Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

A. Kaditis, M. A. Alonso Alvarez, A. Boudewyns et al.

S. Huntington

G. Elder, M. Johnson, Robert Crosnoe

M. Antrop

G. Gandaglia, R. Leni, F. Bray et al.

CONTEXT Worldwide, prostate cancer (PCa) represents the second most common solid tumor in men. OBJECTIVE To assess the geographical distribution of PCa, epidemiological differences, and the most relevant risk factors for the disease. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Estimated incidence, mortality, and prevalence of PCa for the year 2020 in 185 countries were derived from the IARC GLOBOCAN database. A review of English-language articles published between 2010 and 2020 was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus to identify risk factors for PCa. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS In the year 2020, there were over 1414000 estimated new cases of PCa worldwide, with an age-standardized rate (ASR) incidence of 31 per 100000 (lifetime cumulative risk: 3.9%). Northern Europe has the highest all-age incidence ASR (83), while the lowest ASR was in South-Central Asia (6.3). In the year 2020, there were over 375000 estimated deaths worldwide, and the overall mortality ASR was 7.7 per 100000, with the highest ASR in the Caribbean (28) and the lowest in South-Central Asia (3.1). Family history, hereditary syndromes, and race are the strongest risk factors for PCa. Metabolic syndrome was associated with the risk of developing PCa, high-grade disease, and adverse pathology. Diabetes and exposure to ultraviolet rays were found to be inversely associated to PCa incidence. Cigarette smoking and obesity may increase PCa-specific mortality, while regular physical activity may reduce disease progression. Although 5-alpha reductase inhibitors are known to be associated with a reduced incidence of PCa, available studies failed to show an effect on overall mortality. CONCLUSIONS Family history, race, and hereditary syndromes are well-established risk factors for PCa. Modifiable risk factors may impact the risk of developing PCa and that of dying from the disease, but little evidence exist for any clear indication for prevention other than early diagnosis to reduce PCa mortality. PATIENT SUMMARY Prostate cancer (PCa) rates vary profoundly worldwide, with incidence and mortality rates being highest in Northern Europe and Caribbean, respectively. South-Central Asia has the lowest epidemiological burden. Family history, race, and hereditary syndromes are well-established risk factors for PCa. Modifiable risk factors may impact the risk of developing PCa and that of dying from the disease itself, but little evidence exist for any clear indication for prevention other than early diagnosis to reduce PCa mortality.

Hao Yan, Yihao Zhang, Hailun Shi et al.

Elucidating the origins and mechanisms of polyploidization requires tracing the evolutionary history of polyploid species, particularly those with complex origins. Agropyron cristatum, traditionally regarded as an autopolyploid, exhibits characteristics indicative of a segmental allopolyploid. Here, we used phylogenetic analysis based on a low-copy nuclear gene (i.e., Pgk1), SLAF-seq, and plastome data from 20 diploid and 120 tetraploid Agropyron individuals to determine whether tetraploid A. cristatum arose from an allopolyploid or autopolyploid event. Phylogenetic analyses based on Pgk1 and SLAF-seq data identified two distinct A. cristatum lineages that corresponded to the two main Agropyron habitats in Central Asia–Europe and East Asia–Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. These findings, taken together with molecular dating and gene flow analyses, suggest that the East Asian tetraploid A. cristatum originated via both autopolyploidy from A. cristatum and hybridization between diploid A. cristatum and A. mongolicum, with each diploid cytotype acting as a maternal donor. Furthermore, the Central Asia–Europe tetraploid A. cristatum originated solely via autopolyploidy of diploid A. cristatum. Our findings also indicate that rapid diversification of Agropyron was likely driven by climate oscillations, geographic isolation, introgressive hybridization, and chloroplast capture. These findings challenge simplistic views of autopolyploids and underscore substantial potential for achieving high levels of genetic and adaptive diversity through recurrent hybridization and reticulate evolution.

Sebastian Raubitzek, Werner Strasser, Sebastian Ramacher et al.

