Hasil untuk "Norway"

Nadine El Rashidi, Ainhoa Ugarteche-Perez, Erlend Hoftun Farbu et al.

Background: There is a well-established relation between socioeconomic position (SEP) and diet. People with lower SEPs tend to eat high-calorie, low-nutrient foods, while those with a higher SEP tend to consume foods associated with better health. However, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be understood. Objective: To examine the association between education and the Healthy Nordic Food Index (HNFI) in men and women in Tromsø, and investigate the role of three intermediate variables: household income, subjective occupational social status, and self-rated health. Design: Dietary information from Food Frequency Questionnaires were used to construct the HNFI based on six food items and categorised as low, medium, and high adherence. Education and intermediate variables were self-reported. Multinomial logistic regression models stratified by sex were performed to assess the association between education and the HNFI among 8,610 women and 6,896 men aged 40–99 years. Results: Median intake of all food items increased across categories of the HNFI for all participants. High adherers to the HNFI were slightly older, more educated, had higher household income, perceived their occupational social status as high, and rated their health as good/excellent. We observed an educational gradient in the adherence to the HNFI where men (odds ratios [OR] TertiaryLong 1.92 [95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.47–2.5]) and women (OR TertiaryLong 2.35 [1.94–2.85]) with higher education had higher odds of adhering to the HNFI compared to those with primary education. Household income partly attenuated this gradient in men only. Conclusion: The association between education and adherence to the HNFI followed an educational gradient, which was partly attenuated by income in men but not in women. Our study highlights potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between education and diet. A deeper understanding of socioeconomic disparities in healthy eating is crucial for enhancing overall nutrition, especially among the socially disadvantaged.

H.E.S. Linga, C. Hatzoglou, Y. Zhang et al.

Kjetil Liestøl Nielsen

This paper explores students’ experiences with a flipped classroom in a first-year engineering mathematics course with 118 students. While most students were satisfied with the flipped classroom and expressed appreciation for the flexibility, freedom and independence induced by the teaching method, other students expressed frustrations. Based on two surveys with both open-ended and closed-ended questions, this paper explores possible reasons why a flipped classroom can be a source of frustration. Some students expressed having difficulty adjusting their study habits to the flipped classroom approach as well as having difficulty finding the motivation to watch the required learning videos before in-class activities. While some students experienced the group work associated with the flipped classroom format as a positive aspect of their learning, other students expressed irritation because of group members not meeting prepared for the group assignments. The expressed experiences are discussed in light of the self-determination theory and the self-regulated learning theory. Weaknesses with how the flipped classroom was implemented are also discussed.

Trond Holmen Erlien

Wan Mohd Azam Wan Mohd Yunus, Hanna-Maria Matinolli, Otto Waris et al.

BackgroundStudies have shown a high prevalence of depression during pregnancy, and there is also evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most effective psychosocial interventions. Emerging evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has shown that technology has been successfully harnessed to provide CBT interventions for other populations. However, very few studies have focused on their use during pregnancy. This approach has become increasingly important in many clinical areas due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and our study aimed to expand the knowledge in this particular clinical area. ObjectiveOur systematic review aimed to bring together the available research-based evidence on digitalized CBT interventions for depression symptoms during pregnancy. MethodsA systematic review of the Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EBSCO Open Dissertations databases was carried out from the earliest available evidence to October 27, 2021. Only RCT studies published in English were considered. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines were followed, and the protocol was registered on the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. The risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. ResultsThe review identified 7 studies from 5 countries (the United States, China, Australia, Norway, and Sweden) published from 2015 to 2021. The sample sizes ranged from 25 to 1342 participants. The interventions used various technological elements, including text, images, videos, games, interactive features, and peer group discussions. They comprised 2 guided and 5 unguided approaches. Using digitalized CBT interventions for depression during pregnancy showed promising efficacy, with guided intervention showing higher effect sizes (Hedges g=1.21) than the unguided interventions (Hedges g=0.14-0.99). The acceptability of the digitalized CBT interventions was highly encouraging, based on user feedback. Attrition rates were low for the guided intervention (4.5%) but high for the unguided interventions (22.1%-46.5%). A high overall risk of bias was present for 6 of the 7 studies. ConclusionsOur search only identified a small number of digitalized CBT interventions for pregnant women, despite the potential of this approach. These showed promising evidence when it came to efficacy and positive outcomes for depression symptoms, and user feedback was positive. However, the overall risk of bias suggests that the efficacy of the interventions needs to be interpreted with caution. Future studies need to consider how to mitigate these sources of biases. Digitalized CBT interventions can provide prompt, effective, evidence-based interventions for pregnant women. This review increases our understanding of the importance of digitalized interventions during pregnancy, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trial RegistrationPROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42020216159; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=216159

Andreassen BK, Hektoen HH, Axcrona K et al.

