آیه41 سوره مائده که با هدف تسلی دادن به پیامبر(ص) نازل شده، کنش مزورانه تعدادی از منافقان و یهودیان را به تصویر میکشد که به منظور جاسوسی و به تحریک عدهای دیگر نزد آن حضرت میآمدند با این پیشفرض که اگر پیامبر(ص) به نفع آنها داوری کرد بپذیرند و گرنه روی برگردانند (یَقُولُونَ إِنْ أُوتیتُمْ هذا فَخُذُوهُ وَ إِنْ لَمْ تُؤْتَوْهُ فَاحْذَرُوا). ابهام موجود در مشارالیه «هذا» مفسران را بر آن داشته تا برای آن در قالب سبب نزول مصداقیابی نمایند. در این میان مهمترین و مشهورترین روایتی که در سبب نزول بدان پرداختهاند موضوع رجم دو یهودی به خاطر ارتکاب زنای محصنه است. از اینجا سؤال اصلی پژوهش رخ مینماید که سبب نزول مشهور تا چه میزان از قرائن صحت برخوردار بوده و آیا میتوان اندیشه تفسیری را بر آن بنا نهاد؟ با توجه به اهمیت موضوع رجم و پیامدهای فقهی آن؛ پژوهش حاضر با تکیه بر روش کتابخانهای، به تحلیل و بررسی روایت مزبور در منابع روایی و تفسیری فریقین پرداخته و چالشهای آن را برشمرده است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد که جزءنگری برخی مفسران، مجال را از سایر ساختارهای تفسیری همسو و کاملاً مرتبط با محتوای آیه، گرفته است. این در حالی است که روایت مزبور به دلیل اضطراب در متن؛ اختلاف با دیگر روایات سبب نزول آیه؛ تعارض با قرآن ؛ تنافی با تاریخ مسلم و عدم هماهنگی کامل با سیاق، نمیتواند سبب نزول قطعی آیه باشد. در مقابل روایتی که سبب نزول آیه را موضوع قصاص و دیه میداند از جهاتی ترجیح مییابد که به عنوان سبب نزول واقعیتر نتیجهگیری شده است.
Cassandra Bird, Daniel Williamson, Sabina Leonelli
Whether and how data scientists, statisticians and modellers should be accountable for the AI systems they develop remains a controversial and highly debated topic, especially given the complexity of AI systems and the difficulties in comparing and synthesising competing claims arising from their deployment for data analysis. This paper proposes to address this issue by decreasing the opacity and heightening the accountability of decision making using AI systems, through the explicit acknowledgement of the statistical foundations that underpin their development and the ways in which these dictate how their results should be interpreted and acted upon by users. In turn, this enhances (1) the responsiveness of the models to feedback, (2) the quality and meaning of uncertainty on their outputs and (3) their transparency to evaluation. To exemplify this approach, we extend Posterior Belief Assessment to offer a route to belief ownership from complex and competing AI structures. We argue that this is a significant way to bring ethical considerations into mathematical reasoning, and to implement ethical AI in statistical practice. We demonstrate these ideas within the context of competing models used to advise the UK government on the spread of the Omicron variant of COVID-19 during December 2021.
Weyl famously argued that if space were discrete, then Euclidean geometry could not hold even approximately. Since then, many philosophers have responded to this argument by advancing alternative accounts of discrete geometry that recover approximately Euclidean space. However, they have missed an importantly flawed assumption in Weyl's argument: physical geometry is determined by fundamental spacetime structures independently from dynamical laws. In this paper, I aim to show its falsity through two rigorous examples: random walks in statistical physics and quantum mechanics.