The European Union is developing the European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI) as a pan-European network to provide secure communication capabilities across Member States, including governmental and critical-infrastructure domains. While the strategic objective is defined at EU level, the required scale and structure of national quantum key distribution (QKD) networks remain largely unspecified. This work addresses the question of how to plan and size national terrestrial QKD networks to support critical infrastructure and public authorities. We propose a reproducible planning methodology that estimates network size, total fiber length, and the number of required QKD components based on a small set of explicit assumptions. The approach is demonstrated for Austria, where a synthetic but structured network model is constructed and evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. The model focuses on terrestrial QKD infrastructure and explicitly excludes space-based segments. It estimates endpoint counts, trusted repeater node requirements, and hop-length distributions under realistic operational constraints. The Austrian case is then used as a baseline to derive scaling rules for other EU Member States based on population and geographic extent. The results provide first-order planning estimates for national QKD backbone sizes across Europe. These estimates are not intended as deployment designs but as planning-level references that support early-stage cost assessment and infrastructure dimensioning under the EuroQCI framework.

Katharina Platzgummer, Sandra Isabell Oerther, Tomáš Bečvář et al.

Abstract Background Sand flies are vectors of the protozoan Leishmania spp. and phleboviruses. In Europe, several species are widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and a northward spread can be observed. They can be found regularly also in some regions of Central Europe, with Phlebotomus mascittii being the most cold-tolerant and northerly distributed species, but the knowledge on their distribution in countries such as Germany, Austria, Czechia, Slovakia, and Hungary remains fragmentary because of a lack of comprehensive field studies and a poor understanding of the ecological requirements and phylogeographic history. Methods A comprehensive literature review of sand fly occurrence in five Central European countries was complemented by entomological surveys, including sand fly and rodent screening for sand fly-borne pathogens. Nucleic acid extraction, COI barcoding, blood meal analysis, and phylogenetic and environmental analyses incorporating unsupervised machine learning techniques were conducted. Results This study significantly advances the understanding of the current distribution of six sand fly species in Central Europe. Among them, only Ph. mascittii was present in all analyzed countries, except Czechia, with its seasonal activity peaking in July. Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. perfiliewi and Ph. neglectus were recorded in Hungary, while Ph. perniciosus and Phlebotomus simici were found in Germany and Austria, respectively. Although Leishmania DNA was absent in sand flies and rodents, DNA from two distinct Trypanosoma lineages was detected in several specimens, suggesting Ph. mascittii feeds on both birds and ruminants. Trypanosomatid lineages identified in local rodents differed, indicating distinct lineages between sand flies and rodents. Environmental analysis identified 15 Corine land cover classes associated with sand fly presence, with urban locations being the most frequently occupied. Linear regression models comparing presence versus absence revealed significantly higher sand fly presence in forested and urban landscapes. Furthermore, Ph. mascittii populations formed four distinct ecological clusters, which broadly grouped into two main geographic groups: one in the Upper Rhine Valley of southwestern Germany and the other spanning the Carpathian Basin. Conclusions This study provides new insights into the current distribution, ecological preferences, seasonal activity, and potential vector capacity of sand fly species in Central Europe. Graphical Abstract

Vadzim Beliavets

The article presents results of Archaeological excavations conducted in 2020 at the settlement of Horka, site 1, located at the northern end of the Pripyat Polesia. Two chronological periods and two different cultures have been distinguished at the site: the Early Roman (the Post-Zarubintsy horizon), and the Migration Period (the Prague culture). Further analysis based on data obtained from the neighbouring settlements of Jaskavičy 1 and Doŭgaje st. 6 shows that there was continuous settlement development here throughout the first half and half of the first millennium AD: the Post-Zarubintsy horizon, the Kiev and Prague cultures. The nature and rhythm of cultural change established for this micro-region, as well as specific changes in the location of sites in the landscape, correspond to the picture that characterises the cultural development of the ‘Slavic line’ throughout Eastern Europe. The data obtained confirm the hypothesis that Pripyat Polesia could have entered the zone of formation of the Prague culture.

Solal Rapaport, Laurent Pautet, Samuel Tardieu et al.

