Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Tetiana Kuznietsova

Surzhyk, as a Ukrainian–Russian mixed subcode, has long been a subject of extensive research. Despite this, it remains an ambiguous phenomenon that elicits diverse assessments and attitudes. Within Ukrainian academic circles, a tradition has emerged of evaluating this communicative subcode through the prism of linguistic norms, predominantly characterising it as a negative phenomenon. However, in everyday communication, Surzhyk functions dynamically, reflecting the varied attitudes of its speakers. Significant shifts in its perception became particularly evident following the Russian Federation's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Consequently, Russian-speaking individuals have increasingly adopted Surzhyk as a means of distancing themselves from the Russian language, which is widely perceived as the language of the aggressor. This article presents the results of a sociolinguistic study conducted in 2020–2021 and 2023–2024 among residents of the Odesa and Mykolaiv regions. The study examines the evolution of attitudes towards Surzhyk in the wake of the invasion, with particular attention given to the role of mass media discourse in shaping these perceptions. The analysis reveals a growing tendency towards a more favourable view of mixed speech; in the context of war, Surzhyk has come to symbolise solidarity and serves as an informal linguistic bridge for transitioning from Russian-dominant to Ukrainian-speaking communication. 

Silvia Pettini

This paper presents the preliminary findings of a wider research project which aims at exploring the relationship between racist hate speech and online English lexicography for learners. In particular, this pilot study focuses on the treatment of “ethnophaulisms” (Roback 1944), most commonly referred to as ethnic slurs, in the online editions of three major British English dictionaries for advanced learners: the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, the Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners and the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The rationale behind this paper lies in the connection between two phenomena of the present cultural moment and digital age: the impact of the Internet on dictionary consulting (Jackson 2017; Béjoint 2016) and the alarming increase of online racism and xenophobia at the global level (see Gagliardone et al. 2015). Accordingly, the research objective is to analyse whether and how the three dictionaries selected include, label, define or, more generally, present learners with data reflecting the taboo and offensive nature of these instances of racist hate speech.

Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska

Kashubian and Lusatian Studies Scholar, Outstanding Slavicist and Etymologist – Professor Hanna Popowska-Taborska (1930–2022) This is an article in memory of Professor Hanna Popowska-Taborska, an outstanding Kashubian studies scholar, Slavicist and etymologist. Her scholarly interests mainly focused on the Kashubian language: description of its dialects and linguistic monuments, its dialects in the light of nineteenth-century archival materials, its lexicography, status and contemporary changes, and its development as a literary language. Her important achievements also include studies on Slavic lexis and etymology. She was the first researcher to draw attention to the importance of the legacy of Bartholomeus de Bydgostia (Bartłomiej z Bydgoszczy). A renowned scholar, Professor Popowska-Taborska was a member of numerous commissions, committees, and academic and editorial boards. Badaczka Kaszub i Łużyc, wybitna slawistka i etymolożka – Profesor Hanna Popowska-Taborska (1930–2022) Tekst o charakterze memorialnym zawiera informacje o życiu i pracy naukowej wybitnej badaczki Kaszub, etymolożki i slawistki Hanny Popowskiej-Taborskiej. Zainteresowania naukowe prof. H. Popowskiej-Taborskiej skupiały się głównie wokół kaszubszczyzny (opis dialektów i zabytków językowych, dialekty kaszubskie w świetle dziewiętnastowiecznych materiałów archiwalnych, studia nad kaszubską leksykografią, prace dotyczące statusu kaszubszczyzny, opis dokonujących się współcześnie przemian, kształtowanie się kaszubskiego języka literackiego). Ważną część dorobku stanowią także opracowania dotyczące leksyki i etymologii słowiańskich. Prof. H. Popowska-Taborska była pierwszą badaczką, która zwróciła uwagę na znaczenie spuścizny Bartłomieja z Bydgoszczy. Miarą uznania dorobku prof. H. Popowskiej-Taborskiej było członkostwo w licznych komisjach, komitetach, radach naukowych.

Geda Paulsen, Maria Tuulik, Ahti Lohk et al.

This study addresses categorization issues related to adjective candidates in Estonian, focusing on the category of participles. The aim of the analysis was to assess the ranges of the prototypical adjective and to determine its degree of deviation on the prototypicality scale. The investigation was based on a group of validated adjectives – selected adjectives included in the Basic Estonian Dic­tionary – and two control groups of more and less lexicalized participles. We tested seven morphosyntactic corpus patterns characteristic of adjectives. The test patterns were based on the prototypical features of the adjective, as well as on observations made in the actual lexicographic analysis. To assess the sam­ple words and determine the significance of the test patterns from the point of view of defining adjectivity, we used deviation analysis. The results of this study can be applied to establish a measure of adjectivity for lexicographic judgments when distinguishing, for instance, lexicalized participles from regular ones.

