Hasil untuk "Petroleum refining. Petroleum products"

AN Lyuxing, YUE Can, CHU Qingjun et al.

To reduce the impact of gap fillings (mud cakes) on measurement results in γ density logging and improve logging accuracy, a sliding energy window method is studied based on the positive correlation between mud cake thickness, density, and peak shift degree; the influence law of mud cake properties on energy spectrum deformation is analyzed; personalized parameter groups and formulas are obtained through fitting sliding energy window counts of known density and mud cake thickness combined with linear interpolation; and forward and inversion verifications are conducted using experimental energy spectrum data from standard wells 4 to 9. The research results show that: ①The influence law of mud cakes is that mud cakes of the same type and thickness cause the same degree of energy spectrum peak shift in different formation calibration wells; heavy mud cakes cause much greater peak shift than light ones; and for the same type of mud cake, the greater the thickness, the greater the shift degree. ②The sliding energy window method can reduce the logging error of the compensation method in most calibration wells and mud cake thicknesses in forward verification, and the calculation error in inversion verification is lower than that of the fixed energy window method. ③In the sliding window averaging method, the effect is better when the sliding window range n=5 and 9. ④This method reduces the average relative error of density logging in standard wells 4 to 9 from 2.08% of the fixed energy window method to 0.67%. It is concluded that the sliding energy window method effectively reduces the impact of mud cakes on γ density logging and significantly improves the accuracy of γ density logging when mud cakes are present.

Ismail Khelil, A. Al-Muntaser, M. Varfolomeev et al.

The advent of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) has revolutionized the petroleum industry by providing a swift and straightforward method for the spectroscopic characterization of crude oil. This review paper delves into the significant strides made in LF-NMR technology since its inception by Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell in 1946, particularly its application in determining the composition, viscosity, and water content of crude oil, alongside SARA (Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, and Asphaltenes) analysis. LF-NMR’s ability to noninvasively quantify the total water and oil content, differentiate between bound and mobile phases, and measure the SARA fractions underscores its superiority over traditional analysis methods, which often suffer from interference and lack of precision. This manuscript not only highlights LF-NMR’s pivotal role in enhancing crude-oil characterization but also reviews recent developments that solidify its position as an indispensable tool in the petroleum industry. The convergence of empirical studies and technological advancements points toward a pressing need for further research to fully exploit LF-NMR’s potential and refine its application, ensuring its continued contribution to the efficient and accurate analysis of petroleum products.

WANG Zhijian

Liquid CO₂ phase transition fracturing（LCPTF） technology is a novel water-free fracturing technique that can enhance coalbed methane recovery. To study the changes in coal adsorption characteristics before and after CO₂ phase transition fracturing, the No. 3 coal seam from the Yuwu coal mine was selected for experimentation. High-pressure mercury intrusion, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption experiments, and CH₄ isothermal adsorption tests were conducted to analyze the impact of liquid CO₂ phase transition fracturing on coal adsorption. The results showed that after liquid CO₂ phase transition fracturing, the pore volume and specific surface area of adsorption pores in coal decreased; the specific surface area of seepage pores decreased while the pore volume of seepage pores increased. The liquid CO₂ phase transition fracturing technique could influence the change in the Langmuir adsorption constant of coal by altering the pore structure. After liquid CO₂ phase transition fracturing, the Langmuir adsorption constant “<i>a</i>” value decreased and the “<i>b</i>” value increased, indicating that the fracturing process reduced the coal’s adsorption capacity and enhanced the desorption rate. This study provides theoretical guidance for the improvement and optimization of liquid CO₂ phase transition fracturing technology for field applications.

ZHANG Jiansheng, LU Yunlong, QI Yi et al.

The formation water salinity is an important reservoir parameter, which is also the basis for reservoir fine evaluation. When the reservoir contains hydrocarbons, the abnormal amplitude of the spontaneous potential curve decreases, which affects the accuracy of inverting the formation water salinity. Based on experimental data from publicly published articles, the relationship between water saturation, formation water salinity, mud filtrate salinity, and spontaneous potential reduction in pure sandstone reservoirs is quantitatively characterized. This relationship is combined with a saturation model to construct an inversion model for water salinity in hydrocarbon bearing sandstone reservoirs based on spontaneous potential curves. The inversion model is applied in the target well and an experiment of measuring bound water salinity is carried out to verify the inverse method. It shows that the inversion results are basically consistent with the experimental results. The method accurately characterizes the suppression effect of hydrocarbons on the spontaneous potential curve, and can accurately calculate the formation water salinity, providing a basis for fluid identification and reservoir evaluation.

