Hasil untuk "Physical anthropology. Somatology"

Silvio Renesto, Cinzia Ragni, Fabio Magnani

Abstract A new virtually complete specimen of the eosauropterygian nothosauroid Lariosaurus valceresii is described. The specimen was collected in the Kalkschieferzone of the Meride Limestone (Ladinian, Middle Triassic) in the UNESCO World Heritage area of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland/Italy). The new specimen is the first L. valceresii collected in Switzerland and the first known Lariosaurus specimen with remains of the skin. The skin is preserved as a carbon film revealing the shape of the scales. It outlines the body and limbs, showing that the hands and feet were webbed. The skin is present postaxial to both the humeral shafts and the anterior portion of the trunk suggesting the possible presence in life of large and very strong retractor muscles for the forelimbs indicative that Lariosaurus could have performed a paraxial, otariid-like, "flying-rowing" swimming for rapid acceleration.

Громов А.В., Казарницкий А.А., Пугачева Е.В. et al.

Введение. Выборка черепов из могильника XI–XII вв. Шуллуктепа, некрополя средневекового города Несеф (Узбекистан), изучалась нами ранее методами 2D геометрической морфометрии. На основании анализа сагиттального контура были выявлены два варианта искусственной деформации черепа, связанные с разными популяциями, представители которых стекались в этот городской центр Южного Согда. Отмечено, что, если выборки с разными типами деформации удалось уверенно разделить, то недеформированные черепа мало отличаются от слабо деформированных. Наличие 3D моделей и разработанного нами алгоритма их разметки позволяет нам вновь обратиться к материалам из могильника Шуллуктепа. Материалы и методы. Методами геометрической морфометрии изучены 3D-модели черепов из могильника Шуллуктепа (коллекция МАЭ № 7275). Выборка включает 44 мужских и 42 женских черепа, большая часть которых искусственно деформирована. Варианты деформации анализировались путем обработки координат меток в пределах треугольного патча с вершинами (метками) в краниометрических точках брегма, астерион левый и астерион правый. Площадь этого патча автоматически заполнялась полуметками с помощью программы 3D Slicer. Сравнение проводилось с помощью прокрустова анализа с дальнейшим использованием прокрустовых координат для анализа методом главных компонент и каноническим анализом в программной среде R-Studio. Результаты и обсуждение. На основании проведенных анализов подтверждено наличие в выборке, наряду с недеформированными черепами, двух типов искусственной деформации – теменной и затылочной. В отличие от 2D методов, 3D позволяют выявить в выборке недеформированные черепа. Межполовые различия в случае теменной деформации отсутствуют, затылочная сильнее выражена у мужчин. Сравнение результатов анализа разметок мозговой и лицевой частей черепа показало их независимую изменчивость. Это свидетельствует об отсутствии влияния межпопуляционных различий на результаты исследования формы мозговой коробки, ограниченной треугольным патчем. Заключение. Доказано наличие в выборке, наряду с недеформированными, черепов с двумя вариантами искусственной деформации. Показана эффективность использования треугольного патча, который лучше разграничивает серии черепов с наличием деформации и без таковой по сравнению с сагиттальными контурами. Сравнение результатов анализа разметок мозговой и лицевой частей черепа можно использовать для проверки возможного влияния межпопуляционных различий.

Lauren E. Hartstein, Monique K. LeBourgeois, Mark T. Durniak et al.

