Hasil untuk "Sociology"

mile .QDurkheim mile Durkheim, Carol Cosman, Mark S. Cladis

"Karen Fields has given us a splendid new translation of the greatest work of sociology ever written, one we will not be embarrassed to assign to our students. In addition she has written a brilliant and profound introduction. The publication of this translation is an occasion for general celebration, for a veritable 'collective effervescence.' -- Robert N. Bellah Co-author of Habits of the Heart, and editor of Emile Durkheim on Morality and Society "This superb new translation finally allows non-French speaking American readers fully to appreciate Durkheim's genius. It is a labor of love for which all scholars must be grateful." --Lewis A. Coser

R. Bendix

K. Mason, W. Mason, H. Winsborough et al.

D. Mechanic

M. Archer

Yiling Tao, Xinran Zheng, Shuo Yang et al.

While large language model-based agents demonstrate great potential in collaborative tasks, their interactivity also introduces security vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose and model group collusive attacks, a highly destructive threat in which multiple agents coordinate via sociological strategies to mislead the system. To address this challenge, we introduce GroupGuard, a training-free defense framework that employs a multi-layered defense strategy, including continuous graph-based monitoring, active honeypot inducement, and structural pruning, to identify and isolate collusive agents. Experimental results across five datasets and four topologies demonstrate that group collusive attacks increase the attack success rate by up to 15\% compared to individual attacks. GroupGuard consistently achieves high detection accuracy (up to 88\%) and effectively restores collaborative performance, providing a robust solution for securing multi-agent systems.

Johnny Chan, Yuming Li

This research-in-progress paper presents a new project management framework that utilises GenAI technology. The framework is designed to address the common challenge of uniform team compositions in academic and research project teams, particularly in universities and research institutions. It does so by integrating sociologically identified patterns of successful team member personalities and roles, using GenAI agents to fill gaps in team dynamics. This approach adds an additional layer of analysis to conventional project management processes by evaluating team members' personalities and roles and employing GenAI agents, fine-tuned on personality datasets, to fill specific team roles. Our initial experiments have shown improvements in the model's ability to understand and process personality traits, suggesting the potential effectiveness of GenAI teammates in real-world project settings. This paper aims to explore the practical application of AI in enhancing team diversity and project management

Feng Gu, Zongxia Li, Carlos Rafael Colon et al.

Event annotation is important for identifying market changes, monitoring breaking news, and understanding sociological trends. Although expert annotators set the gold standards, human coding is expensive and inefficient. Unlike information extraction experiments that focus on single contexts, we evaluate a holistic workflow that removes irrelevant documents, merges documents about the same event, and annotates the events. Although LLM-based automated annotations are better than traditional TF-IDF-based methods or Event Set Curation, they are still not reliable annotators compared to human experts. However, adding LLMs to assist experts for Event Set Curation can reduce the time and mental effort required for Variable Annotation. When using LLMs to extract event variables to assist expert annotators, they agree more with the extracted variables than fully automated LLMs for annotation.

Azam Bazrafshan, Ali Ahmad Rafiei-Rad, Maliheh Sadat Bazrafshan et al.

Abstract Background Ensuring consistent adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for effective HIV treatment and achieving viral suppression. Within prisons, the prevalence of HIV is notably high, and incarcerated individuals face an increased risk of transmitting the virus both during and after incarceration. However, facilitators and barriers to ART adherence among these individuals in low- and middle-income countries remain inadequately explored. This study applied the Social Ecological Model (SEM) to investigate how various individual, interpersonal, organizational, community and policy-level factors impact ART adherence among incarcerated populations in Iran during and post-incarceration. Methods This study employed a phenomenological qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews to gather insights. The research population consisted of people living with HIV (PLHIV) who had experienced incarceration and had been prescribed ART during their latest incarceration. Eleven PLHIV from two prisons located in Kerman and Tehran, Iran, formed the study group. Qualitative findings from the interviews were analyzed using a thematic approach. The findings were organized within the SEM framework to highlight key themes influencing ART adherence during and after incarceration. Results Participants had an average age of 45.1 years (± 5.6). Various factors influence ART adherence during and post-incarceration. Participants highlighted the individual (e.g., HIV knowledge, previous treatment history, mental and physical health), interpersonal (e.g., family, friends, other incarcerated people, and prison health staff), organizational (e.g., ART treatment interventions, methadone maintenance therapy, and other health protocols), community (e.g., stigma, social isolation, discrimination and lack of access to community health services), and policy (e.g., financial interventions, and providing shelters) level factors influence ART adherence during and post-incarceration. Conclusions This study provides insights into the multi-level approach to ART adherence among PLHIV during and post-incarceration. It recommends implementing public health activities at the proposed multi-levels to maximize the synergies of intervention for the greatest impact.