LI Ning,MIAO He,CAO Kaifang

Anisotropic parameter inversion based on pre-stack azimuth gather seismic data is one of the primary methods for fracture prediction, among which two algorithms, RüGER approximate equation and Fourier series expansion, are more widely used. Both the anisotropic gradient in the RüGER approximate equation and the second-order term in the Fourier series expansion can characterize the crack intensity. In the experiment, the applicability of applying this two equations was compared in the single-layer interface and the fracture layer of the actual drilled wells, respectively, and the fracture spatial prediction results were compared in the actual volcanic rock development zone. There are dimensional differences in the prediction of fracture strength between the two equations of single interface model. The range of fracture strength of RüGER approximation equation is larger than that of Fourier series expansion. Multiple results exist for the calculation of fracture orientation using the RüGER approximation equation, which may result in an orientation perpendicular to the fracture. However, when applied to the fractured layers observed in wells, both methods yielded broadly consistent results regarding fracture orientation and strength. In the application to the volcanic rock formation of the LFS area in the southern Songliao Basin, the Fourier series' second-order term slightly outperformed the RüGER equation in aligning with the fracture strength interpretations derived from electrical imaging logging. Additionally, the predicted fracture orientations from both methods matched those interpreted from imaging logging. It is concluded that the Fourier series equation for predicting fractures is more suitable for popularization and application in the field of volcanic rocks.

A. Tripathi, M. Ranjan

With the onset of industrialization mankind has witnessed various environmental issues in the society. This industrialization has not only brought development and prosperity but eventually disturbed the ecosystem. One of the impacts is visible, in form of water pollution. In the present study heavy metal contamination of water bodies has been discussed. Effluents from large number of industries viz., electroplating, leather, tannery, textile, pigment & dyes, paint, wood processing, petroleum refining, photographic film production etc., contains significant amount of heavy metals in their wastewater. The conventional methods of treatment of heavy metal contamination includes chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, ion exchange, membrane separation, reverse osmosis, electro dialysis etc. These methods are costly, energy intensive and often associated with generation of toxic byproducts. Thus, the adsorption has been investigated as a cost effective method of removal of heavy metals from wastewater. In the present study various low cost adsorbent has been reviewed as an abatement of heavy metal pollution from wastewater. These adsorbent includes materials of natural origin like zeolites, clay, peat moss and chitin are found to be an effective agent for removal of toxic heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Hg, Cr etc. Apart from these various agricultural wastes like rice husk, neem bark, black gram, waste tea; Turkish coffee, walnut shell etc. were also established as a potent adsorbent for heavy metal removal. Beside that low cost industrial by products like fly ash, blast furnace sludge, waste slurry, lignin, iron (III) hydroxide and red mud, coffee husks, Areca waste, tea factory waste, sugar beet pulp, battery industry waste, sea nodule residue and grape stalk wastes have been explored for their technical feasibility to remove toxic heavy metals from contaminated water.

Yuanxi Liu, Jan Lask, R. Kupfer et al.

The use of renewable lightweight materials and the adoption of cleaner production are two effective approaches to reduce resource consumption, which contributes to meeting the industry’s environmental impact targets. In a previous study we found, that a miscanthus fibre reinforced cellulose acetate (CA-Miscanthus, 25 wt.%) can be a bio-based alternative to glass fibre reinforced polypropylene (PP-GF, 20 wt.%), as both materials exhibit similar mechanical properties. However, only limited information on the environmental benefits of using bio-based composites instead of their petroleum-based counterparts are available. In this study, we compare the environmental impact of ready to use compound of both materials in the cradle to gate system boundaries, including fibre cultivation, fractionation and refining, fibre pretreatment, and compounding. The functional unit is chosen based on the equivalent function of both materials. The environmental impact is determined using the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) methodology. The results reveal that the CA-Mis composite has a higher environmental impact than the PP-GF composite in all categories observed, despite its biomass origin. As the primary reason for the high impact, the acetic anhydride use during CA production is identified. The study indicates that, though the bio-composite CA-Mis has mechanical properties comparable to PP-GF composites, it is not as eco-friendly as we initially assumed it to be.

