrate into the horizontal axis of poetry, to highlight meaning, and to decorate and modernize the word. Ibn Yamin’s allusion is often based on the religion of Islam and Qur'an, and besides that, the national and mythological allusions are also impressive. His goal to use the allusion device is to create new meanings and to fancy and enrich the poetic images as well as to promote the principles of Islam, especially Shi’a. Finally, Ibn Yamin uses the phonological and musical proportions of words especially alliteration to increase the musical aspect of his speech, creates a meaningful relationship between such phonetic proportions with the desired content.
Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture, Fine Arts
Tapalova R.B., Temirbolat N.S., Daubasova S.
et al.
This article is devoted to forensic research of the damage circumstances by pathogenic microorganisms in the environment after a terrorist attack. The topic is relevant in that it has not yet been studied in forensic such notions as “especially dangerous infections”, “biological agents”, “bacteriological weapons”, “biological weapons”, “pathogenicity”, “contagious properties”, etc. were not considered in the literature. In forensic science, the properties of biological agents of biological weapons developed to date, the mechanism and nature of trace formation in the material situation where a terrorist act can be committed using these means are not systematized. The issues of technical and forensic support for conducting investigative actions were not considered, for example, when inspecting the scene of an incident, if an act of terrorism was committed, there are no recommendations on the tactical features of investigating this category of crimes, and the specialists are not known in what procedural form. Specialists should be established to prove the guilt of the terrorist (s), and other issues are not developed as well. of terrorism.
The purpose of research, based on the properties of pathogenic microorganisms of natural origin and biological agents for creating biological weapons, their existing classification by degree of pathogenicity, method of penetration, etc., to identify the main properties of these microorganisms in the forensic aspect, systematize them to determine the tactics of the investigation at the initial stage of the investigation.
Scientific works of microbiologists, virologists, biologists, epidemiologists and military epidemiologists devoted to the biological agents and the weapon, the methods of indication of bacteriological materials, also the works of criminologists devoted to the theory and practice of investigating special types of crime served as a basis to this article.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Ayten Saraçoğlu, Mehmet Ezelsoy, Aylin Ordu
et al.
INTRODUCTION[|]The Joint Commission and the American Medical Association-Convened Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement reported that the blood transfusions are among the top five overused treatments in modern medicine. Optimal management of blood transfusion is one of the most important factors that increase patient safety, and special education is increasing all over the world in this regard. In this retrospective cohort study, our goal was to investigate the effects of periodic consensus meetings and training on perioperative blood transfusion by a team of different branches of medicine.[¤]METHODS[|]Patients over the age of 18 undergoing cardiac surgery and required blood transfusion were included in this study. The transfusions were calculated cumulatively; the change concerning years was determined, as well as side effects and complications associated with transfusion. Patients' cardiac reserves, laboratory values, anticoagulant drug use frequency, transfused blood volume, complications and mortality rates were recorded. The types of surgery, reexploration rate, length of intensive care and hospital stay were recorded.[¤]RESULTS[|]Patients' age, BMI, comorbidity ratio and antimicrobial drug use did not differ between years (p>0.05). The length of intensive care and hospital stay, amount of bleeding, mortality rate did not differ (p> 0.05). Cardiopulmonary Bypass time and Cross Clamp time in 2016, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in 2014 and 2015. The amount of blood transfusion did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Besides, after 2014, an increase was observed in platelet transfusion. The change in Hb, Htc, platelet and INR did not differ significantly in the pre-postoperative period.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Training on the restrictive use of blood products did not have a positive influence on blood transfusion in our study. It has been demonstrated that there are challenges in sufficiently transferring the knowledge to the clinical environment.[¤]
Occupants' comfort perception about the indoor environment is closely linked to their health, wellbeing and productivity. Improvement of comfort level in office buildings has significant positive impacts on both employers and employees. Human comfort in indoor environment usually can be assessed in four aspects: thermal comfort, visual comfort, acoustic comfort and respiratory comfort. In this paper, we present a literature review on the previous research contributions towards studying various aspects of human comfort with a special focus on the respective assessment criteria, data collection methods and data analysis approaches employed by former studies. Previous review work has covered the fundamental concepts associated with human comfort. However, their studies mainly focus on thermal comfort and there is limited work that covers other aspects of comfort. Moreover, few of them discuss how the data is obtained, how to extract useful information from the data and how the data is analyzed. To fill up this gap, this paper conducts the survey from the data-driven point of view. Through the survey, we find that sensor technology has been widely used in the data collection for various types of comfort, while so far the machine learning approaches are mainly applied in the area of thermal comfort study. Finally, some potential future research areas are proposed based on the current status of the research work. The established knowledge in this paper would provide useful insights for engineers or researchers who embark on their research in this area.