Hasil untuk "Japanese language and literature"

Christopher Whitaker, S. Stevelink, N. Fear

Background Social media is a popular online tool that allows users to communicate and exchange information. It allows digital content such as pictures, videos and websites to be shared, discussed, republished and endorsed by its users, their friends and businesses. Adverts can be posted and promoted to specific target audiences by demographics such as region, age or gender. Recruiting for health research is complex with strict requirement criteria imposed on the participants. Traditional research recruitment relies on flyers, newspaper adverts, radio and television broadcasts, letters, emails, website listings, and word of mouth. These methods are potentially poor at recruiting hard to reach demographics, can be slow and expensive. Recruitment via social media, in particular Facebook, may be faster and cheaper. Objective The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding the current use and success of Facebook to recruit participants for health research purposes. Methods A literature review was completed in March 2017 in the English language using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, PsycInfo, Google Scholar, and a hand search of article references. Papers from the past 12 years were included and number of participants, recruitment period, number of impressions, cost per click or participant, and conversion rate extracted. Results A total of 35 studies were identified from the United States (n=22), Australia (n=9), Canada (n=2), Japan (n=1), and Germany (n=1) and appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist. All focused on the feasibility of recruitment via Facebook, with some (n=10) also testing interventions, such as smoking cessation and depression reduction. Most recruited young age groups (16-24 years), with the remaining targeting specific demographics, for example, military veterans. Information from the 35 studies was analyzed with median values being 264 recruited participants, a 3-month recruitment period, 3.3 million impressions, cost per click of US $0.51, conversion rate of 4% (range 0.06-29.50), eligibility of 61% (range 17-100), and cost per participant of US $14.41. The studies showed success in penetrating hard to reach populations, finding the results representative of their control or comparison demographic, except for an over representation of young white women. Conclusions There is growing evidence to suggest that Facebook is a useful recruitment tool and its use, therefore, should be considered when implementing future health research. When compared with traditional recruitment methods (print, radio, television, and email), benefits include reduced costs, shorter recruitment periods, better representation, and improved participant selection in young and hard to reach demographics. It however, remains limited by Internet access and the over representation of young white women. Future studies should recruit across all ages and explore recruitment via other forms of social media.

Marjorie Burge, Jeffrey Niedermaier, Pier Carlo Tommasi

On December 6, 2022, the authors convened the first virtual “Intercollegiate Classical Japanese Poetry Contest”—also known as Reiwa yonen sankō jūsanban utaawase 令和四年三校十三番歌合 (Three-Schools Poetry Contest in Thirteen Rounds in the Fourth Year of Reiwa)—between our first-semester students of classical Japanese language (bungo). The contest is shaping up to be an annual event, with sequels involving a new set of institutions held in 2023 and 2024. This paper presents our reflections on this project, including its genesis, its outcomes, and its prospects. In addition to exploring the value of creative composition in classical language education, we argue that such approaches challenge the perception of bungo as “dead,” and we outline the process we undertook to incorporate this particular assignment into coursework and class time. Within the landscape of bungo pedagogy in North America, experimental approaches such as our contest promise to foster community, enrich understanding of bungo, and bolster student interest in classical language and culture.

I. A. Degtev

In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Soviet-Japanese relations were going through difficult times. The Mongolian issue and border incidents continually worsened bilateral contacts. In a state of hostility and open confrontation, the authorities of both countries detained and rummaged fishing vessels, artificially whipped up spy mania, increased pressure on left-wing elements (Japan) and arrested those who were associated with the enemy side through scientific or other work (the USSR). Limiting himself to two events from Soviet-Japanese history of this time, the author analyzes how Soviet-Japanese relations and the atmosphere of mutual perception changed in the period between the end of the Khalkhin Gol River conflict (1939) and the signing of the Neutrality Pact (1941). Using reports from employees of the USSR Plenipotentiary Mission in Tokyo as an example, the author examines how Japan’s attempt to begin building “new relations” with the USSR affected the position of Soviet diplomats and influenced the degree and quality of interaction between them and the Japanese. It is noted that, by developing cooperation with the Soviet diplomatic mission and paying attention to its staff, both in public and through personal invitations to cultural events, the Japanese authorities sought to emphasize the progressive nature of bilateral relations and create a positive image around them. This approach formed a part of Japan’s foreign policy, conditioned by the international context, in which maintaining relative stability was in the interests of both sides. However, the Japanese “sincerity” encountered by the Soviet representatives often aroused skepticism. For every step or sign of attention from the Japanese, the Plenipotentiary Mission urged its personnel to be vigilant: both the experience of past relations and the perception that changes in Japan’s position towards the USSR were temporary and situational were involved. In some cases, this distrust was intensified by the diplomats’ own stereotypes about the Japanese, rooted in racial, physical, and everyday prejudices.