H. Blumer

Esther Shizgal, Eitan Wagner, Renana Keydar et al.

This work presents a computational approach to analyze character development along the narrative timeline. The analysis characterizes the inner and outer changes the protagonist undergoes within a narrative, and the interplay between them. We consider transcripts of Holocaust survivor testimonies as a test case, each telling the story of an individual in first-person terms. We focus on the survivor's religious trajectory, examining the evolution of their disposition toward religious belief and practice along the testimony. Clustering the resulting trajectories in the dataset, we identify common sequences in the data. Our findings highlight multiple common structures of religiosity across the narratives: in terms of belief, most present a constant disposition, while for practice, most present an oscillating structure, serving as valuable material for historical and sociological research. This work demonstrates the potential of natural language processing techniques for analyzing character evolution through thematic trajectories in narratives.

Ülfet Yıldırım, Nil Konyalılar

This study aims to look into the effects of the coronavirus pandemic and the electronic customer relations on the e-commerce volume. In the research's context; the sample size has been calculated for the people above the age of 18 and regardless of gender to be 288. A survey has been constructed that consist of questions in the order of inverted-funnel technique, simple questions to complex questions, and the questions are in the form of a rating system. The survey has been sent out via e-mail to the calculated sample, which is 288 people. The collected data has been fed into the SPSS 24 program. Exploratory Factor Analysis has been used for scale validity. Regression Analysis has been used for hypotheses. The effects of CRM phenomenon on the improvement of e-commerce that is a multi dimensional variable has been examined in two parts, pre-COVID19 and during COVID19. After this study; most of the hypotheses that has been constructed with the idea of pre-pandemic customer loyalty and repurchase intention that proves the improvement of the e-commercethrough e-CRM has been accepted. Because of this reason, one can say that the pre-pandemic e-CRM has contributed to the improvement of e-commerce. However a robust correlation couldn't be found between pandemic era e-CRM and the improvement of e-commerce.

Adriana M. Brodsky

B. Agger

Edward D. Lee

We introduce an algorithm for estimating the entropy of pairwise, probabilistic graph models by leveraging bridges between social communities and an accurate entropy estimator on sparse samples. We propose using a measure of investment from the sociological literature, Burt's structural constraint, as a heuristic for identifying bridges that partition a graph into conditionally independent components. We combine this heuristic with the Nemenman-Shafee-Bialek entropy estimator to obtain a faster and more accurate estimator. We demonstrate it on the pairwise maximum entropy, or Ising, models of judicial voting, to improve naïve entropy estimates. We use our algorithm to estimate the partition function closely, which we then apply to the problem of model selection, where estimating the likelihood is difficult. This serves as an improvement over existing methods that rely on point correlation functions to test fit can be extended to other graph models with a straightforward modification of the open-source implementation.

Elaheh Jafarigol, William Keely, Tess Hartog et al.

This paper is a quantitative analysis of the data collected globally by the World Value Survey. The data is used to study the trajectories of change in individuals' religious beliefs, values, and behaviors in societies. Utilizing random forest, we aim to identify the key factors of religiosity and classify respondents of the survey as religious and non religious using country level data. We use resampling techniques to balance the data and improve imbalanced learning performance metrics. The results of the variable importance analysis suggest that Age and Income are the most important variables in the majority of countries. The results are discussed with fundamental sociological theories regarding religion and human behavior. This study is an application of machine learning in identifying the underlying patterns in the data of 30 countries participating in the World Value Survey. The results from variable importance analysis and classification of imbalanced data provide valuable insights beneficial to theoreticians and researchers of social sciences.