Version Control Systems (VCS) like Git allow developers to locally rewrite recorded history, e.g., to reorder and suppress commits or specific data in them. These alterations have legitimate use cases, but become problematic when performed on public branches that have downstream users: they break push/pull workflows, challenge the integrity and reproducibility of repositories, and create opportunities for supply chain attackers to sneak into them nefarious changes. We conduct the first large-scale investigation of Git history alterations in public code repositories. We analyze 111 M (millions) repositories archived by Software Heritage, which preserves VCS histories even across alterations. We find history alterations in 1.22 M repositories, for a total of 8.7 M rewritten histories. We categorize changes by where they happen (which repositories, which branches) and what is changed in them (files or commit metadata). Conducting two targeted case studies we show that altered histories recurrently change licenses retroactively, or are used to remove ''secrets'' (e.g., private keys) committed by mistake. As these behaviors correspond to bad practices-in terms of project governance or security management, respectively-that software recipients might want to avoid, we introduce GitHistorian, an automated tool, that developers can use to spot and describe history alterations in public Git repositories.

Gottfried Kirchengast, Stephanie J. Haas, Jürgen Fuchsberger

Weather and climate extremes such as heatwaves are crucial climate hazards to people and ecosystems worldwide. In any region, climate change may alter their characteristics in complex ways so that rigorous and holistic quantification of the extremity of such events remains a challenge, impeding also uses by impact, attribution, and litigation communities. Here we introduce a new class of threshold-exceedance-amount metrics that track changes in event frequency, duration, magnitude, area, and timing aspects like daily exposure and seasonal shift -- separately and up to compound total extremity (TEX). Applying them to extreme heat and showing their utility, at local- to country-scale (example Austria) and across European land regions, we revealed TEX amplifications of ~10 [4 to 25] (Europe 45-55°N) and ~8 [6 to 20] (Austria) for 2008-2022 vs. 1961-1990, strongly emerged from natural variability and an unequivocal evidence of anthropogenic climate change. Given their fundamental capacity to reliably track any threshold-defined climate hazard at any location, the new metrics enable a myriad of uses, from improving impact quantifications to climate action.

András Ribi, Péter Galambosi

Ildikó Horn

This study examines the role and impact of migration on the formation and composition of the elite in the newly established Principality of Transylvania between 1556 and 1586, utilizing a prosopographical database compiled through extensive archival research. The new state was open to nobles fleeing the Ottoman conquest, as well as to those dissatisfied with Habsburg policies, offering peace, political prospects, and opportunities for career advancement in both government and military roles. Consequently, nearly 60 percent of the elite were newcomers, two-thirds of whom were migrant nobles, while one-third rose through social mobility. Characterized by smaller wealth, limited networks, and a tendency toward greater agility and risk-taking, the new elite were highly vulnerable. Their integration was hindered by the old elite’s reluctance to form dynastic ties. Only about 30 percent of the new families that entered the elite managed to maintain their positions long-term, across multiple generations, while a strikingly high number experienced only one or two generations of elite status. The analysis underscores the precarious nature of elite integration in early modern Transylvania and the complex dynamics of social mobility within a newly established state.

Mária Herczog

Reforms of the child protection systems, provision of family- and community-based alternative care has been developed to a certain level in all countries in Central and Eastern Europe and has increased the role of care provided by foster families replacing institutions to ensure that the best interests principle is taken into consideration when children are separated from their families. The research describes the foster care system in the so-called Visegrád countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, and the results based on at least 50 interviews in each country conducted by local experts on subjective well-being of foster parents, their perceptions about their roles and place in their respective countries and their needs. The article includes the legal framework, recruitment, preparation and support to foster families, their subjective well-being and needs in the four countries, including the history of their child protection systems to better understand the current situation. The outcomes show differences in approach to foster care, the perception on the roles, responsibilities and needs based on the different traditions, earlier and current policies and practices. Understanding the attitude changes related to the rights of children, those in vulnerable situations, and to their families of origin would be essential to further develop and improve the child welfare and protection systems, and listening to children on their perceptions and the realisation of their rights.