Bettina K Andreassen,1 Helga H Hektoen,1 Karol Axcrona,2 Hilde Langseth,1 Jo S Stenehjem,1 Trude E Robsahm1 1Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; 2Department of Urology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, NorwayCorrespondence: Helga H Hektoen Email Helga.Helseth.Hektoen@kreftregisteret.no View the original paper by Dr Hektoen and colleagues This is in response to the Letter to the Editor

Anne-Marthe Sanders, Geneviève Richard, Knut Kolskår et al.

Maintaining high levels of daily activity and physical capability have been proposed as important constituents to promote healthy brain and cognitive aging. Studies investigating the associations between brain health and physical activity in late life have, however, mainly been based on self-reported data or measures designed for clinical populations. In the current study, we examined cross-sectional associations between physical activity, recorded by an ankle-positioned accelerometer for seven days, physical capability (grip strength, postural control, and walking speed), and neuroimaging based surrogate markers of brain health in 122 healthy older adults aged 65–88 years. We used a multimodal brain imaging approach offering complementary structural MRI based indicators of brain health: global white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) based on diffusion tensor imaging, and subcortical and global brain age based on brain morphology inferred from T1-weighted MRI data. In addition, based on the results from the main analysis, follow-up regression analysis was performed to test for association between the volume of key subcortical regions of interest (hippocampus, caudate, thalamus and cerebellum) and daily steps, and a follow-up voxelwise analysis to test for associations between walking speed and FA across the white matter Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) skeleton. The analyses revealed a significant association between global FA and walking speed, indicating higher white matter integrity in people with higher pace. Voxelwise analysis supported widespread significant associations. We also found a significant interaction between sex and subcortical brain age on number of daily steps, indicating younger-appearing brains in more physically active women, with no significant associations among men. These results provide insight into the intricate associations between different measures of brain and physical health in old age, and corroborate established public health advice promoting physical activity.

David Heyne, Johan Strömbeck, Johan Strömbeck et al.

Reviews of the effectiveness of interventions for school refusal (SR) rely upon well-conducted primary studies. Currently there are no guidelines for those conducting primary studies about the measurement of outcome following intervention for SR. Most people would agree that it is important to measure school attendance as an outcome but there has been little discussion about other constructs that warrant measurement. To facilitate this discussion and support the development of guidelines, we conducted a scoping review of constructs measured in studies evaluating intervention for SR. We screened the title and abstract of 3,213 publications found in peer-reviewed journals between 1980 and 2019. After full text review of 271 publications, 50 publications describing 51 studies were included. Results address the frequency with which constructs were measured, along with instruments used, informants, and time-points for measurement. Based on the results, we offer guidelines for choosing constructs to measure following intervention for SR and considerations for how to measure the constructs. Guidelines can increase consistency across primary studies, with benefits for future meta-analyses and international comparisons. They also provide support for practitioners contemplating routine evaluation of their interventions for SR. Ultimately, a core outcome set for SR can be developed.

Valeria M. Nurchi, Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic, Guido Crisponi et al.

High arsenic (As) levels in food and drinking water, or under some occupational conditions, can precipitate chronic toxicity and in some cases cancer. Millions of people are exposed to unacceptable amounts of As through drinking water and food. Highly exposed individuals may develop acute, subacute, or chronic signs of poisoning, characterized by skin lesions, cardiovascular symptoms, and in some cases, multi-organ failure. Inorganic arsenite(III) and organic arsenicals with the general formula R-As²⁺ are bound tightly to thiol groups, particularly to vicinal dithiols such as dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), which together with some seleno-enzymes constitute vulnerable targets for the toxic action of As. In addition, R-As²⁺-compounds have even higher affinity to selenol groups, e.g., in thioredoxin reductase that also possesses a thiol group vicinal to the selenol. Inhibition of this and other ROS scavenging seleno-enzymes explain the oxidative stress associated with arsenic poisoning. The development of chelating agents, such as the dithiols BAL (dimercaptopropanol), DMPS (dimercapto-propanesulfonate) and DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid), took advantage of the fact that As had high affinity towards vicinal dithiols. Primary prevention by reducing exposure of the millions of people exposed to unacceptable As levels should be the prioritized strategy. However, in acute and subacute and even some cases with chronic As poisonings chelation treatment with therapeutic dithiols, in particular DMPS appears promising as regards alleviation of symptoms. In acute cases, initial treatment with BAL combined with DMPS should be considered.