Vanessa Arvizu

Compuesto por ocho capítulos de autores destacados en el estudio de las trayectorias y transiciones educativas, este libro tiene por objetivo entender cómo se forman y qué factores diversifican los recorridos académicos durante el paso entre los grados y niveles educativos. El libro en sí mismo se presenta ordenado como una trayectoria: comienza con un capítulo que aborda el tránsito por la educación secundaria y finaliza con un trabajo que profundiza la relación entre la formación universitaria y la colocación en el mercado laboral. Esta reseña expone el aporte de la obra completa y sus capítulos en particular, a partir de la pluralidad de miradas metodológicas y analíticas desde las cuales se observan las transiciones y trayectorias educativas.

Alan Sica

This course is intended to generate a first, basic understanding of the work of three classical sociological theorists, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Students will be required to read extensively from the authors’ original works. Developing an ability to comprehend “difficult” material is a central agenda of the course and the original texts will be abbreviated only to improve the likelihood of comprehension and to keep the total reading load manageable. Class time will be used primarily for discussion of the assigned readings. Lecturing will be limited to providing the contextual and theoretical background necessary to understand the readings.

Mohsen Jadidi, Haiko Lietz, Mattia Samory et al.

The hipster paradox in Electronic Dance Music is the phenomenon that commercial success is collectively considered illegitimate while serious and aspiring professional musicians strive for it. We study this behavioral dilemma using digital traces of performing live and releasing music as they are stored in the \textit{Resident Advisor}, \textit{Juno Download}, and \textit{Discogs} databases from 2001-2018. We construct network snapshots following a formal sociological approach based on bipartite networks, and we use network positions to explain success in regression models of artistic careers. We find evidence for a structural trade-off among success and autonomy. Musicians in EDM embed into exclusive performance-based communities for autonomy but, in earlier career stages, seek the mainstream for commercial success. Our approach highlights how Computational Social Science can benefit from a close connection of data analysis and theory.

Olga V. Rogach, Elena V. Frolova

Introduction. The development of the tourist potential of Russian territories is one of the priority state tasks in modern conditions. The purpose of the article is to study the regional specifics of the development of tourism potential in the Russian Federation, a sociological analysis of its key elements in the assessments of municipal leaders. Materials and Methods. The key research method was a questionnaire survey of heads of local self-government bodies of the Russian Federation (n = 306). At the first stage, questionnaires were sent out by e-mail with representation from all federal districts of the Russian Federation. At the second stage, the analysis of linear distributions and correlation analysis of empirically significant variables (grouping of answers by regions and federal districts of the Russian Federation) were carried out. The use of a set of analytical procedures has made it possible to identify the regional specifics of the development of the tourism potential of the territories. The results were processed using SPSS. Results. The results of the study have made it possible to identify problems in the development of the tourist potential of Russian territories, both in terms of basic and additional resources. The hypothesis about the predominance of tourist resources aimed at satisfying the “average” consumer demands of the tourist is confirmed. The results of the study have shown a decrease in ratings for economy class catering facilities (average rating 3.02 out of 5), the presence of hostels (1.87 out of 5), as well as the lack of conditions to meet the interests of high-income tourists (in terms of “luxury class restaurants” the average score is 2.21 out of 5). The study revealed an insufficient level of development of additional tourist resources that ensure the realization of the differentiated needs of various social groups. Discussion and Conclusion. It is concluded that it is expedient to support entrepreneurial initiatives aimed at creating tourism products and services, both in the “economy” and “luxury” segments, the formation of a recognizable image of the territories as part of the promotion of their social resources. The results obtained can be used in the activities of the authorities in the development of strategies for the development of regional tourism.