Hasil untuk "Meteorology. Climatology"

M. Richman

P. Neiman, F. M. Ralph, G. Wick et al.

Lisan Yu, Xiangze Jin, R. Weller

F. Besharat, A. Dehghan, A. Faghih

Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar, Anne Bruggen, Pradeep Murukannaiah et al.

Climate change increasingly impacts the built environment through rising sea levels, intensifying heatwaves, and frequent extreme weather events, especially in low-lying, densely populated countries like the Netherlands. Despite growing urgency, current climate risk management strategies are rather individuated by firms, and siloed across sectors. A lack of shared, accessible knowledge on climate risks to real estate and infrastructure hinders coordinated, transparent, and integrated decision-making. This highlights the need for structured transdisciplinary approaches that foster collaboration between researchers and practitioners to co-produce knowledge and develop integrated adaptation solutions.This article introduces a novel framework to facilitate transdisciplinary knowledge production for integrated real estate and infrastructure climate risk management. Using a mixed-method approach, the framework is developed through a literature review on transdisciplinary research and further evolved by incorporating practice-based empirical insights and collective experiential learning gained during its application within the Red&Blue (Real Estate Development and Building in Low Urban Environments) case study.The framework comprises four interconnected phases: (1) knowledge elicitation through a three-layer stakeholder engagement and impact plan, (2) knowledge exploration by combining the institutionalized logics theory and AI-supported techniques, (3) knowledge integration, and (4) knowledge transformation.Applying the framework to the Red&Blue case study reveals that effective transdisciplinary knowledge production requires not only a structured process but also an adaptive, and iterative approach. Key enablers include sustained stakeholders engagement, safe-space dialogue, conscious knowledge integration, and integrative leadership. These elements foster trust, improve communication, and support the co-creation of actionable and transferable knowledge to address complex climate risk and sustainability challenges in urbanized built environments in the Netherlands and beyond.

R. Mizuta, Hiromasa Yoshimura, H. Murakami et al.

P. Duffy, P. Brando, G. Asner et al.

K. Błażejczyk, G. Jendritzky, P. Bröde et al.

Nathalie Tomson, Ruby Naomi Michael, Igor E. Agranovski

This study investigated the potential of Tillandsia plants, which can be arranged as a soil-free living green panel, and Banksia flower spikes, which could be arranged as a non-living natural panel, to filter particulate matter (PM) and airborne microorganisms. The Tillandsia panels demonstrated superior PM filtration, achieving up to 74% efficiency for large particles (>10 μm) at air velocities of 1.0 and 1.5 m/s without increasing pressure drop substantially. Conversely, Banksia performed better at 0.5 m/s, filtering up to 53% of PM compared to Tillandsia’s 13%. Notably, both panel types demonstrated significant fungal filtration, removing over 50% of airborne spores at 1.5 m/s. These findings suggest that incorporating plant-based panels into urban environments can enhance air quality and public health especially for allergenic particles and microorganisms.

Abubakar Haruna, Juliette Blanchet, Anne-Catherine Favre

Precipitation is crucial for water supply and energy generation in the Alps. However, heavy precipitation can also lead to natural disasters. It is therefore essential to understand the changes in both mean and extreme precipitation in order to develop effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. This study jointly models the observed long-term trends in both the bulk and extremes of daily precipitation distribution in Switzerland by employing a non-stationary version of the Extended Generalized Pareto distribution (EGPD). The EGPD allows us to model the entire non-zero precipitation range while remaining consistent with extreme value theory in its lower and upper tails.. We incorporated the non-stationarity by allowing the parameters of the distribution to vary with two covariates, time and sea surface temperature, and used a bootstrap approach for uncertainty assessment and to assess the significance of the modeled trends. The results indicate that extreme precipitation has increased in all seasons, while mean precipitation has only significantly increased in winter in northern Switzerland. This increase in winter precipitation is attributed to both a positive trend in the frequency and in the intensity of wet days precipitation.