Dieter Issler

Data on the disastrous snow avalanche that occurred on 18 January 2017 at the spa hotel Rigopiano, municipality of Farindola in the Abruzzo region of central Italy, are analyzed in different ways. The main results are the following. (i) The 2017 Rigopiano avalanche went beyond the run-out point predicted by the topographic-statistical <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mi>α</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mi>β</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> model with standard Norwegian calibration, while avalanches in neighboring paths appear to have run no farther than the <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mi>β</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>-point of their respective paths during the same period. (ii) The curvature and super-elevation of the trimline between 1500 and 1300 m a.s.l. indicate that the velocity of the front was around 40 m s<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>. In contrast, the tail velocity of the avalanche can hardly have exceeded 25 m s<inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> in the same segment. (iii) The deposits observed along all of the lower track and in the run-out zone suggest that the avalanche eroded essentially the entire snow cover, but fully entrained only a moderate amount of snow (and debris). The entrainment appears to have had a considerable decelerating effect on the flow front. (iv) Estimates of the degree to which different parts of the building were damaged is combined with information about the location of the persons in the building and their fates. This allows to refine a preliminary vulnerability curve for persons in buildings obtained from the 2015 Longyearbyen avalanche, Svalbard.

Fredrik H. Schjesvold, Paul G. Richardson, Thierry Facon et al.

Anette Lykke Hindhede, Vibeke Andersen

The public health sector in welfare states is increasingly subject to organisational changes, particularly in hospitals, as organisations comprise coali-tions of various (healthcare) professionals. In this context, due to interprofessional competition, knowledge claims play an important role in achieving jurisdictional control. In this paper, we investigate the manifestations of and health professionals’ reactions to competing institutional discourses. Through qualitative interviews with hospital management, middle managers, and staff employees at three hospitals in Denmark, we demonstrate how managerial attempts to control tenacious profes-sional bureaucracies are exercised through both bureaucratic forms of control and cultural-ideological modes of control with an introduction of new discourses of in-terprofessional teamwork. The findings suggest that hospitals seek not only to con-tain ambiguity through bureaucratic features of control, but also to cultivate it when seeking to strengthen cooperation between professions. Thereby, ambiguity itself becomes a mechanism for management.

Gábor Csifcsák, Nya Mehnwolo Boayue, Per M. Aslaksen et al.

Shaochun Huang, Rohini Kumar, Oldrich Rakovec et al.

This study assesses the flood characteristics (timing, magnitude and frequency) in the pre-industrial and historical periods, and analyzes climate change impacts on floods at the warming levels of 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 K above the pre-industrial level in four large river basins as required by the Paris agreement. Three well-established hydrological models (HMs) were forced with bias-corrected outputs from four global climate models (GCMs) for the pre-industrial, historical and future periods until 2100. The long pre-industrial and historical periods were subdivided into multiple 31-year subperiods to investigate the natural variability. The mean flood characteristics in the pre-industrial period were derived from the large ensemble based on all GCMs, HMs and 31-year subperiods, and compared to the ensemble means in the historical and future periods. In general, the variance of simulated flood characteristics is quite large in the pre-industrial and historical periods. Mostly GCMs and HMs contribute to the variance, especially for flood timing and magnitude, while the selection of 31-year subperiods is an important source of variance for flood frequency. The comparison between the ensemble means shows that there are already some changes in flood characteristics between the pre-industrial and historical periods. There is a clear shift towards earlier flooding for the Rhine (1.5 K scenario) and Upper Mississippi (3.0 K scenario). The flood magnitudes show a substantial increase in the Rhine and Upper Yellow only under the 3.0 K scenario. The floods are projected to occur more frequently in the Rhine under the 1.5 and 2.0 K scenarios, and less frequently in the Upper Mississippi under all scenarios.

Ioan Dutcă

Tree biomass data are essential for developing the biomass allometric models that are necessary for estimating carbon stock and for monitoring changes in forest biomass. In this ‘data article’ biomass records are presented for 240 Norway spruce trees (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Trees were between 4 and 15 years of age and were sampled from 24 pure plantations located in Eastern Carpathians of Romania. Ten trees were sampled from each plantation using a cluster sampling method. For each tree, diameter at root collar height (D) and tree height (H) are provided as potential predictors for biomass. Oven-dried biomass is also recorded for the following partitions: stem (ST); branches (BR); needles (ND); roots (RT); as well as their combinations representing total aboveground biomass (AGB) and overall tree biomass (TB). Sampled trees were between 0.6 and 10.0 cm in diameter and between 53.0 and 552.0 cm in height. Total tree biomass ranged between 0.019 and 15.53 kg/tree. This dataset is related to the research article entitled “Site-effects on biomass allometric models for early growth plantations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)” (Dutcă et al., 2018) [1].

Steinar Krokstad, Ding Ding, Anne C. Grunseit et al.