Suchithra Ashoka Sahadevan, X. Xiao, Yiqian Ma et al.

Elemental sulfur (S8) is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of petroleum refining. Polymeric sulfur is thermodynamically unstable and depolymerizes back to S8 with time, which limits its applications and causes...

Danail D. Stratiev, Angel Dimitriev, Dicho Stratiev et al.

The parallel processes involved in the production of refinery fuel gas, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), propylene, and polypropylene, occurring in thirteen refinery units, are modeled by the use of a Generalized Net (GN) apparatus. The modeling of the production of these products is important because they affect the energy balance of petroleum refinery and the associated emissions of greenhouse gases. For the first time, such a model is proposed and it is a continuation of the investigations of refinery process modelling by GNs. The model contains 17 transitions, 55 places, and 47 types of tokens, and considers the orders of fuel gas for the refinery power station, refinery process furnaces, LPG, liquid propylene, and 6 grades of polypropylene. This model is intended to be used as a more detailed lower-level GN model in a higher-level GN model that facilitates and optimizes the process of decision making in the petroleum refining industry.

CHEN Xiangyu, LI Jianyuan, CHEN Yu

At present, the researches on the heat transfer of the steam cavity edge in the SAGD production process mainly pay attention to the heat conduction between steam and the reservoir, while little attention has been paid to the convective heat transfer and changes of the reservoir physical properties affected by the temperature. However, the influence of both on the heat transfer effect and temperature field distribution cannot be ignored. By the comprehensive consideration of two heat transfer mechanisms of heat conduction and heat convection, as well as the influence of reservoir physical properties changes on heat transfer, a semi-analytical model is established through the conservation of mass, energy and mathematical coordinate transformation, and the temperature distribution at the edge of the steam chamber and the physical property distribution of the reservoir under the influence of temperature are obtained by differential solution. The results show that: ① the model proposed in this paper is more practical, with an accuracy improvement of 34 % and 11 % compared to the Butler's model and the Dong's models, respectively. ② By analyzing the relative relationship between convection and conduction under the change of reservoir physical properties, it is concluded that the proportion of the conduction heat transfer in the crude oil movable area is more than three times higher than that of the conduction heat transfer, the convection heat transfer accounts for the main proportion in the movable area of crude oil, but at the locations far away from the steam cavity, the conduction and convection work together, and it also gives relevant measures to improve heating efficiency.

Shiyi YUAN, Zhengdong LEI, Junshi LI et al.

Aiming at the four issues of underground storage state, exploitation mechanism, crude oil flow and efficient recovery, the key theoretical and technical issues and countermeasures for effective development of Gulong shale oil are put forward. Through key exploration and research on fluid occurrence, fluid phase change, exploitation mechanism, oil start-up mechanism, flow regime/pattern, exploitation mode and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) of shale reservoirs with different storage spaces, multi-scale occurrence states of shale oil and phase behavior of fluid in nano confined space were provided, the multi-phase, multi-scale flow mode and production mechanism with hydraulic fracture-shale bedding fracture-matrix infiltration as the core was clarified, and a multi-scale flow mathematical model and recoverable reserves evaluation method were preliminarily established. The feasibility of development mode with early energy replenishment and recovery factor of 30% was discussed. Based on these, the researches of key theories and technologies for effective development of Gulong shale oil are proposed to focus on: (1) in-situ sampling and non-destructive testing of core and fluid; (2) high-temperature, high-pressure, nano-scale laboratory simulation experiment; (3) fusion of multi-scale multi-flow regime numerical simulation technology and large-scale application software; (4) waterless (CO2) fracturing technique and the fracturing technique for increasing the vertical fracture height; (5) early energy replenishment to enhance oil recovery; (6) lifecycle technical and economic evaluation. Moreover, a series of exploitation tests should be performed on site as soon as possible to verify the theoretical understanding, optimize the exploitation mode, form supporting technologies, and provide a generalizable development model, thereby supporting and guiding the effective development and production of Gulong shale oil.

Oyetunji O. Okedere, F. Elehinafe, S. Oyelami et al.