Elena Giannoulis

The present article investigates in what way emotions are encoded in the works of Yōko Ogawa and reveals how their potential impact on affect and feelings unfolds. It argues that emotions predominantly occur in their pre-reflective form, i.e. as affects that are expressed by sensory narration. The study demonstrates that protagonists cannot verbalize or thematize reflected forms of emotions, i.e. feelings, or they stop at the affective level, primarily at the perception of physiological reactions. Sensory narration is embedded in the fairytale-like and yet uncanny-seeming basic mood that characterizes Ogawa’s writing. This mood is largely generated by sequences that will be defined in the present article as mood tableaux. After a clarification of the issue of the quality of mood in the text and the textual encoding of emotions (both affects and feelings), text-based and empirical approaches from the field of literary studies will be incorporated in an outlook on future research on this topic. The hypothesis is that due to the sensory and affective narration style, readers subconsciously shift to an affective perception mode, which subsequently turns into a mode of perception based on feelings. This is because, in contrast to the characters, the reader cannot stop at the affective level and cognitively steps in for the protagonists, i.e. the reader  reflects on the affective during the reading process and is moved by the feelings that the protagonists lack; he or she fills the psychological void in the text. This affect-reaction model can also be applied to the works of other authors and, through its symbiosis of text-based and empirical approaches, has great potential for the affective sciences within the field of literary studies.

Robert Kirkpatrick, Junko Kirkpatrick, Ali Derakhshan

Abstract Given the importance of academic motivation, numerous inquiries have scrutinized the antecedents of this psycho-emotional variable in various educational environments. Nonetheless, the role of students’ attitudes in their academic motivation has remained elusive. Put simply, it is unclear whether students’ attitudes can make positive changes in their learning motivation. To bridge this gap, the present investigation explored Japanese students’ attitudes towards learning English. The research also examined the interplay between attitudes and academic motivation from Japanese students’ perspectives. In doing so, a closed-ended survey was given to 417 elementary and high school students. Following that, some interview sessions were conducted with a sample of elementary and high school teachers. The study outcomes disclosed that almost all participants had positive attitudes toward learning English. The results also demonstrated that Japanese students perceived personal attitudes to be highly influential in learning motivation. The outcomes of the present research may enrich the existing literature on the association between personal attitudes and learning motivation. The outcomes of this investigation may be beneficial and illuminating for school principals and language teachers. The findings would notably expand their knowledge about the predictors of academic motivation in language education environments.

Thomas P. Rohlen

"Rohten has demonstrated that traditional anthropological method and theory can be adjusted to the analysis of complex organizations. The book provides a holistic perspective of a Japanese bank and its more than 3,000 employees. Methodologically, Rohlen analyzed this bank in much the same fashion as he would have carried out the study of a small community. Eleven months of participant observation within the bank and among its employees after work provided the major source of data...Possibly the most important finding of the study is that despite surface similarities with banks throughout the world, the Japanese have evolved an institution which is radically different. This bank, like many modern Japanese businesses, is organized to secure a common livelihood and way of life for its employees ...more than the best cultural analysis of a Japanese business, for the book also contributes to the fields of Japanese cultural change and modernization process essential reading." (American Anthropologist). "The account is adorned with an unusually rich selection of illustration from the speeches of firm officers, company records and documents, and of course extensive observations from employees ...As a case study of a single Japanese organization, For Harmony and Strength is a superb effort that penetrates deeper than any other book in the English language." (Contemporary Sociology). "A first-rate contribution to the literature in applied anthropology and comparative and cross-cultural management for the insights it provides on management of white-collar employees in Japan." (Industrial and Labor Relations Review). "A well-written, thoroughly researched study of the internal life of a single Japanese organization. Unlike most previous writers, Aohlen deals with the separate recruitment, work, and leisure patterns of the bank's women employees. As an anthropologist he has particular sensitivity to the ritual meanings of bank songs, ceremonies, and extensive training activities ...one of the best analyses to date of how Japanese organization works." (Library Journal). "What emerges from Rohlen's convincing and penetrating analysis is a picture of a thoroughly 'Japanese' business organization deeply imbued with Japanese cultural values ...in its sensitivity to cultural meanings and in its analytical coherence in the presentation of data, this book is a model of scholarship matched by few ethnographies. It will be consulted by those specializing in Japan, those interested in organizational behavior, and those interested in seeing 'the meanings of fundamental matters, ' for a long time to come." (Journal of Asian Studies).