H. Binder, H. Wernli

<p>Extreme meteorological seasons are highly relevant because of their severe impacts on many socioeconomic sectors. However, a global statistical characterisation of observed extreme seasons is challenging because at any specific location, very few such seasons occurred during the limited period with available reanalysis datasets. This study therefore uses 1050 years of present-day (1990–1999) climate simulations of the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) and 71 years (1950–2020) of ERA5 reanalyses to systematically identify extremely wet, dry, windy, and calm seasons in the extratropics during winter and summer and to quantify the role of extratropical cyclones in their occurrence. Extreme seasons are defined as spatially coherent regions of extreme seasonal mean precipitation or near-surface wind. The results from the climate model and from ERA5 are mostly consistent, suggesting that the climate model captures the cyclone properties reasonably well. Compared to the climatology, extremely wet seasons are associated with positive anomalies in cyclone frequency in large parts of the extratropics. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH) storm track and at the downstream ends of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) storm tracks, cyclones contributing to wet winters are also anomalously intense and typically originate unusually far to the west and south, while in the subtropical North Atlantic and over the eastern Mediterranean, they are on average more stationary than in the climatology. Windy seasons are often associated with anomalously few but particularly intense cyclones, especially during winter. Positive anomalies in both cyclone frequency and intensity are found in the southern North Atlantic during winter, which suggests that windy winters in this region occur during southward shifts in the position of the main storm track. The patterns of dry and calm seasons mainly contrast with those of wet and windy seasons; i.e. they are often characterised by particularly few or weak cyclones or a combination thereof. In all four types of extreme seasons, there is remarkably large spatial and seasonal variability in the cyclone properties, especially over the continents. Overall, it can be concluded that (i) anomalies in the seasonal frequency and/or intensity distribution of extratropical cyclones are crucial for the occurrence of many extreme seasons in the extratropics and (ii) this link shows substantial geographical and seasonal variability.</p>

Barbara Templ, E. Koch, K. Bolmgren et al.

Yu Zhan, Lufang Tian, Ruxin Zhang et al.

<b>Background</b>: The development of the global economy has led to changes in air pollution patterns. The haze phenomenon characterized by high concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) has changed to complex pollution, and photochemical pollution characterized by ozone (O₃) has become increasingly prominent. Ozone pollution and its impact on human health has become an important topic that needs to be studied urgently. <b>Objective</b>: To investigate the effects of ozone on oxidative stress and inflammation in the nasal mucosa of a rat model. <b>Methods</b>: Thirty-two healthy female Sprague–Dawley rats, eight in each group, were divided into four groups using the randomized numeric table method: normal control group (NC group), normal rats with a low level of ozone inhalation exposure (NEL group, 0.5 ppm), medium ozone inhalation exposure (NEM group, 1 ppm), and high ozone inhalation exposure (NEH group, 2 ppm). The ozone inhalation exposure groups were placed in the ozone inhalation exposure system and exposed to different concentrations of ozone for 2 h each day for 6 weeks. Nasal secretion was measured, and nasal lavage and nasal mucosa were collected. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were measured by colorimetric assay, and the nasal mucosa was analyzed by Western blot. Western blot (WB) was used to detect the expression of NF-κB p65 nuclear protein in nasal mucosa. The mRNA expression of NF-κB target genes IL-6 and IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), and the protein content of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α was detected by ELISA in serum and nasal lavage fluid. The nasal mucosa of rats was stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) to observe the pathological changes in the nasal mucosa. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 software. <b>Results</b>: The amount of nasal secretion increased significantly in all groups after ozone exposure compared with that in the NC group. The MDA content of the nasal mucosa was significantly increased in the ozone-exposed group compared with the NC group, and the activity levels of SOD and GSH-Px in the nasal mucosa were lower in the ozone-exposed group than in the NC group. The mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the nasal mucosa of the ozone-exposed group was elevated, and the protein content of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 in the nasal lavage fluid was elevated, and the content increased with the increase in ozone concentration. The expression of NF-κB p65 intracellular protein in the nasal mucosa of each ozone-exposed group was higher than that of the normal group, and the content increased with the increase in ozone concentration. <b>Conclusions</b>: Ozone inhalation exposure promotes oxidative stress and the release of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, leading to pathological damage of the nasal mucosa, the degree of which increases with increasing concentration. This pathological process may be related to the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB by ozone in the nasal mucosa of rats, which increases the expression of its target genes.

Hylke de Vries, Geert Lenderink, Erik van Meijgaard et al.