This study presents a review of sources and atmospheric levels of anthropogenic air emissions in Nigeria with a view to reviewing the existence or otherwise of national coordination aimed at mitigating the continued increase. According to individual researcher's reports, the atmospheric loading of anthropogenic air pollutants is currently on an alarming increase in Nigeria. Greater concerns are premised on the inadequacy existing emission inventories, continuous assessment, political will and development of policy plans for effective mitigation of these pollutants. The identified key drivers of these emissions include gas flaring, petroleum product refining, thermal plants for electricity generation, transportation, manufacturing sector, land use changes, proliferation of small and medium enterprises, medical wastes incineration, municipal waste disposal, domestic cooking, bush burning and agricultural activities such as land cultivation and animal rearing. Having identified the key sources of anthropogenic air emissions and established the rise in their atmospheric levels through aggregation of literature reports, this study calls for a review of energy policy, adoption of best practices in the management air emissions and solid wastes as well as agriculture and land use pattern which appear to be the rallying points of all identified sources of emission. The study concluded that the adoption of cleaner energy policies and initiatives in energy generation and usage as against pursuit of thermal plants and heavy dependence on fossil fuels will assist to ameliorate the atmospheric loadings of these pollutants.

Yong Fu, Chengyue Yang, Yutong Zheng et al.

Abstract Elemental sulfur, as a by-product of petroleum refining, is regarded as a solid waste stored in above-ground deposits due to limited existing applications, meanwhile, mercury contamination is one of the current environmental issues considering its high toxicity to the human, and how to safely dispose of hazardous waste adsorbents is still an unavoidable problem. This study addresses these need by utilizing sulfur for preparation of a polysulfide complex material to capture Hg(II) and convert the Hg(II)-containing spent adsorbent into a catalyst. Initially, the mesoporous silica was prepared and functionalized by using diatomite and APTES, then, an in-situ preparation method was applied to obtain the amine-mesoporous silica/poly(m-aminothiophenol) nanocomposite (MAP), subsequently sulfur was copolymerized with MAP and vinylic-potato starch through inverse vulcanization, forming the sulfur crosslinked polymers composite cp(MAP-S-PS). Many characterizations were employed to determine the physicochemical structure and morphology of cp(MAP-S-PS). The adsorption study showed the cp(MAP-S-PS) exhibited the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 436.68 mg/g, good regeneration performance after 5 cycles and excellent selectivity between Hg(II) ions and common cations. Furthermore, the collected spent adsorbent cp(MAP-S-PS)/Hg(II) was reused as a catalyst for synthesis of acetophenone with 89% yield, and most of phenylacetylene derivatives were also transformed to corresponding acetophenone in good yields.

Jeewoo Lim, J. Pyun, K. Char

Sobolev D.B., Soboleva M.A., Evdokimova I.O.

New data on ostracods and conodonts and their stratigraphic distribution in the Ustyarega Formation of a stratotype area (Lower Frasnian, Southern Timan) are presented. The most stratigraphically significant taxa are representatives of the ostracod families Cavellinidae - Cavellina devoniana, Cavellina uchtaensis, Cavellina batalinae, Cavellina chvorostanensis, and Nodellidae - Nodella faceta, Nodella ex gr. hamata. The stratigraphic position of the studied section relative to the transgressive-regressive sedimentation succession is discussed. Its comparison with the cyclites of North America showed that the potential level of the lower boundary of the Frasnian Stage, respectively, the Upper Devonian, recorded near the base of the Ustyarega Formation, i.e. within the Upper Timan Sublevel. Above the boundary assumed by us, the first appearance of the ostracod Nodella ex gr. hamata and Cavellina batalinae is fixed.

Jagadeesh K. Mannekote, S. Kailas, K. Venkatesh et al.