Self-supervised learning (SSL) for graph neural networks (GNNs) has attracted increasing attention from the graph machine learning community in recent years, owing to its capability to learn performant node embeddings without costly label information. One weakness of conventional SSL frameworks for GNNs is that they learn through a single philosophy, such as mutual information maximization or generative reconstruction. When applied to various downstream tasks, these frameworks rarely perform equally well for every task, because one philosophy may not span the extensive knowledge required for all tasks. To enhance the task generalization across tasks, as an important first step forward in exploring fundamental graph models, we introduce PARETOGNN, a multi-task SSL framework for node representation learning over graphs. Specifically, PARETOGNN is self-supervised by manifold pretext tasks observing multiple philosophies. To reconcile different philosophies, we explore a multiple-gradient descent algorithm, such that PARETOGNN actively learns from every pretext task while minimizing potential conflicts. We conduct comprehensive experiments over four downstream tasks (i.e., node classification, node clustering, link prediction, and partition prediction), and our proposal achieves the best overall performance across tasks on 11 widely adopted benchmark datasets. Besides, we observe that learning from multiple philosophies enhances not only the task generalization but also the single task performances, demonstrating that PARETOGNN achieves better task generalization via the disjoint yet complementary knowledge learned from different philosophies. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/jumxglhf/ParetoGNN.
A systematic analysis of the main provisions of the logical and methodological problems of legal science and practice developed by A.F. Cherdantsev - Russian jurist, Doctor of Law, Full Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation is given. The creative contribution to the development of logical legal issues, made by the author, is expressed in underpinning of the new term logical-linguistic phenomena, as well as critical analysis of Russian jurists proposals to treat philosophy of rights and logic of law as independent branches of scientific knowledge. In addition, the author gave reasonable recommendations regarding the logical nature of a number of leading logical and linguistic phenomena: concepts, terms, definitions, norms of law, principles, facts, legal constructions, etc. The article, further, evaluates the research of A.F. Cherdantsev methods of interpretation of law, skillful possession of which, in his opinion, is the key to the successful activity of a lawyer both in the field of legal science and practice. The author's proposals on the composition, structure and content of methods of interpretation of law are supported. Among the main contentions of the author's novelty is his detailed systemic characteristic of the methods of law interpretation, where decisive importance is attached to the analysis of special methodological principles of cognition forming the content of these methods.
We summarize the main ideas behind TGFT condensate cosmology and sketch the technical steps that bring from the fundamental theory to the effective cosmological dynamics. This framework is presented as an explicit illustration of (and possibly a general template for) the emergence of spacetime from non-spatiotemporal quantum entities in quantum gravity, and the many aspects involved in it.
There are contemporary tendencies to regard the human consciousness as an algorithm, or to reduce the human subjective to organic-natural processes or to see it as a social construction depending on cultural conditions. Such approaches pose a challenge to ethical humanism, as it seems, as if it requires new justification and groundings. How can we grasp and defend the concept of embodied subjectivity of man and its freedom to act? How can we think of its unity including thought, will and feeling, preventing it from getting lost in specialized potentials, and maintaining the person as an alert, responsible and self-founded unit? Furthermore, how is it possible to preserve the meaning of the name of the soul, since the notion of this traditional limit concept of the human subjective has fallen into disuse and likely vanished from the horizon? The essay asks for answer with the help of Hermann Cohen, the great Jewish philosopher of Neo-Kantianism, following the traces of his repeatedly stated, however never written systematic psychology. This first part of investigation confines itself to understand Cohen's early interpretation of Plato as the "primordial cell" of his psychology in order to show how the first three parts of his system of philosophy (Logic, Ethics, Aesthetics) answer to some of the questions and problems the early work had raised, with special attention to Cohens philosophy of religion. Self-movement of soul and its deep connection with the human body could be viewed and grasped from the unity of human culture as well as of the allness of man.
O objetivo desse texto é demonstrar a importância da amizade de Paul Rée para Nietzsche no momento crucial de seu rompimento com as teses schopenhaurianas e wagnerianas e de produção de sua obra Humano, demasiado humano. Essa influência está ligada ao projeto de combate aos idealismos presentes na filosofia metafísica, na religião cristã e na arte romântica. A “arma” desse combate se chama “réealismo”, cuja expressão, como se verá, está ligada a uma prática filosófica que articula a teoria darwinista da seleção natural às análises psicológicas e às idéias evocadas pelos moralistas franceses no que diz respeito à natureza humana. Identificado por Nietzsche como um “espírito livre”, Rée é mantido no âmbito de uma amizade ambígua, mas fecunda, até o distanciamento decisivo motivado pela crítica nietzschiana ao altruísmo e à falta de questionamento da necessidade de fundamentação da moral – expediente que, posteriormente, será caracterizado como genealógico, por sua pergunta sobre o valor da própria moral.
Marie Mazerolle, Amy M. Smith, McKinzey Torrance
et al.