Abstract Background In the mammalian retina, intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) detect light and integrate signals from rods and cones to drive multiple non-visual functions including circadian entrainment and the pupillary light response (PLR). Non-visual photoreception and consequently non-visual sensitivity to light may change across child development. The PLR represents a quick and reliable method for examining non-visual responses to light in children. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in the PLRs to blue and red stimuli, measured one hour prior to bedtime, between children and adolescents. Methods Forty healthy participants (8–9 years, n = 21; 15–16 years, n = 19) completed a PLR assessment 1 h before their habitual bedtime. After a 1 h dim-light adaptation period (< 1 lx), baseline pupil diameter was measured in darkness for 30 s, followed by a 10 s exposure to 3.0 × 1013 photons/cm2/s of either red (627 nm) or blue (459 nm) light, and a 40 s recovery in darkness to assess pupillary re-dilation. Subsequently, participants underwent 7 min of dim-light re-adaptation followed by an exposure to the other light condition. Lights were counterbalanced across participants. Results Across both age groups, maximum pupil constriction was significantly greater (p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.48) and more sustained (p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.41) during exposure to blue compared to red light. For adolescents, the post-illumination pupillary response (PIPR), a hallmark of melanopsin function, was larger after blue compared with red light (p = 0.02, d = 0.60). This difference was not observed in children. Across light exposures, children had larger phasic (p < 0.01, ηp 2 = 0.20) and maximal (p < 0.01, ηp 2 = 0.22) pupil constrictions compared to adolescents. Conclusions Blue light elicited a greater and more sustained pupillary response than red light in children and adolescents. However, the overall amplitude of the rod/cone-driven phasic response was greater in children than in adolescents. Our findings using the PLR highlight a higher sensitivity to evening light in children compared to adolescents, and continued maturation of the human non-visual photoreception/system throughout development.

Akira Yasukouchi

Artur Jedynak

Non-invasive research has been undertaken in the southern arm of the archaeological area of the Krzemionki exploitation field, which is one of the least excavated of its regions. Geophysical prospection covered an area of 3.5 ha, and in addition, an area of more than 5 ha was examined by surface collection. The image of the underground structures was obtained thanks to a comprehensive comparison of the results of magnetic, earth resistance and GPR measurements, as well as the distribution of archaeological finds on the ground surface. The study was supplemented with data obtained from the analysis of archival aerial photos and Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) derivatives. On the basis of these complementary data, it was possible to create a general image of the distribution of archaeological sources in the study area. When trying to determine the potential range of the exploitation field, the most legible results were obtained from earth resistance survey and magnetic gradiometry methods. In the most fully explored fragment of the area, anomalies suggesting the presence of prehistoric mining facilities are located in a strip 40–60 m wide, running in the NW-SE direction. Surface studies showed the presence of anthropogenic limestone debris in a zone of similar width (50–75 m) and the direction of its course, while the spread of flint and erratic stone finds turned out to be even greater (a belt 70–90 m wide). Geophysical surveys indicate the possibility of the existence of flint workshops and settlement facilities around the mining field. This can be confirmed in future by further systematic studies of its surroundings.

Ioannis Liritzis, Niki Evelpidou, Ilias Fikos et al.

The Kastrouli Late Bronze settlement in Phocis province, central Greece, has been proved to have been an important center in the periphery of the Mycenaean palaces. It was reused at least partially and was cultivated until the 20th century. The presence of a flat area off the Kastrouli hill and the seasonal flooding nowadays led to the present investigation, questioning the formation of an ancient lake or marsh/swamp. A methodological approach was applied combining the digital elevation model (DEM) and GIS of the wider and confined area, examining slopes between 0 and 5 degrees (0 and 8.75%), with electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) traverses of around 300 and 500 m, reaching a depth of 100 m. The ERT data were rapidly collected on profiles and provided a cross-sectional (2D) plot. It was found that, in the area, there is a basin with a length of 100 m and a depth of around 40–50 m. The sedimentation process over the millennia has filled the basin, with the upper 5–6 m surface layers of the area having a low resistivity. The presence of two natural sinkholes with apparent engineered hydraulic works is noted to conform to drainage and produce a habitable environment, protecting the cultivated land and avoiding a swamp associated with health issues.

ZHE-XI LUO , BHART-ANJAN S. BHULLAR, ALFRED W. CROMPTON et al.

