Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Wojciech Janicki

W powszechnym ujęciu najważniejszym celem operacyjnym stawianym przed polityką migracyjną jest zarządzanie strumieniami migracji międzynarodowych w taki sposób, aby osiągnąć cele strategiczne na niwie społecznej, gospodarczej lub politycznej. Przedmiotem takiej polityki, a jednocześnie jej autorem, głównym aktorem i wykonawcą jest państwo. Polska w połowie dekady lat 20. XXI wieku znajduje się w sytuacji głębokiego zapóźnienia, jeśli chodzi o konstruowanie tradycyjnej polityki migracyjnej. Aby wykorzystać rentę zapóźnienia, warto jako jeden z celów polityki migracyjnej wskazać wspieranie rozwoju regionalnego. Polityka ta powinna być ukierunkowania na wzrost najważniejszego z kapitałów rozwojowych – kapitału ludzkiego – a jej kluczowym elementem powinien być system zachęt administracyjnych dla imigrantów nakłaniający ich do zamieszkania w regionach wymagających szczególnego wsparcia.

Witold Jarno

Artykuł opisuje życie i karierę wojskową Edwarda Rajpolda (1894–1980). Był on jednym z wielu oficerów związanych z Łodzią, w której nie tylko urodził się i zmarł, ale także spędził większość lat swej służby wojskowej. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie losów tego oficera, w pełni zasługującego na pamięć potomnych. Brał on udział w pracy konspiracyjnej w Polskiej Organizacji Wojskowej oraz w akcji oswobodzenia miasta spod okupacji niemieckiej w listopadzie 1918 r. Potem został oficerem polskiej armii i do 1936 r. służył w stacjonujących w mieście jednostkach (28. i 31. Pułk Strzelców Kaniowskich). Świetnie radził sobie w pracy szkoleniowej, toteż w 1936 r. objął stanowisko komendanta komendy uzupełnień w Wieluniu i aktywnie wspierał rozwój przysposobienia wojskowego w powiecie wśród młodzieży. Wiosną 1939 r. został dowódcą nowo formowanego Batalionu Obrony Narodowej „Wieluń II” i uczestniczył w obronie ziemi łódzkiej w trakcie kampanii wrześniowej. Pozostałe lata II wojny światowej spędził w niemieckich oflagach. Wiosną 1945 r. powrócił do rodzinnego miasta i został powołany do ludowego Wojska Polskiego, w którym służył do stycznia 1946 r. Następnie pracował na różnych stanowiskach w Łodzi, lecz niebawem stał się tragicznym przykładem represji okresu stalinowskiego. W 1954 r. został aresztowany i skazany w procesie pokazowym za udział w nielegalnej organizacji. Po dwóch latach został zwolniony z więzienia i resztę życia spędził w rodzinnym mieście. Tekst oparty został w głównej mierze na materiałach archiwalnych przechowywanych w Centralnym Archiwum Wojskowym, literaturze oraz materiałach ze zbiorów rodziny.

H. Ernandes, D. Feuillet, S. Feltzing et al.

The Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus was the last major merger and central turning point in the Milky Way's story. This event, comparable in mass to the Large Magellanic Cloud today, left behind significant debris that provides valuable insights into the assembly history of our Galaxy and the chemical evolution of dwarf galaxies. By examining the aftermath of the GSE merger, we can delve deeper into understanding how the Milky Way's formation unfolded and how dwarf galaxies evolved chemically. Specifically, the distinct patterns of neutron capture elements such as Eu and Ba, along with Mg, offer clues about the star formation history. Through a comprehensive analysis of data compiled in the SAGA database, we investigated the Gaia Sausage-Enceladus' star formation history. Elemental abundance ratios ([Eu/Mg], [Ba/Mg], and [Eu/Ba]) derived from this study, when compared with those of surviving Milky Way satellites, indicate that the GSE experienced a prolonged period of slow star formation, lasting over 2 Gyr, until it was eventually quenched by merging with the Milky Way. Consequently, these elemental signatures serve as a unique window into the complex history of both surviving and accreted satellites orbiting our Galaxy.

Huiliang Zhang, Di Wu, Arnaud Zinflou et al.