Abstract Background Lifestyle risk behaviours are responsible for a large proportion of disease burden and premature mortality worldwide. Risk behaviours tend to cluster in populations. We developed a new lifestyle risk index by including emerging risk factors (sleep, sitting time, and social participation) and examine unique risk combinations and their associations with all-cause and cardio-metabolic mortality. Methods Data are from a large population-based cohort study in a Norway, the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), with an average follow-up time of 14.1 years. Baseline data from 1995–97 were linked to the Norwegian Causes of Death Registry. The analytic sample comprised 36 911 adults aged 20–69 years. Cox regression models were first fitted for seven risk factors (poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption, current smoking, physical inactivity, excessive sitting, too much/too little sleep, and poor social participation) separately and then adjusted for socio-demographic covariates. Based on these results, a lifestyle risk index was developed. Finally, we explored common combinations of the risk factors in relation to all-cause and cardio-metabolic mortality outcomes. Results All single risk factors, except for diet, were significantly associated with both mortality outcomes, and were therefore selected to form a lifestyle risk index. Risk of mortality increased as the index score increased. The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality increased from 1.37 (1.15-1.62) to 6.15 (3.56-10.63) as the number of index risk factors increased from one to six respectively. Among the most common risk factor combinations the association with mortality was particularly strong when smoking and/or social participation were included. Conclusions This study adds to previous research on multiple risk behaviours by incorporating emerging risk factors. Findings regarding social participation and prolonged sitting suggest new components of healthy lifestyles and potential new directions for population health interventions.

L. Salomonsen, L. Skovgaard, S. la Cour et al.

BackgroundSeveral studies have found that a high proportion of the population in western countries use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). However, little is known about whether CAM is offered in hospitals. The aim of this study was to describe to what extent CAM is offered in Norwegian and Danish hospitals and investigate possible changes in Norway since 2001.MethodsA one-page questionnaire was sent to all included hospitals in both countries. The questionnaire was sent to the person responsible for the clinical activity, typically the medical director. 99 hospitals in the authority (85%) in Norway and 126 in Denmark (97%) responded. Given contact persons were interviewed.ResultsCAM is presently offered in about 50% of Norwegian hospitals and one-third of Danish hospitals. In Norway CAM was offered in 50 hospitals, 40 of which involved acupuncture. 19 hospitals gave other alternative therapies like biofeedback, hypnosis, cupping, ear-acupuncture, herbal medicine, art therapy, homeopathy, reflexology, thought field therapy, gestalt therapy, aromatherapy, tai chi, acupressure, yoga, pilates and other. 9 hospitals offered more than one therapy form. In Denmark 38 hospitals offered acupuncture and one Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Light Therapy. The most commonly reported reason for offering CAM was scientific evidence in Denmark. In Norway it was the interest of a hospital employee, except for acupuncture where the introduction is more often initiated by the leadership and is more based on scientific evidence of effect. All persons (except one) responsible for the alternative treatment had a medical or allied health professional background and their education/training in CAM treatment varied substantially.ConclusionsThe extent of CAM being offered has increased substantially in Norway during the first decade of the 21st century. This might indicate a shift in attitude regarding CAM within the conventional health care system.

T. Gjedrem, H. M. Gjøen, B. Gjerde

L. Havelin, A. Fenstad, Roger Salomonsson et al.

Background and purpose The possibility of comparing results and of pooling the data has been limited for the Nordic arthroplasty registries, because of different registration systems and questionnaires. We have established a common Nordic database, in order to compare demographics and the results of total hip replacement surgery between countries. In addition, we plan to study results in patient groups in which the numbers are too small to be studied in the individual countries. Material and methods Primary total hip replacements (THRs) from 1995–2006 were selected for the study. Denmark, Sweden, and Norway contributed data. A common code set was made and Cox multiple regression, with adjustment for age, sex, and diagnosis was used to calculate prosthesis survival with any revision as endpoint. Results 280,201 operations were included (69,242 from Denmark, 140,821 from Sweden, and 70,138 from Norway). Females accounted for 60% of the patients in Denmark and Sweden, and 70% in Norway. Childhood disease was the cause of 3.1%, 1.8%, and 8.7% of the operations in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, respectively. Resurfacing of hips accounted for 0.5% or less in all countries. The posterior approach was used in 91% of cases in Denmark, 60% in Sweden, and 24% in Norway. Cemented THRs were used in 46% of patients in Denmark, in 89% of patients in Sweden, and in 79% of patients in Norway. Of the 280,201 primary THRs, 9,596 (3.4%) had been revised. 10-year survival was 92% (95% CI: 91.6–92.4) in Denmark, 94% (95% CI: 93.6–94.1) in Sweden, and 93% (95% CI: 92.3–93.0) in Norway. In Denmark, 34% of the revisions were due to dislocation, as compared to 23% in Sweden and Norway. Replacement of only cup or liner constituted 44% of the revisions in Denmark, 29% in Sweden, and 33% in Norway. Interpretation This unique common Nordic collaboration has shown differences between the countries concerning demographics, prosthesis fixation, and survival. The large number of patients in this database significantly widens our horizons for future research.