CT visualization of the mandible and dentition of Hadrocodium wui, a stem mammaliaform from the Lower Jurassic Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China has revealed new features not accessible by previous microscopic study of the fossil. Its mandible shows a postdentary trough with an overhanging medial ridge and a short Meckel’s sulcus. An incomplete part of the ectotympanic and possibly a remnant of Meckel’s element are preserved in the postdentary trough. Thus, Hadrocodium is similar to other mammaliaforms in retaining a mandibular middle ear, contrary to our earlier interpretation. The mandible exhibits a large postcanine diastema from shedding of anterior premolars without replacement, an age-dependent feature better developed in older adults. Another adult feature is the alignment of the ultimate molar to the coronoid process. This is consistent with age-dependent changes in other mammaliaforms where the last molars of the toothrow shift from medial of the coronoid process in the juvenile, to a position in front of the coronoid process in the adult. The mandible has a short mobile symphysis. The dentition consists of I5, C1 (two-rooted), P3 (including P1 position) and M2 (M2 with confluent roots), and i4, c1 (partially two-rooted), p3, and m2 (m2 with partially confluent roots). The two-rooted upper canines are more derived than other Early Jurassic mammaliaforms from the same fauna, although similar to docodontans. Hadrocodium is unique in that the lower m2 cusp a occludes in the embrasure between upper M1–M2, but the posterior part of m2 shows between-cusp occlusion with upper M2 main cusp A. M2 is half the size of the lower m2, and occludes only with the distal half of m2. The upper postcanines show a steep gradient of posteriorly decreasing tooth size, more so than other mammaliaforms. The CT examination corroborates that there are no unerupted teeth in the upper or lower jaws, and the holotype of H. wui is dentally and osteologically mature and capable of independent feeding.

Magdalena Sudoł-Procyk, Magdalena Malak, Hubert Binnebesel et al.

Many varieties of siliceous raw materials can be found in the territory of Poland. Known exclusively from in situ outcrops in the Holy Cross Mountains area until recently, striped flint is distinctive in terms of its technical and visual features. The authors present the state of knowledge about the variety of striped flint from the Ryczów Upland, the outcrops of which were found only about a decade ago. New data obtained from the central part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland has cast interesting light on the issues of the origin of striped flint and the ways it was used by the prehistoric communities inhabiting the region. Identifying the sites of siliceous rocks outcrops, extraction and distribution are extremely important at not only the local but also trans-regional level.

Christopher Davis, A. Profico, J. Kappelman

OBJECTIVES Craniofacial morphology (CFM) is often used to address questions about the biological affinities of the earliest Americans, or Paleoindians, but resolution is complicated in part by a lack of well-preserved crania. The Wilson-Leonard 2 (WL-2) Paleoindian skull from Texas has never been fully analyzed because it is crushed and cannot be physically reconstructed. This study employs a digital restoration for comprehensive assessment and analysis of WL-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS High-resolution CT data and geometric morphometrics are used to restore the WL-2 skull and analyze its morphology using 65 craniometric measurements acquired on the restoration. These data allow for a full morphological description and multivariate (Mahalanobis Distance and Principal Component) comparisons to other Paleoindians and recent populations. RESULTS WL-2 has a long, narrow braincase, and a short, modestly prognathic face. Compared with other Paleoindians, she is individually similar to several skulls from Brazil, but aligns most closely with pooled samples from the US and Mexico. WL-2 is most similar to recent populations from Europe, Asia, and the Americas, and markedly different to those from Africa and Australia. DISCUSSION The overall morphology of WL-2 and her association with Asians and Europeans align well with trends identified in other CFM analyses. Her affinity to recent Amerindians contrasts with the findings of many previous CFM studies, but is seemingly consistent with molecular analyses suggesting a close relationship between some Paleoindians and modern American Indians. This study demonstrates the potential for using digital anthropological methods to study other Paleoindian crania whose data value is limited by physical destruction and/or deformation.