Multivariate Time Series (MTS) forecasting has a wide range of applications in both industry and academia. Recent advances in Spatial-Temporal Graph Neural Network (STGNN) have achieved great progress in modelling spatial-temporal correlations. Limited by computational complexity, most STGNNs for MTS forecasting focus primarily on short-term and local spatial-temporal dependencies. Although some recent methods attempt to incorporate univariate history into modeling, they still overlook crucial long-term spatial-temporal similarities and correlations across MTS, which are essential for accurate forecasting. To fill this gap, we propose a framework called the Long-term Multivariate History Representation (LMHR) Enhanced STGNN for MTS forecasting. Specifically, a Long-term History Encoder (LHEncoder) is adopted to effectively encode the long-term history into segment-level contextual representations and reduce point-level noise. A non-parametric Hierarchical Representation Retriever (HRetriever) is designed to include the spatial information in the long-term spatial-temporal dependency modelling and pick out the most valuable representations with no additional training. A Transformer-based Aggregator (TAggregator) selectively fuses the sparsely retrieved contextual representations based on the ranking positional embedding efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate that LMHR outperforms typical STGNNs by 10.72% on the average prediction horizons and state-of-the-art methods by 4.12% on several real-world datasets. Additionally, it consistently improves prediction accuracy by 9.8% on the top 10% of rapidly changing patterns across the datasets.

Aleksandra Losik

Abbas Ghaddar, David Alfonso-Hermelo, Philippe Langlais et al.

In this work, we dive deep into one of the popular knowledge-grounded dialogue benchmarks that focus on faithfulness, FaithDial. We show that a significant portion of the FaithDial data contains annotation artifacts, which may bias models towards completely ignoring the conversation history. We therefore introduce CHARP, a diagnostic test set, designed for an improved evaluation of hallucinations in conversational model. CHARP not only measures hallucination but also the compliance of the models to the conversation task. Our extensive analysis reveals that models primarily exhibit poor performance on CHARP due to their inability to effectively attend to and reason over the conversation history. Furthermore, the evaluation methods of FaithDial fail to capture these shortcomings, neglecting the conversational history. Our findings indicate that there is substantial room for contribution in both dataset creation and hallucination evaluation for knowledge-grounded dialogue, and that CHARP can serve as a tool for monitoring the progress in this particular research area. CHARP is publicly available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/huawei-noah/CHARP

Oleksandr Chuchalin

The purpose of the article is to cast light upon the problem of researching published sources on the history of the Orthodox Church in Ukraine, as well as to supplement the achievements of previous researchers and to propose a detailed analysis of the situation and activities of the Kyiv diocese and its monasteries, presented in the published reports of the ober-procurators of the Holy Ruling Synod between 1884 and 1914. The scientific novelty of the material presented in this article lies in the fact that, for the first time in the national historiography, “All-Public Reports of the Ober-Procurators of the Holy Synod” between 1884–1914, which were published and open to the general scientific community, were subjected to a detailed analysis. The authors also clarify the level and significance of information about the situation in the Kyiv Eparchy, its clergy, its numbers, its composition, as well as the cultural, educational and charitable activities of its monasteries. The article argues that the essence of the reports by the ober-procurators of the Holy Ruling Synod on the situation in the Kyiv Eparchy and its monasteries is practically undeveloped in the scientific literature. Such reports were addressed to the head of the Russian Orthodox Church – the Russian Emperor. They are an important and extremely informative source for modern researchers, familiarity with which will permit them to assess the general condition of the main confession in the empire. More specifically, these reports reveal the state of the Kyiv Eparchy for each calendar year. Every report had a relatively standard structure and was published as a separate book. An analysis of these sources makes it possible to establish the role and place of the hierarchs of the Kyiv Eparchy in the overall structure of the Russian Orthodox Church, as well as their personnel and activities. Furthermore, additional information, provided in the reports on the number of Orthodox monasteries in the Kyiv Eparchy and the number of monks, is of particular interest, which allows the authors to trace the dynamics in changes in these numbers over thirty years. The study of the reports reveals new information on the life in the Orthodox monasteries in the Kyiv region, in relation to their charitable, cultural and educational activities.