Yushi Sugimoto, Ryosuke Yoshida, Hyeonjeong Jeong et al.

Abstract In computational neurolinguistics, it has been demonstrated that hierarchical models such as recurrent neural network grammars (RNNGs), which jointly generate word sequences and their syntactic structures via the syntactic composition, better explained human brain activity than sequential models such as long short-term memory networks (LSTMs). However, the vanilla RNNG has employed the top-down parsing strategy, which has been pointed out in the psycholinguistics literature as suboptimal especially for head-final/left-branching languages, and alternatively the left-corner parsing strategy has been proposed as the psychologically plausible parsing strategy. In this article, building on this line of inquiry, we investigate not only whether hierarchical models like RNNGs better explain human brain activity than sequential models like LSTMs, but also which parsing strategy is more neurobiologically plausible, by developing a novel fMRI corpus where participants read newspaper articles in a head-final/left-branching language, namely Japanese, through the naturalistic fMRI experiment. The results revealed that left-corner RNNGs outperformed both LSTMs and top-down RNNGs in the left inferior frontal and temporal-parietal regions, suggesting that there are certain brain regions that localize the syntactic composition with the left-corner parsing strategy.

Soichiro Saeki, Y. Kurosawa, Koichiro Tomiyama et al.

Background: As the number of non-native patients in Japan is increasing, emergency departments must provide proper care for international patients. However, no research has been conducted to determine the demographics of international patients that visit Japanese hospitals or the requirements to accept them. We aimed to organize the existing research and its patterns for foreign patients in Japan’s emergency departments and to identify the areas that require further research. Methods: Systematic review of research articles indexed in MEDLINE and Ichushi-web (Japanese medical literature) was conducted. The search strategy was based on a previous study in Japanese, and the search was limited to manuscripts published from 2015. Results: Nine publications that reported on the demographic characteristics of foreign patients who visited the emergency department were among the study’s 13 references. Injury diagnoses and the Asian population were both common. Dealing with overseas patients can be challenging due to linguistic barriers, cultural differences, and payment issues. However, studies describing the spoken language and the type of healthcare insurance used were lacking. Furthermore, neither the definition of “foreign patients” nor the distinction between short-term visitors and long-term residents were made in the majority of the research. Conclusions: The demographic characteristics of patients differed depending on the location and facility, despite the fact that several characteristics of foreign patients in emergency departments appeared to be generalizable. The COVID-19 pandemic may modify the demographic characteristics of immigrants; thus, more research from a broad range of locations and medical facilities is still necessary.

I. L. Timonina

The article analyzes the current problems and directions of modernization of Japanese corporate governance, as they are interpreted in the state strategy of socio-economic development, as well as analytical documents of leading business organizations in Japan. The transformation of the traditional model of Japanese management, which developed during the period of high economic growth (the second half of the 1950s – early 1970s), was taking place constantly and gradually as companies adapted to external changes and accepted some features of Western models. By the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century, the Japanese business had already been significantly reformed. The COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences, increasing uncertainty in the global economic space, and geopolitical tensions have accelerated the processes of change. The changes affected many areas of corporate governance – the valuation of companies, the structure of funding sources, investor relations, financial and accounting reporting systems, the system of crossownership of shares, appointment of top managers and their remuneration, financial disclosure. In the system of management priorities, the status of shareholders has increased, which has affected both the distribution of profits and the opportunities for investment in strategic areas. The government’s Strategy for the Formation of “New Capitalism” 2022 names a number of problematic areas of corporate governance – the efficiency of capital use, its distribution, the value of companies, human resource management, innovation and technological development. The Government proposed the concept of “post-neoliberal” capitalism – the capitalism of “stakeholders.” However, in the case of Japan, this concept is only partially new. Many of the projected and proposed changes do not contradict the traditional practice of Japanese business, especially in terms of the expanded composition of stakeholders, social responsibility of business, long-term planning horizon and investment in strategic areas of growth, personnel development. Of course, traditional business practices will acquire new features while taking into account the current situation, i.e., there is a spiral development, which is very typical for Japan, as well as partnership of the state and business, which is also a Japanese tradition.