Paul Seabright, Jonathan Stieglitz, Karine Van der Straeten

Political philosophers have long drawn explicitly or implicitly on claims about the ways in which human behaviour is shaped by interactions within society. These claims have usually been based on introspection, anecdotes or casual empiricism, but recent empirical research has informed a number of early views about human nature. We focus here on five components of such views: (1) what motivates human beings; (2) what constraints our natural and social environments impose upon us; (3) what kind of society emerges as a result; (4) what constitutes a fulfilling life; and (5) what collective solutions can improve the outcome. We examine social contract theory as developed by some early influential political philosophers (Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau), who viewed the social contract as a device to compare the ‘natural’ state of humans with their behaviour in society. We examine their views in the light of recent cross-cultural empirical research in the evolutionary social sciences. We conclude that social contract theorists severely underestimated human behavioural complexity in societies lacking formal institutions. Had these theorists been more informed about the structure and function of social arrangements in small-scale societies, they might have significantly altered their views about the design and enforcement of social contracts.

Taena La, Deog-Im Kim, Yi-Suk Kim

: Estimation of age at death is one of the first and most important step with sex determination and stature estimation for individual identification in physical and forensic anthropologies. Recently, histomorphological methods have attempted to estimate age at death through the osteon. In particular, it is known that the long bones are less affected by external factors and are frequently found in a complete form, and the accuracy of age estimation is also high. The purpose of this study is to help estimate age of skeletal remains, which is found by developing equations to estimate age at death using the tibia and fibula extracted from the Korean cadavers. The right tibias and fibulas of 31 Korean cadavers were extracted in anatomy dissection at medical school, and then produced and photographed bone tissue slices. Number of intact osteon (Pi) and number of fragmentary osteon (Pf), osteon population density (OPD), average osteon area (OA), relative cortical area (RCA), cortical width (CW) of each sample was measured and statistically analyzed. Seven of all measurements of the tibia and fibula had statistically significant difference between sexes (p < 0.05). Pi of the tibia in male and Pf, OPD, RCA of the fibula in female were statistically correlated with age. In simple regression analysis, RCA of the fibula in female had highest regression coefficient (0.62) and its standard error estimate (SEE) was 8 years. Equation at multiple regression analysis which was the tibia and fibula in male had 0.44 (R-squared value) and 11years (SEE). In female, regression coefficient was 0.91, SEE was 6 years. In this study, the results in female were higher than in male and in others. This study was the first attempt to estimate age at death and was proved the possibility of estimating age using the tibia and fibula in Korean. As a result of this study, it was found that equations suitable for sex and population-specific were needed to estimate the accurate age, using the tibia and fibula of skeletal remains in Koreans could help estimate age at death with high accuracy.

Charlotta Petersson

Child sexual abuse can have long-term impact on the survivors’ emotional, physical, and psychological wellbeing. Male survivors of sexual abuse are less likely to disclose and report their experience compared to females because of aspects related to male gender socialisation. Feelings of shame, guilt or confusion about sexual or masculine identity silence sexually abused men. They report difficulties in both seeking and receiving formal support services tailored to their specific needs. This article presents collaborative work performed by an anthropologist and a psychotherapist during therapy of adult men with a history of sexual abuse. By using certain tools of ethnography in narrative therapy, we developed culture-and gender-sensitive conversations with sexually abused male clients from diverse backgrounds. A case study is provided to demonstrate how we worked with the various stages and practices of ethnography and narrative therapy, focusing on how sexually abused men were invited to unpack the discourses of masculinity that influenced their ways of understanding themselves and their traumatic past. The article offers an example of how anthropological knowledge and methods can be applied in contexts of clinical social work and demonstrates the way that postmodernist and constructive therapies combined with the tools of ethnography can generate constructive conversations about gender for sexually abused men.

Martine Robbeets, Chuan-Chao Wang

In this special collection, we address the origin and dispersal of the Transeurasian languages, i.e. Japonic, Koreanic, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic, from an interdisciplinary perspective. Our key objective is to effectively synthesize linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence in a single approach, for which we use the term ‘triangulation’. The 10 articles collected in this volume contribute to the question of whether and to what extent the early spread of Transeurasian languages was driven by agriculture in general, and by economic reliance on millet cultivation in particular.