Numerous studies have documented the detrimental impact of age-based stereotype threat (ABST) on older adults' cognitive performance and especially on veridical memory. However, far fewer studies have investigated the impact of ABST on older adults' memory distortion. Here, we review the subset of research examining memory distortion and provide evidence for the role of stereotype threat as a powerful socio-emotional factor that impacts age-related susceptibility to memory distortion. In this review we define memory distortion as errors in memory that are associated with gist-based errors or source misattributions. Whereas, some of the reviewed experiments support the conclusion that ABST should be considered in the context of age-related differences in memory distortion, others reported little or no impact of stereotype threat. These discrepancies suggest that the role of ABST, and socio-emotional processes generally, in age-related changes in memory distortion are less clear. In this review, we argue that ABST does play an important role in age-related changes in memory distortion. We present evidence suggesting that discrepancies in the reviewed literature may be reconciled when evaluated in the context of the leading theories about stereotype threat: the Executive Resource Depletion hypothesis and the Regulatory Focus theory. We also discuss how differences in methodology and participant characteristics can account for a priori contradictory results in the literature. Finally, we propose some recommendations for researchers and practitioners when assessing memory in older adults.
Stress pengasuhan yang tinggi sering terjadi pada orangtua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus salah satunya pada anak Gangguan Pemusatan Perhatian dan Hiperaktivitas (GPPH). Padahal peran orangtua dalam kehidupan anak GPPH justru lebih penting. Oleh karena itu stress pengasuhan harus segera diatasi salah satunya adalah dengan menerapkan mindful parenting. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan paparan secara jelas berupa tinjauan sistematis mengenai mindful parenting sebagai faktor protektif pada stress pengasuhan orangtua dengan anak GPPH dalam rangka optimalisasi peran dan dukungan keluarga dalam Pendidikan anak. Terdapat enam studi yang digunakan, dimana keenam studi tersebut merupakan jurnal terbitan 10 tahun terakhir, hasil peer review dengan tema yang sama, dan berbahasa Inggris atau Indonesia. Database yang digunakan dari ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Frontier Psychology, ProQuest, PsycARTICLES, dan Google Scholar. Hasil dari tinjauan sistematis ini menyimpulkan bahwa mindful parenting efektif untuk mengurangi stress pengasuhan dan meningkatkan kualitas hubungan orangtua dan anak dengan GPPH. Ini menegaskan bahwa penting bagi orangtua untuk menjaga hubungan dengan anak dan mengoptimalkan perannya dalam mendidik atau memenuhi kebutuhan anak akan pendidikan yang layak.
Kata Kunci: Gangguan Pemusatan Perhatian dan Hiperaktivitas (GPPH), mindful parenting, tinjauan sistematis
Mindful Parenting in Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review
Abstract
High parenting stress often occurs in parents of children with special needs such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Whereas the involvement of parents in the life of children with ADHD is much more important. Thus the stress should rightly be prevented, by applying mindful parenting. The aim of this research is to give a clear explanation in the form of systematic review about mindful parenting as a protective factor in handling parenting stress on parents of children with ADHD. It aims eventually to optimize the role of parents and family support for children’s education. It surveys six studies in English and Indonesian published in the last 10 years, peer reviewed under the same theme. The databases used are from ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Frontier Psychology, ProQuest, PsycARTICLES, and Google Scholar. The research concludes that mindful parenting is effective at reducing parenting stress and improving the quality of parent-child relationships in the case of ADHD children. It also emphasizes that it is important for parents to maintain relationships with children and optimize their role in educating or fulfilling children’s needs for proper education.