A. V. Suslov

The presented article is devoted, on the one hand, to the general problem of the literary process in an archaic society on the example of the genesis of waka poetry; on the other hand, it directly refers to the archaism of the so-called long song (nagauta or chōka). The article raises the question of the transformation of that pre-aesthetic primitive song into archaic poetry. Describing the possible ways of genesis of the primitive song, the author, agreeing with the principle of accumulation of poetic lines, proposed by Bowra-Konishi, notes the need for a deeper comprehension of the Archaic period of Japanese (Yamato) literature. Stating the necessity to distinguish a primitive song from an archaic one, the author operates with the concept of a developed “aesthetic feeling” as a necessary criterion for the transformation of the primitive song, based on parallelism. Unlike primitive poetry, which performed merely the utilitarian function, archaic poetry started to meet not only ritual, but also aesthetic needs of an ancient human. In addition, the article examines the role of writing as a necessary condition for the death of primitive song and the formation of the canon. In addition, the text presents a critical characteristic of the main body of archaic poetry, including long songs, which are relatively few in number. Based on a sample analysis of the presented texts (poetic fragments from Kojiki, Nihonshoki, long songs from Man’yōshū and Naniwaza-uta from mokkan tablets), the author provides a classification-periodization of the genesis of the archaic form of nagauta/chōka (a narrative chronicle speech-stressing long song, a non-narrative non-epic long song, and a long song created by a specific author and having a developed system of imagery. Emphasizing the chronicles’ long song, its structural heterogeneity, the author builds a hypothesis of its genesis opposite to the accumulative principle of Bowra-Konishi, consisting in the principle of reductionism from the long epic form of a primitive song. The limit of this reduction is justified by the aesthetic “capacity” of the poetic form in the transitional period of the non-written method of versification. Keywords: nagauta (long song), archaic poetry, non-book culture, literary canon, reductionism, literary process.

Dipesh Kharel

Nepali student migration to Japan is a relatively new phenomenon, but one that has accelerated in recent years. The number of Nepali students increased from fewer than 1,000 in 2008 to over 29,000 in 2019, making them the third largest foreign student community in Japan. They migrate despite the exorbitant cost, with each student migrant usually paying 1.4 million Nepali rupees (USD 14,000) to a Japanese language institute (JLI) in Japan through an international educational consultancy (IEC) in Nepal to enter Japan on a student visa. Based on my ethnographic fieldwork in Japan and Nepal conducted from 2013 to 2019, this article examines the role of JLIs in Japan and IECs in Nepal in channeling students from Nepal to Japan. The paper shows the relationship among JLIs, IECs, student migrants and both states, and displays how push and pull factors operate between Japan and Nepal. The article shows the interconnection between the JLIs’ and IECs’ migration businesses and Japan’s side door policy for bringing in unskilled labor. The different actors do not compete with one another but are mutual beneficiaries, a reality that challenges the existing literature on the relationship between the states and the migration industry in both countries.

Firdhani Resha, Dian Bayu Firmansyah, Eko Kurniawan

This research aims to describe and classify Japanese onomatopoeia, which appear in the form of kuchiguse from animal characters in the Atsumare: Doubutsu no Mori console game. The method used is a qualitative descriptive research method with data collection techniques is the observation note technique. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the onomatopoeic kuchiguse that appears the most is based on characters onomatopoeic found 62 kuchiguse originating from onomatopoeia followed by giyougo, gijougo, giseigo, giongo, and gitaigo. Each animal pronounces onomatopoeia like Sacchi pronouncing giseigo onomatopoeia, Meruborun pronouncing giongo onomatopoeia, and Andesu pronouncing gitaigo onomatopoeia. The spoken kuchiguse can be derived from onomatopoeia and the spoken onomatopoeia by the animal characters has no meaning to the sentence previously spoken. The use of onomatopoeia of kuchiguse as vocabulary in Atsumare: Doubutsu no Mori is another variation of idiolect.

A. A. Dudko

Travel diaries of the Edo period contain records about border posts and descriptions of illegal border crossing. Travelers resorted to paying bribes, changing clothes, and going around border posts if they did not have a tegata document, or for other reasons. For example, Kobayashi Kuzufuru (1793-1880) in his diary Gochi Mōde describes how he and his wife, with the help of a guide, went around the Sekigawa border post twice because his wife did not have a tegata. Furukawa Koshoken (1726-1807) writes in his work Saiyū Zakki (1783) how, in order to travel the Satsuma province, he pretended to be a pilgrim. Sakata Kisen’o mentions in his diary of a journey from Edo to Izu, Izu-no Kuni Futokoro Nikki (1835), that he asked his friend who worked at the Hakone border post to let him through without making him wait in line. Diaries by female authors do not contain detailed descriptions of going around border posts, but they do mention hardships suffered during checks at border posts and the expenses caused by this. Despite the fact that one needs to consider the documents and diaries preserved at border posts, as well as documents of court proceedings in order to create the full picture of border crossings, the travel diaries of the Edo period give the general idea of the difficulties of travel and of how the travelers dealt with them.