Fernando A. Ferratges, Samuel Zamora, Marcos Aurell

Semi-articulated paguroids are rare fossils, and there are only few records from Cenozoic strata. Here we present a new and exceptionally preserved hermit crab (Diogenidae) from the Eocene of Huesca (Spain) that preserves the anterior part of the carapace, together with appendages. Diogenes augustinus sp. nov. represents one of most completely preserved hermit crabs known to date, providing crucial information to understand the evolution of the family Diogenidae. It is characterized by poorly marked regions of shield, absence of Y-line and markedly unequal and robust chelipeds. The specimen is preserved out of its host shell suggesting rapid burial in siliciclastic strata of a prodeltaic environment.

Roger Norum

Broadly speaking, mobility refers to the socio-cultural processes surrounding movement. As a focus of anthropological research, mobility engages with the notion that human social worlds are in multiple states and forms of circulating spatial and temporal flux, and, as such, are variously implicated in trajectories of movement between and among human actors, physical objects and intangible information, ideas and capital. Mobility studies emerged out of the celebration of postmodernism and globalization, and their concomitant links to global flows of people and things in contexts of both migration and transnationalism. New forms of human interaction and engagement amid sea changes in the capacity for people, things, and representations to move fast and far have led to new intellectual theorizations, perspectives, approaches, and provocations, denoting mobility as a new point of departure for contemporary analyses of the social world in the 21st century. Since the early 2000s, scholars have worked to develop the theoretical underpinnings of a “new mobilities” paradigm which would, in turn, lead to a “mobility turn” in the social sciences and beyond. The paradigm challenges a number of assumptions within the social sciences including the static, bounded concepts of culture and society as a unit of analysis, the assumed center-periphery nature of movement of peoples from developing to developed areas of the world, and the close association of mobility with freedom (and immobility with oppression). Studies of mobility go far beyond researching mere movement, and now even comparatively sedentary concepts such as society and nation are being upended with interlinked, shifting, and mobile things, ideas, and individuals. Mobility research has been characteristically cross-disciplinary, finding traction early on in the fields of sociology and geography before being taken up by the theoretical considerations and ethnographic research of social and cultural anthropologists (though of course studying movement—of both humans and non-humans—was nothing new for anthropologists). Scholarship across distinct strands of mobility research has fostered dialogue among otherwise spatting social science fields, and scholars from other disciplines, such as cultural and migration studies, tourism and transport studies, media studies, and Science and Technology Studies (STS) have also made important contributions to literature on mobility that is either anthropological in focus or approach, or heavily used by anthropologists in their mobility scholarship. Because research into mobility comprises such a wide range of area specializations, theoretical interests, and methodological approaches, however, exactly what constitutes mobility research can mean different things to different scholars in different disciplines—from research on communities of people who physically move for their jobs (e.g., commuters, expatriates, or seasonal agricultural workers) to studies of societal systems, infrastructures, and regimes such as vehicular transport or border control. And, as expected, the normative categories established by a number of scholars of mobility to study the field have themselves received no small amount of critique from anthropologists for their privileging certain types of mobile movement and deprecating others. This bibliography outlines the scope of literature on mobility that is particularly anthropological in its approach, method, and object, while also considering some of the seminal works in sociology and geography that have both influenced anthropological thinking on mobility and proven foundational to the development of the “mobility turn” in the social sciences more generally. There is inherently overlap between some of the sections set up here (e.g., Migration and Labor and Work), but they have been structured via these categories more to facilitate reader accessibility than to set up any hard and fast distinctions for how the scholarship discussed in this article should be framed or understood.