Keywords: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), mindful parenting, systematic review
Objectives. The study the commitment to social activity and its various forms in relation to the risk propensity characteristics of students with different types of subject regulation of behavior. Background. The problem of social activity of students as a sphere of their socialization and establishing connections with various social groups and society as a whole is analyzes. One of its most important components is the question of the subject regulation of social activity. It is assumed that depending on the type of subject regulation (Autonomous or Dependent), students prefer various forms of social activity, implement socially-oriented activity, and show the specifics of risk-taking. Study design. The paper analyzes the level indicators of adherence to different forms of social activity of students, depending on the type of their subject regulation; a typological analysis of risk propensity and uncertainty experiences in students with Autonomous and dependent types of subject regulation; the hypothesis of direct and indirect effects of autonomy on General and socially-oriented activity using structural modeling. Participants. The study involved 297 full-time students (36% men), average age M=21; SD=2.74. Measurements. The scale for the assessment of various forms of social activity, feelings of uncertainty with a dimension of from 1 to 5, the method of evaluating component and composite index of socio-oriented activity (R.M. Shamionov, M.V. Grigorieva), a questionnaire of autonomy-dependence (G.S. Prygin), a questionnaire of tendency to extreme and risky behavior (M. Zuckerman). Results. Students with an Autonomous type of subject regulation are more committed to leisure, socio-political, and civic activity, while students with a dependent type are more committed to protest activity. Socially-oriented activity is more attractive to students with an Autonomous type of subject regulation. Students with an Autonomous type of regulation are characterized by higher indicators of non-adaptive striving for difficulties, with a Dependent type-indicators of searching for new impressions and experiencing uncertainty. The continuous indicator of (Autonomous) subject regulation has a direct impact on variations in socially-oriented activity, and indicators of risk propensity are moderators of a direct causal relationship, respectively, of autonomy to socially-oriented activity and age to the overall activity of students. Conclusions. Students with Autonomous and Dependent types of subject regulation are characterized by specificity in their commitment to various forms of activity and their attitude to risk. The causal relationship of subject regulation on variations of socially-oriented activity is established.
The book is part of the Psychology in Latin America series of the American Psychological Association (APA) edited by Judith Gibbons and Patricio Cumsille. The book presents a series of chapters written by Latin American researchers from Argentina, Colombia, Chile, El Salvador and Peru on different topics relevant to political psychology in Latin America. The problem of human rights violations and how to confront them, socio-political conflicts and the building of a culture of democracy and peace are transversal axes of the chapters of this book.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Comparative law. International uniform law
Psychological well-being is a term used to describe the psychological health of individuals who have a optimal and have a meaningful life. This research aimedat the psychological well-being of Sufism practitioners and make Sufism values a Sufistic counseling. This reasearch used interview and observation methods for collection data. In this research there were six informants, in identifying informants used purposive techniques and snowball sampling. The results found, there are four values of Sufism that affect the conditions of psychological well-being, namely the teachings of zuhud, tawakal, khauf, and mahabbah. Sufism teachings such as zuhud, tawakal, khauf, mahabbah also become media as Sufistic counseling.
Учење страног језика као незаобилазан чинилац обухвата социолингвистички појам ставова према језику, што уједно представља предмет истраживања овог рада. Као циљ истраживања поставља се испитивање утицаја које на формирање ставова према учењу страног језика имају узраст ученика или ставови родитеља. Уз кориштење дескриптивне научноистраживачке методе и скалирање као технику за испитивање ставова, корпус у истраживању чинили су ставови ученика узраста 9 и 13 година који похађају основну школу и уче немачки као страни језик. Имајући у виду да бројни фактори доприносе савладавању страног језика, истраживање ће показати да ли и у којој мери узраст ученика или ставови родитеља утичу на формирање ставова према учењу страног језика. Резултати истраживања могу допринети педагошкој пракси, као и освежити постојећа знања о значају ставова у настави страних језика.
Ana Bernardo, María Esteban, Antonio Cervero
et al.
The implementation of the European higher education area (EHEA) is a true paradigm change in university education in which the student, with particular consideration given to autonomous work, takes the place of the teacher as the central element of the teaching-learning process. In this autonomous work, the strategies the students regularly use become particularly important, given the supposition that doing that work will lead to academic success. The objective of this study is to analyze the variables that influence students’ expectations of success, measured through their intention to persist on the course they are doing. A questionnaire designed ad hoc was given to a sample of 1037 university students. It included aspects related to reasons for choosing the course, institutional integration, use of self-regulation strategies, and intention to drop out. Data analysis allowed the identification of satisfaction with the course chosen and appropriate study skills acquired in secondary education as predictors of expectations of academic persistance, with some differences in terms of gender. Other strategies such as class attendance or going deeply into course content did not figure. These results are at odds with the principles underlying the EHEA and show that they have not yet been interiorized by the students, who continue to perceive their studies more traditionally.