Jan Kajfosz

The aim of the paper is to analyse a specific case of transformation of communicative memories into cultural memories under the influence of state institutions in Teschen Silesia [Cieszyn Silesia; Těšín Silesia]. In 1920, the multi-ethnic territory of the former Duchy of Teschen was divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia. The author focuses on the state of local social memories after one hundred years since the division and raises the question, what kind of social memories are supported by the Polish and Czech local administrations and what kind of social memories are ignored or suppressed by them. Both sides of the Polish-Czech state border have at least one common feature today, namely the colonization of the past by the national states present here, in that the history of the Polish part of Teschen Silesia is commonly seen here as the history of Poland, and the history of the Czech part of this area as the history of the Czech Republic. It is an unconscious – and thus unreflective – conceptual structure that affects local national identities. The author calls this cognitive structure “demarcation logic”.

Dominik Adamowicz, Inga Łopuszyńska, Julita Zembala et al.

Introduction and Purpose. Fundamental milestone in fight against tuberculosis is the invention of the effective vaccine, but before Anthony van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe the bacteria, which opened the door to the first vaccinations in the 19th century. Medicine had battled against infectious diseases in different ways. Some methods can be perceived as a kind of primitive vaccines, which couldn’t, however, considerably affect a decrease in the epidemic range, due to their uncommon use and limited effectiveness. The aim of this paper is to analyze the history of tuberculosis and the role of Poland in the fight against it. Materials and methods. PubMed database was used for review of the literature. The following phrases were searched in English: “tuberculosis”, “vaccination”, “BCG vaccine”, “sanatorium”. Description of the state of knowledge. Poland played an important role in the fight against tuberculosis. It was in the laboratory of Polish pharmacist, where Koch discovered its etiological factor. In the territory of Poland there are prototypes of modern sanatoria for tuberculosis patients. Article also presents old and modern methods of tuberculosis treatment, as the use of specific climatic conditions, which resulted in developing health-resort treatment. A breakthrough in the methods used was the discovery of streptomycin in the middle of the 20th century, which led to the development of pharmacological treatment, nowadays involving the administration of proper combinations of drugs. Summary. The increasingly strong anti-vaccine movement is slowly destroying what people have been fighting for the centuries. It is worth recalling how we reached milestones in this fight and why immunization is so important for all societies.

Tom Banks

The purpose of this brief article is to clarify certain distortions of the history of ideas about the quantum theory of de Sitter space that have appeared in recent literature.

Lidia Zessin-Jurek

Rather than regarding Poland as a shelter for refugees, academic scholars have generally imagined the country as one that produced refugee flows. Even though most Poles believe their nation to be hospitable and tolerant, and to have long provided religious minorities with a safe retreat, historians have not reflected with much sophistication on the accommodation of refugees in more recent Polish history. This essay not only offers a critical overview of the existing literature, but above all considers the causes and consequences of the low visi-bility of refugees in the historiography of the Polish lands. Among the paradigms that nar-rowed scholarly perspectives were those of Polish hospitality, victimhood, and the ostensible “at-homeness” of Polish-identified migrants (and refugees) to Poland, which mitigated their disadvantages in the eyes of historians and thus reduced reflection on their refugee condition. Central to the understanding of refugeeism in the literature has been the crossing of na-tional borders by migrants, their cultural alienation, and exile status. This national method-ological framing of the term “refugee” leaves a lot of room for questioning the semantic boundaries of the term and considering alternative conceptualisations of the different move-ments of internally displaced persons in Poland. Placing the individual experience of forced displacement at the center of the research can help to correct for nationalist perceptions of migration patterns and foster a more critical analysis of Poland’s history as a country of asylum.

G. Aad, B. Abbott, D.C. Abbott et al.

A search for invisible decays of the Higgs boson as well as searches for dark matter candidates, produced together with a leptonically decaying Z boson, are presented. The analysis is performed using proton−proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, delivered by the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139fb−1 and recorded by the ATLAS experiment. Assuming Standard Model cross-sections for ZH production, the observed (expected) upper limit on the branching ratio of the Higgs boson to invisible particles is found to be 19% (19%) at the 95% confidence level. Exclusion limits are also set for simplified dark matter models and two-Higgs-doublet models with an additional pseudoscalar mediator.