Y. T. Al-Janabi

The oil and gas industry is normally divided into three major components: upstream, midstream, and downstream. The upstream sector explores, locates, and produces crude oil and natural gas from both underground and underwater fields, which are referred to as onshore and offshore fields, respectively. For this, the upstream sector is sometimes referred to as exploration and production (E&P). Types of wells handled in the upstream sector include oil, gas, and water. The midstream sector involves the transportation (by pipeline, rail, barge, oil tanker, or truck), processing, storage, and wholesale marketing of crude or refined petroleum products. Pipelines and other transport systems are used to move crude oil and natural gas from production sites to refineries and petrochemical plants. Natural gas pipeline networks gather gas from natural gas producing wells and from separation and purification plants and deliver it to downstream sector and customers, such as local utilities. Midstream operations often overlap with some elements of the upstream and downstream sectors. For example, the midstream sector may encompass natural gas processing plants that purify the raw natural gas as well as removing and producing elemental sulfur and natural gas liquids (NGLs). The third component is the downstream sector that includes crude oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and petroleum products distribution. One major component of the downstream sector is the refining of crude oil into gasoline, diesel, jet, and other fuels. In addition, the downstream industry provides thousands of products such as jet fuel, heating oil, asphalt, lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers, antifreeze, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, natural gas, and propane. At the early stages of crude oil production from a newly discovered field, the produced fluids streams are normally dry. Water, however, is required for corrosion to occur at low temperatures. As a result, the majority of equipment used in oil production were conveniently constructed from the relatively low cost carbon steel that has the required strength for pressure containment. It is very common that the life of these installations exceed 50 years without the need to apply any corrosion control measure as long as the streams remain dry or dominated by the

Huang Zhuang, Xia Chengyu, He Yuhang et al.

The existing researches use simplified booster cavity model or only use numerical simulation to simulate the boosting performance of hydraulic booster, which may lead to unreliable calculation results. Therefore, based on the actual drilling technology requirements, this article presents a downhole hydraulic booster that uses downhole hydraulic energy to boost pressure; based on the structure and working principle of the booster, the authors firstly built the mathematical model and fluid domain model of the booster cavity; then, used Matlab numerical simulation and Fluent dynamic gridding technique simulation to simulate the boosting performance of the booster cavity, and finally, conducted comparative analysis on their results to verify the correctness of the research results. The research results show that, in the process of boosting, the piston movement speed, the fluid ejection velocity and the fluid pressure of rod booster cavity all increase first and then gradually stabilize with time; as the diameter of the high pressure outlet decreases and the effective action area ratio of the low pressure cavity to the rod booster cavity increases, the fluid pressure in the rod booster cavity increases, the fluid ejection velocity at the high pressure outlet increases, and the boosting effect of the booster is more obvious; after the structural parameters of the booster cavity have been optimized, when the diameter of the high pressure outlet is not larger than 8 mm and the effective action area ratio of the low pressure cavity to the rod booster cavity is not less than 3.5, the boosting effect of the booster can be enhanced. The research results provide theoretical supports for the optimum design of the booster.

Michael W. Nolte, B. Shanks

Kelly J. Hidalgo, Kelly J. Hidalgo, Isabel N. Sierra-Garcia et al.

Petroleum is a very complex and diverse organic mixture. Its composition depends on reservoir location and in situ conditions and changes once crude oil is spilled into the environment, making the characteristics associated with every spill unique. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common components of the crude oil and constitute a group of persistent organic pollutants. Due to their highly hydrophobic, and their low solubility tend to accumulate in soil and sediment. The process by which oil is sourced and made available for use is referred to as the oil supply chain and involves three parts: (1) upstream, (2) midstream and (3) downstream activities. As consequence from oil supply chain activities, crude oils are subjected to biodeterioration, acidification and souring, and oil spills are frequently reported affecting not only the environment, but also the economy and human resources. Different bioremediation techniques based on microbial metabolism, such as natural attenuation, bioaugmentation, biostimulation are promising approaches to minimize the environmental impact of oil spills. The rate and efficiency of this process depend on multiple factors, like pH, oxygen content, temperature, availability and concentration of the pollutants and diversity and structure of the microbial community present in the affected (contaminated) area. Emerging approaches, such as (meta-)taxonomics and (meta-)genomics bring new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PAH microbial degradation at both single species and community levels in oil reservoirs and groundwater/seawater spills. We have scrutinized the microbiological aspects of biodegradation of PAHs naturally occurring in oil upstream activities (exploration and production), and crude oil and/or by-products spills in midstream (transport and storage) and downstream (refining and distribution) activities. This work addresses PAH biodegradation in different stages of oil supply chain affecting diverse environments (groundwater, seawater, oil reservoir) focusing on genes and pathways as well as key players involved in this process. In depth understanding of the biodegradation process will provide/improve knowledge for optimizing and monitoring bioremediation in oil spills cases and/or to impair the degradation in reservoirs avoiding deterioration of crude oil quality.