Summertime heatwaves are extreme events with a large societal impact. Intensity, duration and spatial extent, all heatwave properties are projected to increase in a warming world, implying that summers that qualified as extreme in the past will become increasingly normal. In this paper we quantify how the changes play out for the July 2019 European heatwave that shattered temperature records throughout Western Europe. We combine a storyline approach with ensemble Pseudo Global Warming (PGW) and high-resolution dynamical downscaling. The downscaling is done with a regional climate model (RACMO2, 12 km resolution) and a convection-permitting model (HCLIM-AROME, 2.5 km resolution). Under PGW the maximum temperature during the heatwave rises 1.5 to 2.5 times faster than the global mean, implying that even at moderate warming levels the heatwave impact changes are tangible. Moreover, there is no sign that the increase in the maximum temperature levels off at higher warming levels, implying that at +4K above present-day temperatures could reach 50 ^∘ C. During heatwaves cities become islands of heat where daily maxima and night-time minima are up to 5 ^∘ C higher than in rural areas as we show in ultra-high resolution HCLIM-AROME simulations at 150 m resolution.

A. Asyary, M. Veruswati

This study aims to present the correlation between sunlight exposure and Covid-19 statuses in Jakarta, Indonesia. The secondary data analysis was derived from surveillance data for Covid-19 from government authorities, including the Ministry of Health, the Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency, and the local government of Jakarta. Three statuses related to Covid-19 were examined in the study: incidence, death, and recovered. Meanwhile, sunlight exposure was presented as daily duration of it. Only the number of recovered patients correlated significantly with sunlight exposure (p-value = .025; r = 0.350). This study's findings showed that sunlight exposure was associated with recovery from Covid-19.

M. Sturm, G. Liston

Twenty-five years ago, we published a global seasonal snow classification now widely used in snow research, physical geography, and as a mission planning tool for remote sensing snow studies. Performing the classification requires global datasets of air temperature, precipitation, and land-cover. When introduced in 1995, the finest resolution global datasets of these variables were on a 0.5° × 0.5° latitude-longitude grid (approximately 50 km). Here we revisit the snow classification system and, using new datasets and methods, present a revised classification on a 10-arcsecond × 10-arcsecond latitude-longitude grid (approximately 300 m). We downscaled 0.1° × 0.1° latitude-longitude (approximately 10 km) gridded meteorological climatologies (1981-2019, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts [ECMWF] ReAnalysis, 5th Generation Land [ERA5-Land]) using MicroMet, a spatially distributed, high-resolution, micro-meteorological model. The resulting air temperature and precipitation datasets were combined with European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) GlobCover land-cover data (as a surrogate for wind speed) to produce the updated classification, which we have applied to all of Earth’s terrestrial areas. We describe this new, high-resolution snow classification dataset, highlight the improvements added to the classification system since its inception, and discuss the utility of the climatological snow classes at this much higher resolution. The snow class dataset (Global Seasonal-Snow Classification 2.0) and the tools used to develop the data are publicly available online at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC).

J. Rhee, J. Im

Xuejiao Hou, Lian Feng, H. Duan et al.

R. Jaiswal, A. K. Lohani, H. Tiwari

Y. Depietri, T. McPhearson

Cities are high emitters of greenhouse gases and are drivers of environmental modification, often leading to degradation and fragmentation of ecosystems at local and regional scales. Linked to these trends is a growing threat experienced by urban areas: the risk from hydro-meteorological and climatological hazards, further accentuated by climate change. Ecosystems and their services, though often overlooked or degraded, can provide multiple hazard regulating functions such as coastal and surface flood regulation, temperature regulation and erosion control. Engineering or grey approaches often do not tackle the root causes of risk and can increase the vulnerability of populations over the long-term. However, evidence of alternative approaches such as the role of healthy, functioning ecosystems in disaster risk reduction are still scarce, contentious, and with limited applicability in the urban context. This chapter explores the role of grey, green, and blue infrastructure and in particular hybrid approaches for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation to shed light on available sustainable adaptation opportunities in cities and urban areas. We highlight the dependence of cities on ecosystems as a key component of climate resilience building through case studies and literature review. At the same time, we highlight the limitation and drawbacks in the adoption of merely grey or merely green infrastructures. We suggest that an intermediate ‘hybrid’ approach, which combines both blue, green and grey approaches, may be the most effective strategy for reducing risk to hazards in the urban context.