D. Jiménez-López, P. Corcho-Caballero, S. Zamora et al.

Context. There are typically two different approaches to inferring the mass formation history (MFH) of a given galaxy from its luminosity in different bands. Non-parametric methods are known for their flexibility and accuracy, while parametric models are more computationally efficient. Aims. In this work we propose an alternative, based on a polynomial expansion around the present time, that combines the advantages of both techniques. Methods. In our approach, the MFH is decomposed through an orthonormal basis of N polynomials in lookback time. To test the proposed framework, synthetic observations are generated from models based on common analytical approximations (exponential, delayed-$τ$, and Gaussian star formation histories), as well as cosmological simulations for the Illustris-TNG suite. A normalized distance is used to measure the quality of the fit, and the input MFH is compared with the polynomial reconstructions both at the present time and through cosmic evolution. Our polynomial expansion is also compared with widely used parametric and non-parametric methods such as CIGALE anda PROSPECTOR. Results. The observed luminosities are reproduced with an accuracy of around 10 per cent for a constant star formation rate (N=1) and better for higher-order polynomials. Our method provides good results on the reconstruction of the total stellar mass, the star formation rate, and even its first derivative for smooth star formation histories, but it has difficulties in reproducing variations on short timescales and/or star formation histories that peak at the earliest times of the Universe. Conclusions. The polynomial expansion appears to be a promising alternative to other analytical functions used in parametric methods, combining both speed and flexibility.

В. Chmielewska

The article’s aim is to give an overview of the e-books market in Poland, including some issues from the history and perspectives of its future development; to reveal the role of authors and bloggers in popularizing e-books and e-reading; to elucidate how preferences of Poles in e-books reading devices and their attitude towards electronic reading were changing; to analyse problems that publishers and e-books sellers face. The article is based on social interrogation data, works of researchers and Polish book market analysts. The period between 2009–2018 demonstrate the following main characteristics of the market: rapid changes in technology, necessary for creating e-books; changing habits of the Polish readers, the lack of systematized approach to e-books as new media and economic barriers such as rather high VAT rate for digital publications. The paper underlines also the role of individuals and their initiatives in shaping the broadband culture. The basic conclusion of the work is as follows: Polish e-books market is still at the stage of forming its main segments. This work novelty and theoretical significance is in exposing and characterizing tendencies of e-books market evolution in Poland. Practical significance of the work is in acknowledging the necessity of attracting publishers, librarians and researchers to solving problems of creation in the country a constantly renovated database of electronic editions, its accessibility by Pole users.

Uladzimir Liaushuk

<p class="stresczenietekstpolSTRESZCZENIE">The history of the Jesuit college in Grodno has been presented in encyclopedic and tourist publications. Many issues have been developed by historians of architecture and culture. This allows one to refer to research in Russian, Belarusian and Polish without unnecessary repetition. This article presents the results of a study on the presence of the Society of Jesus on the border of present-day Lithuania, Poland and Belarus. Apart from the architectural ensemble of the Jesuit College in Grodno (Hrodna), other tangible traces of the cultural heritage of the Jesuits in this territory are poorly preserved. Therefore, the article outlines the history of the missions in Merecz, Urdomin and Rotnica (now Merkinė, Rudamina and Ratnyčia in Lithuania), Hołny (now Hołny Wolmera in Poland) and Kotra, Dziembrowo and Wołkowysk (now Kotra, Dembrov and Vawkavysk in Belarus). The development of these posts, dependent on the College in Grodno, was linked with important yet little-known events in the history of culture and education in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Currently, in many places, there is no object that would be associated with the presence of Jesuits, although nothing prevents one from using historical and cultural research results or integrating oneself to discover historical facts and artefacts in cultural objects that can be protected.</p>

Tomohiro Nakama

Gravitational-wave detectors on earth have detected gravitational waves from merging compact objects in the local Universe. In future we will detect gravitational waves from higher-redshift sources, which trace the high-redshift structure formation history. That is, by observing high-redshift gravitational-wave events we will be able to probe structure formation history. This will provide additional insight into the early Universe when primordial fluctuations are generated and also into the nature of dark matter.

Lucas Sakizloglou, Sona Ghahremani, Matthias Barkowsky et al.

Runtime models provide a snapshot of a system at runtime at a desired level of abstraction. Via a causal connection to the modeled system and by employing model-driven engineering techniques, runtime models support schemes for (runtime) adaptation where data from previous snapshots facilitates more informed decisions. Nevertheless, although runtime models and model-based adaptation techniques have been the focus of extensive research, schemes that treat the evolution of the model over time as a first-class citizen have only lately received attention. Consequently, there is a lack of sophisticated technology for such runtime models with history. We present a querying scheme where the integration of temporal requirements with incremental model queries enables scalable querying for runtime models with history. Moreover, our scheme provides for a memory-efficient storage of such models. By integrating these two features into an adaptation loop, we enable efficient history-aware self-adaptation via runtime models, of which we present an implementation.