H. Wakamatsu

Musahiplik is the tradition of fictive kinship which has long been practiced within both Turkish and Kurdish Alevi communities in Turkey. Musahip is a special term which means blood brother used in Alevi community. The tradition of Musahiplik may be defined as a religious fraternity between two men who are not relatives. And at the same time, if these two men marry their wives also have relation of Musahip. The fraternity is dedicated to a religious authority called Dede. It is an institution of social characteristic that is proper for originated from nomad or semi-nomad societies and of recent urban settlement. This custom is one of the most important religious practices of Alevis in Turkey. In a ceremony in the presence of a Dede, the two couples make a life-long commitment to care for the spiritual, emotional, and physical needs of each other and their children. The ties between couples who have made this commitment are at least as strong as it is for blood relatives. So much so, that Musahiplik is often called spiritual brotherhood (manevi kardeslik). In this article, drawing on my own research data, I shall first discuss how the Musahiplik is practiced in the field in Turkey, and provide a brief outline of their meaning in Alevi theology. I shall then present the current situation of Musahiplik and popular beliefs and discuss the underlying motives of the religious actors involved. Finally, I shall contextualize these cases within a broader theoretical and comparative perspective on fictive kinship from the point of view of Cultural Anthropology.

Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, Ewa Budziszewska-Karwowska

Two isolated teeth, a dorsal vertebra, fragments of a humerus and femur, a fragmentary pubic “boot” and part of an ischium shaft, identified here as belonging to a large predatory archosaur were discovered in the Upper Triassic site at Marciszów near Zawiercie (southern Poland). Comparisons of the new fossils from Marciszów with the dorsal vertebrae, pubic “boot”, ischium and femur of the theropod-like Smok wawelski from Lisowice (Silesia) reveal that the two taxa are very similar. Nevertheless, due to the lack of more diagnostic elements (e.g., braincase or cranial elements), we prefer to consider all described specimens from Marciszów as Smok sp. Smok sp. shares a low mound-like, anterior trochanter with trochanteric shelf on the femur, a massive pubic “boot” with a distinct depression (= bevelled area), and a transversely lenticular ischium shaft in cross-section with S. wawelski. Some observed characters of the dorsal vertebra (e.g., lack of some lamina, shape and position of zygapophyses), however, are different from S. wawelski and may also suggest that the new findings represent a second species of the genus in the Upper Triassic of Poland. The discovery of Smok sp. at Marciszów is significant because it is the second example of the co-occurrence of this genus with: (i) bones of a large dicynodont; and (ii) record of gnawed tetrapod bones. The discovery of Smok sp. and the lack of significant morphologic divergence from S. wawelski suggest that this taxon is the only large-bodied predator currently known from the Upper Triassic of Poland. This new evidence expands the record of the genus and contributes, in some measure, to our knowledge of the stratigraphical distribution of large predatory archosaurs from the Polish Upper Triassic bone-bearing levels.

Susan R. Loth

N/A

Mordechai Ben Menachem

Often the most fertile insights into contemporary problems come not from those in the mainstream but from the more adventurous spirits who have charted their own intellectual course. Definition of anthropology: the science of human beings; especially: the study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture. What are the anthropological aspects of information and of software-the entity that controls information (at least, certain dimensions of control)? We know that software and information are both notoriously difficult to manage well. What does that mean, why is it important, and what can be done about it? Much to the surprise of many readers, these questions are life critical issues, for almost all of humanity.

Yamouna Makhlouf, Bertrand Lefebvre, Elise Nardin

We present revision of the taxonomy and palaeoecology of the Ordovician aristocystitid Lepidocalix pulcher from the Zaouïa of Stita (Great Kabylia, Algeria). An emended diagnosis is proposed, highlighting the four-fold ambulacral system and the typical thecal plating organised in circlets. Lepidocalix is here assigned to the subfamily Calicinae of the family Aristocystitidae. The latex casts show fitted sutures between plates, slightly abraded spines, and well-preserved oral surface. The thecal plates possess up to three dipores, each, included into the spines. The presence of such covered diplopores would have reduced the respiration rate, by restricting their exchange surface area. The spines covering the dipores are not articulated and they could have a protective role. Lepidocalix is interpreted as stationary epifauna, probably using iceberg strategy to be stabilized into the soft substrate.