Alexander I. Falileyev

This new book by Xavier Delamarre is the first volume of the dictionary of Gaulish nominal bases. Since onomastics is the source for most of its data, this book is of interest for the readers of this journal. Apart from Gaulish, the author considers data of other ancient Celtic languages such as Lepontic, Celtiberian, or British (Brittonic). The review surveys methodological aspects underlying this research, and particularly a number of questions related to suffixation in relation to the most recent research on Celtic morphology and word-formation. Undoubtedly, the book is the most complete collection of Gaulish onomastics up to date, although a number of missing forms can be brought forward, which is to be expected due to the amount of data at our disposal, and selection of several examples as Celtic should be questioned. The text contains etymological comments, and some of them appear in the book for the first time which deserves special attention. The dictionary is a very important contribution to Celtic studies in general, and to Gaulish onomastics in particular.

Nina L. Chulkina

The paper represents lingvo-cultural and semiotic description of the vocabulary, which introduces the everyday life of the poor characters of the F. Dostoevskys novels. In this case the procedure of the construction of text associative fields and the concept of idiogloss are used. Associative text fields are built, from one side, around the base concepts of daily activity - HOUSE/DWELLING; CLOTHING; FOOD; MONEY, DEBTS, LOAN; DISEASE, DEATH; WORK, BUSINESS; and idioglosses POVERTY; SHAME; FEAR; PRIDE, THE PINCHED PRIDE; GENTLENESS - on the other hand. These two measurements - semantic and pragmatic - make it possible to reconstruct on the texts of Dostoevsky the everyday world of poor characters, to reveal those specific idiosenses, which are concluded in the lexical items being investigated. Besides, the author hopes that such description can become additional material for the creation of the corresponding articles of the Dostoevskys Language Dictionary, which is making now in the V.V. Vinigradov Russian Language University (Russian Science Academy). At the V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language University University of Russian Science Academy in the sector of experimental lexicography under the guidance of Corresponding Member of the Russian Science Academy, Professor Y.N. Karaulov, work on creation of the F.M. Dostoevskys Language Dictionary has been conducted for many years. At the same time, collections of articles are published - The Word of Dostoevsky, viewed as a kind of extension of Dostoevskys Language Dictionary. The authors of the collection should implement the overall thrust of the research results as a guide - the solution of interpretational, hermeneutic tasks. Meanwhile it is also important to identify and describe the vocabulary that is significant for interpretation of Dostoevskys texts and idioglosses in particular, i.e. such lexical units that are important for understanding, for deciphering and interpreting of the meaning of his literary works, for characterizing his authors style (idiostyle), for recreating his picture of the world, his universal and national ideals .

Zhang Shuchun, Olga V. Kukushkina

In the article Russian nouns formed with -ism suffix, often containing borrowed roots from other Indo-European languages, are analyzed from the perspective of their syntactic function as nominalization. As nominalization regarded in linguistics as a type of pure syntactic transformation (or “syntactic derivation” according to the definition of Jerzy Kuryłowicz), the -ost’ suffix as a word-formational formant for syntactic derivation is well acknowledged and described. As a contrast, the studied group of nouns with -ism suffix is seldom associated with or regarded as deadjectival nominals in previous works and dictionaries. Our analysis based on explanatory and morpheme dictionaries has shown, the motivational correlation between nouns with -ism suffix and adjectives are described in multiple ways, often contrasted one another. For instance, -isms are described in the morpheme dictionary (Lopantin, Ulukhanov 2016) as deadjectival nouns, while in the Shvedova dictionary as non-derivatives, motivating adjectives of quality. In addition, the seme ‘quality’ is also described variously in the two dictionaries – directly or using synonyms with different formants. The analysis of word-usages of -isms was conducted with the corpus “Russian Newspapers of the End of the XX Century”, developed by the Laboratory for General and Computational Lexicology and Lexicography (Lomonosov Moscow State University). The analysis has shown that the diagnostic context automatically differentiate the usage of -isms as nominalizations are the dependent names of the “feature carrier”, which as a result of nominalization has been moved from the position of subject to a dependent attribute.