Ostrowski Wiesław, Dukaczewski Dariusz, Markowska Anna

The authors present a comparative analysis of presentation of build-up areas with conventional symbols on 60 civil European topographic maps. The above-mentioned maps are in different scales, from 1:10,000 to 1:100,000, and have been published in nineteen European countries and the autonomous community of Catalonia. The analysis has proved that the scope of characteristics of build-up areas presented on the analysed maps was very diverse, from qualitative and quantitative point of view (e.g. there were between 2 and 25 different categories on 1:10,000 maps). The 1:10,000 and 1:50,000 maps generally contain more information on the characteristics of build-up areas than 1:25,000 maps. The characteristics themselves are also very diversified (e.g. only 6 of them appear on more than half of the analysed maps – most often churches).

James E. Upjohn, Michael J. I. Brown, Andrew M. Hopkins et al.

We measure the cosmic star formation history out to z = 1.3 using a sample of 918 radio-selected star forming galaxies within the 2 square degree COSMOS field. To increase our sample size, we combine 1.4 GHz flux densities from the VLA-COSMOS catalogue with flux densities measured from the VLA-COSMOS radio continuum image at the positions of I < 26.5 galaxies, enabling us to detect 1.4 GHz sources as faint as 40 uJy. We find radio measurements of the cosmic star formation history are highly dependent on sample completeness and models used to extrapolate the faint end of the radio luminosity function. For our preferred model of the luminosity function, we find the star formation rate density increases from 0.019 Solar masses per year per cubic Mpc at z = 0.225 to 0.104 Solar masses per year per cubic Mpc, which agrees to within 33% of recent UV, IR and 3 GHz measurements of the cosmic star formation history.

Piotr Juszkiewicz

Artists’ studios turned into museums are always specific representations of the past – spatial images reflecting some idea of art and the artist, as well as his or her works, and even the position of the spectator imagined as a visitor, admirer, insider, outsider or pilgrim. When a studio is shown through a film, its status of representation comes to the foreground very distinctly just because of the properties of the medium. A filmic representation of the studio is a result of combining images into a sequence, while individual images attract the spectator’s attention to particular places, areas or aspects of the space of creation, thus making him or her follow a certain trajectory of meaning. What is more, such a sequence does not have to be limited to the studio’s interior since the cinematic montage allows the director to expand it freely by adding some historicizing or contextualizing frames. Finally, film allows one to meet the artist in his or her space through an interview, representation of the creative process or an actor-impersonator. In the first I discuss briefly three issues: the general idea of the present paper and its historical and theoretical contexts. First, my objective is to provide information on my research on Polish documentary film on art in 1948–1989, which was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. I was doing this research with help of a small team of young scholars – phd students and a younger collegue from Institute of Art History at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. In this article I will not address general problems related to the filmic representation of artists’ studios, but discuss several individual cases. Second, the historical context is connected with the hopes of totalitarian states to use mass culture, and particularly film, to manipulate the masses. Even though in particular decades of the 20th century, and in different countries, those hopes were put into practice in different ways, their ideological and practical implementation had a common basis. That basis can perhaps be best described by Walter Benjamin’s idea that a modern wish to regenerate the world requires the destruction of the auratic art and influencing the masses with some other kind of artistic creation that could organize them according to a fixed political purpose. Benjamin believed that the most useful in that respect would be film, which in his opinion was both technical and massoriented. The masses could receive film with little effort so that it would imperceptibly form their mental and imaginative habits, and therefore also a political bias. My point is that the filmic representations of artists’ studios must be approached in the general context of the role assigned to film in the communist Poland, even though one should also remember that artists had various attitudes and censors kept changing their criteria of appropriateness. Still, the research focused on the representation of the artist, his or her studio, and the ideas of art will reveal an officially accepted picture to be transmitted into the public space. One the other hand, one should remember that within precisely defined political limits Polish documentary (and other) filmmakers could ignore commercial aspects and refer to the acknowledged high position of art, experimenting in different ways with a relationship between film and the visual arts. Third, my theoretical context is related to the status of the documentary or, that of reality represented in documentary films. In my view, shared also by a number of scholars, documentaries have an element of creation and their reality is always processed in one way or another. My examples will include studio as office, nature, space of imagination, village hut or cottage, and engine room.