H. Gandomani, S. M. yousefi, M. Aghajani et al.

A rapid literature search strategy was conducted for all English language literature published before July 2017. The search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The search strategy included the keywords ‘colorectal cancer’, ‘epidemiology’, ‘incidence’, ‘mortality’, ‘risk factor’, and ‘world’. In 2012, the highest CRC incidence rates were observed in the Republic of Korea, Slovakia and Hungary while the lowest incidence rates were seen in Singapore, Serbia and Japan. The highest CRC mortality rates in both sexes were seen in Central and Eastern Europe and the lowest mortality rates were found in Middle Division of Africa. The main risk factors for CRC include nutritional factors, past medical history, smoking, socioeconomic status, and family medical history. According to the increasing trend of CRC incidence and mortality in the world, implementation of prevention programs such as screening programs, diet modification, and healthy lifestyle education is necessary.

Hiroshi Nara

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Irzam Sarif S, Dadang Suganda

Interference is the use of other language elements by individual bilingual languages. Several researchers have researched interference, but no one has examined the interference with Covid-19 as an object. This study aims to describe the forms of English language phonological, morphological, and syntactic interference to the Japanese language. This study used a qualitative descriptive research method, with data sources in the form of vocabulary or terms during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of this study indicated that the phonological interference forms found are phoneme addition, phoneme insertion, and phoneme substitution, which are caused by differences in syllables. The morphological and syntax interference in the form of compound words and phrases caused by differences in the class of terms that form between the two languages.

Melia Dewi Judiasri, Noviyanti Aneros, Herniwati Herniwati

The evaluation of Shokyu Kaiwa1 and Shokyu Kaiwa2 courses (basic speaking level 1 and 2) were mainly conducted using role play method, where students in pairs conducted a conversation about a theme within a predetermined duration of time. It is known that this kind of evaluation is considered to be less optimal to explore students' speaking abilities. Conversational material only revolves around simple everyday conversations that have been memorized before, and it is possible that they only memorize certain parts of the conversation. With this background, in this research, a method of evaluation that is approximated to be able to explore the ability to speak more optimally is done through vlog (video blogging) which has recently become a popular thing, especially among young people. This research is a descriptive study, with a sample of the Japanese language students major in the second semester of the year 2018 in Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. The step taken in this study was stimulating students to prepare what must be discussed first, such as giving a variety of material relating to Japanese culture or Japanese habits. The results of this study showed that the students' speaking ability is increased, and students are conveying the conversation materials more freely. The sentence patterns used by students was not limited to the material that has been taught, but exceeded the sentence patterns given in the second semester. Further, students are able to develop the story materials given previously. Thus, it is known that the use of vlogs in evaluating the learning of the Shokyu Kaiwa course had a positive impact on improving the speaking skills of Japanese Language Education students.

Lina Rosliana, Fida Nurrany Lathifah

(Title: Structure and Meaning of Suffix ~Gatai in Japanese Sentences) suffix ~gatai is a suffix that attached to verbs. This research aims to describe the structure and meaning of suffix ~gatai. The data which is used is obtained from the websites, such as yourei.jp, kotonoha.gr.jp, and other sites that contained research topics. The data were collected by observation method and writing technique. Then for data analysis using agih method. The results of the analysis are presented by the informal method which explained with simple words. Based on the results of the analysis, suffix ~gatai can be attached to 3 categories of verbs (1) kanyouku or idiom, (2) ninshiki or cognitive verbs, and (3) hatsugen or verbal verbs. 2 meanings contain suffix ~gatai in Japanese sentences, (1) cannot be realized or something can't happen, and (2) not accepting an agreement.

Abdul Gapur, Mulyadi Mulyadi

The research discusses the lexical semantics words in lexeme iu (言う) in Japanese, the lexical relation and the meaning feature, which are found of each word in a semantics field. Lexeme iu (言う) is literally interpreted by word ‘say’. In kanji (言う), there are common meaning and derivative meaning (hyponim and synonym) which form a lexical field. The data are taken from kind of sources such as e-newspapers and scientific journals with limitation for lexeme formed by one kanji letter. As the result of research finds lexical field of Iu in lexemes hanasu, shaberu, kataru, noberu, osharu, tsutaeru, mousu, yobu, tsuku sasou, maneku, benjiru, ronjiru, chikau, chigiru, utau, shou suru, sasayaku, uwasa suru, sakebu, wameku. Lexical field is formed by the lexical relation of synonymy and hyponimy.

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