Adeline Terry

Metaphor is recognised as a prominent mechanism of lexical semantic change and is a particularly productive tool to create new euphemisms to mention taboo topics (Crespo Fernández [2006]). This paper focuses on death metaphors, and more specifically on the possible influence of the interactions between metaphor and metonymy on the X-phemistic nature (Allan & Burridge [1991], [2006]) of death metaphors and their continuous euphemistic use in the English language. It relies on 122 metaphorical occurrences drawn from 3 different TV series (Six Feet Under, House, M.D., and Grey’s Anatomy), collected following the recommendations of the Pragglejaz group [2007]. A significant amount of death metaphorical occurrences (mostly those using source domains such as journey, loss or rest, for example) tend to be conventionalised and rather euphemistic, which seems to confirm what was indicated or suggested in previous works (see Allan & Burridge [1991], [2006], Bultinck [1998] or Crespo Fernández [2006]). I argue that the interactions between metonymy and metaphor (see Goossens [2002], Geeraerts [2002], Ruiz de Mendoza & Galera-Masegosa [2011], Kövecses [2013]) partly account for the euphemistic nature of those metaphors: because of the pervasiveness of the mind-body dichotomy in Western religions and cultures, death metaphors are often combined to metonymies in which a dead person is either conceptualised as a dead body or as a soul. The former tend to be dysphemistic (as in realizations of the dead body is rotting food metaphors) while the latter tend to be euphemistic (as in realizations of death is a journey metaphors). I also focus on the diachronic dimension of X-phemisms as some occurrences were first attested over 8 centuries ago; I suggest that the euphemism treadmill (which could be defined as the phenomenon of lexical change resulting from the semantic evolution of existing euphemisms) seems to be slower for death metaphors, which tend to be combined to metonymies (such as a person is a soul), than for metaphors used to mention other taboo domains.

Oddrun Grønvik, Sturla Berg-Olsen, Marit Hovdenak et al.

Monolingual lexicography for Norwegian started some decades after political independence from Denmark in 1814. Since 1885 two written standards have been recognized, one based on Danish as spoken in Norway (today Bokmål), and one based on the Norwegian vernacular (Nynorsk). Both are fully described in major scholarly dictionaries, now completed and freely available on the web. Both receive some public funding, with a view to further development. Because of frequent orthographic revisions, at first aimed at bringing the written standards closer to each other, spellers dominated the market through most of the 20th century. Today linguistic stability is aimed for, incorporating only such changes in the written standards as are supported by general usage. The first general monolingual defining dictionaries Bokmålsordboka and Nynorskordboka, covering the central vocabulary of each written standard, were first published as parallel volumes in 1986, and are now undergoing revision at the University of Bergen in cooperation with the Language Council of Norway. These dictionaries are now stored in databases, are available on the web and as a free smartphone app. Public funding of monolingual mother tongue lexicography is seen as an investment in essential linguistic infrastructure, as is bilingual lexicography between the Nordic languages and Norwegian, while other bilingual lexicography is dealt with by private publishers.

Julia Miller

In the pipeline is an English idiom referring to something abstract, such as a project, that is in progress but is not yet complete. Although some research has been published on initiatives linking lexicography and phraseology, and more research may be in the pipeline, there is plenty of room for further collaboration. This paper will explore ways in which phraseology (epitomised here by the phrase known as an idiom) contributes to lexicography in diverse felds: online dictionaries; headwords; the labelling of idiom entries; example sentences; the possibility of crowdsourcing; the role of corpora; pedagogical lexicography; teachers’ use of dictionaries in class; user skills; and ways in which phraseology can contribute to the portrayal of culture in a dictionary. It is hoped that this will inspire joint research projects between phraseologists and lexicographers so that future papers can report on more research in the pipeline.

Sofia Oliveira Dias

The interest in the research on the linguistic contact between Portuguese and Spanish, both in Europe and Brazil, as far as foreign language teaching – both in the translation and lexicography areas – is concerned, has been on the increase, with lexicon being one of the most important areas. Within the latter, the so-called “false friends” are one of the elements which have led to the most significant number of studies regarding the contrastive analysis between the two languages. It is the purpose of this article to examine the presence and the presentation of false friends in the textbooks of Portuguese as a foreign language for Spanish speakers.

Božidar Brezinščak Bagola

Geneza ideje o Enciklopediji Hrvatskoga zagorja (Uvodnik)

Miloš Štědroň

The text is dedicated to the leading personality of the Brno School of Musicology, Jiří Fukač (1936–2002). The aim is to capture this musicological personality in its complexity, especially through the important contexts and the musicological work. The study notes Fukač's basics in the field of musicology, as well as all the important areas in which Fukač intervened during his life, and tries to evaluate his signifikance.

Olga Vladimirovna Zagorovskaya, Elizaveta Dmitrievna Biryukova

The article is devoted to actual problems of creation of new types of learning dictionaries of Russian as a foreign language. On the basis of the modern theory and practice of Russian learning lexicography oriented to non-native speakers and on the basis of the problems of teaching of Russian in the contemporary sociocultural conditions it concludes , that among the most important areas of domestic academic lexicografy now should be considered the creation of special standart stylistic dictionaries containing comprehensive reflection of the stylistic system of the Russian language, stylistic characteristics of Russian words and standarts of the literary language and focused on the expansion of language, communication, cultural and linguistic competence of students in the field of Russian speech culture. These dictionaries are not currently available, and it comes into conflict with both the needs of society and the requirements of modern linguistics in teaching Russian as a foreign language. The aim of the article is a summary of the author’s conception of the complex standart stylistic dictionary of the Russian language culturalurological orientation designed for studying Russian as a foreign language, and based on the representation of complex information about the stylistic characteristics of the Russian words and practicing their skills in the use of normative speech. The article presents the results of studies on the preparation of the title of the dictionary, ongoing at the Regional Centre of the Russian language, Voronezh State Pedagogical University. It describes the theoretical bases of this lexicographical work and its preliminary design: the typological features of dictionary, its structure and organization entries. The novelty of the proposed lexicographical development tipe is determined by the characteristics of its organization, the nature of the language material derived not only from the modern Russian language dictionaries of various types, but also of special author’s corpuses as well as relying on modern methods of computer and corpus linguistics.

L. Q. Anh, T. Q. Duy, P. Q. Khanh

Iosif Keselman

The “Thesaurus of Text Strings: The field of EFL/ESL” (TTS) is a structured collection of text fragments extracted from various texts, both printed and digital, that deal with teaching and learning English as a foreign or second language. While the sublanguage of ELF/ESL has been vastly discussed in literature, the TTS is a radically new type of dictionary due to the nature of its constituent objects, the text strings. A text string (TS) is a lexicographic object of unique status; as such, it has not been used before. It is different from all other objects traditionally treated in dictionaries of various types, such as words, collocations, idioms, proverbs and other reproducible linguistic units. TSs have been extracted from specialized texts, they are supposed to reflect the various aspects, even the minute ones, of the referential situations presented in the texts. The TSs in the Thesaurus are arranged mostly according to the conceptual structure of the Foreign Languages Teaching Methodology (a deductive logical procedure, ‘head – bottom’), but on the lower, more concrete, levels of analysis the TSs have to be grouped following the opposite logical direction, ‘bottom – up’ as the Teaching Methodology concepts prove to be too general to differentiate between finer meaning distinctions of numerous TSs. The TTS supplies a considerable amount of carefully structured professional information in language form. It is aimed primarily at teachers of English who are not native speakers of the language and who wish to make their professional communication in English more authentic. It can also be used in classroom activities with students who are preparing for teaching careers. Thus, a conclusion may be justified that the TTS has both the theoretical significance for lexicography and the practical value as a good professional teaching material. The TTS may also be meaningfully considered against the background of today’s Corpus Linguistics. Though not a ‘true’ corpus per se, it has certain features that are essentially similar to those of contemporary linguistic corpora.

Thomas Helmuth

David Bradley

Ludmila Dimitrova, Violetta Koseska-Toszewa, Danuta Roszko et al.

Application of multilingual corpus in contrastive studies (on the example of the Bulgarian-Polish-Lithuanian parallel corpus) In this paper we present applications of a trilingual corpus in language research. Comparative and contrastive studies of Polish and Bulgarian as well as Polish and Lithuanian have been already conducted, but up to the best of our knowledge no such studies exist for Bulgarian and Lithuanian. On the one hand, it is interesting to note that two Slavic languages are compared to a Baltic language (Lithuanian). On the other hand, the three languages are marginally present in the EU because of the later ascension of the three countries to the EU. The paper shortly describes the first electronic Bulgarian–Polish–Lithuanian experimental corpus, currently under development only for research. We also focus our attention on the morphosyntactic annotation of the parallel trilingual corpus according to the Corpus Encoding Standard: we present a review of the Part-of-Speech (POS) classification of the participle in the three languages – Bulgarian, Polish, and Lithuanian in comparison to another POS, the adjective. We briefly discuss tagsets for corpus annotation from the point of view of possible unification in the future with some examples.

Rim Kalaï, Claude Lamboray, D. Vanderpooten