Joep Leerssen

IMAGOLOGIA: O ZASTOSOWANIU ETNICZNOŚCI DO NADAWANIA ŚWIATU SENSU Artykuł przedstawia teorię i metodę imagologii, dyskursywnego studium etnotypów (stereotypowych atrybucji charakteru narodowego). Imagologia posiada znaczącą renomę historyczną i akademicką, ale w świetle ostatnich ustaleń konieczne są przeformułowania, które obejmują: (a) zamianę kategoryzacji tradycji literackich z narodowo-modułowej na podejście polisystemowe; (b) upadek fikcji drukowanej jako przodującego medium narracyjnego na rzecz filmu, telewizji i innych mediów; (c) uświadomienie sobie, że etnotypy często funkcjonują w przysłoniętej formie (wykorzystane ironicznie lub jako „meta-obrazy”, lub ich obecność jest „banalna” albo znajduje się w tle, jako chwilowo zapomniana rama); (d) nowe „krzyżujące się” ujęcie kształtowania się tożsamości; (e) upadek eurocentryzmu i powstanie postnacjonalizmu. Te nowe wyzwania wymagają dopasowania do analizy imagologicznej, a obecny klimat polityki tożsamościowej także zdradza ciągłą, pilną potrzebę, by zwrócić uwagę na to, co pozostaje samym sednem zainteresowania imagologii: dekonstruowanie dyskursu esencjalizmu narodowego i etnicznego.

Tomasz Zawadzki

Artykuł poświęcony jest pracownikom zatrudnionym w kancelarii Bernarda świdnickiego. Zestawiono wszystkich kancelistów tego księcia, odwołując się także do analizy paleograficznej zachowanych oryginalnych dokumentów.

Stefania Principe, Levi B. Richards, Simone Hashimoto et al.

Background The use of anti-interleukin-5 (IL5) for severe asthma is based on criteria from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), but in real-life patients might not fulfil the eligibility criteria but may benefit from biologics. We aimed to characterise patients starting anti-IL5(R) in Europe and evaluate the discrepancies between initiation of anti-IL5(R) in real life and in RCTs. Materials and methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis with data from the severe asthma patients at the start of anti-IL5(R) in the Severe Heterogeneous Asthma Research collaboration Patient-centred (SHARP Central) registry. We compared the baseline characteristics of the patients starting anti-IL5(R) from 11 European countries within SHARP with the baseline characteristics of the severe asthma patients from 10 RCTs (four for mepolizumab, three for benralizumab and three for reslizumab). Patients were evaluated following eligibility criteria from the RCTs of anti-IL5 therapies. Results Patients starting anti-IL5(R) in Europe (n=1231) differed in terms of smoking history, clinical characteristics and medication use. The characteristics of severe asthma patients in the SHARP registry differed from the characteristics of patients in RCTs. Only 327 (26.56%) patients fulfilled eligibility criteria of all the RCTs; 24 patients were eligible for mepolizumab, 100 for benralizumab and 52 reslizumab. The main characteristics of ineligibility were: ≥10 pack-years, respiratory diseases other than asthma, Asthma Control Questionnaire score ≤1.5 and low-dose inhaled corticosteroids. Conclusion A large proportion of patients in the SHARP registry would not have been eligible for anti-IL5(R) treatment in RCTs, demonstrating the importance of real-life cohorts in describing the efficacy of biologics in a broader population of patients with severe asthma.

A. Moreno-Estrada, S. Gravel, Fouad Zakharia et al.

The Caribbean basin is home to some of the most complex interactions in recent history among previously diverged human populations. Here, we investigate the population genetic history of this region by characterizing patterns of genome-wide variation among 330 individuals from three of the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola), two mainland (Honduras, Colombia), and three Native South American (Yukpa, Bari, and Warao) populations. We combine these data with a unique database of genomic variation in over 3,000 individuals from diverse European, African, and Native American populations. We use local ancestry inference and tract length distributions to test different demographic scenarios for the pre- and post-colonial history of the region. We develop a novel ancestry-specific PCA (ASPCA) method to reconstruct the sub-continental origin of Native American, European, and African haplotypes from admixed genomes. We find that the most likely source of the indigenous ancestry in Caribbean islanders is a Native South American component shared among inland Amazonian tribes, Central America, and the Yucatan peninsula, suggesting extensive gene flow across the Caribbean in pre-Columbian times. We find evidence of two pulses of African migration. The first pulse—which today is reflected by shorter, older ancestry tracts—consists of a genetic component more similar to coastal West African regions involved in early stages of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The second pulse—reflected by longer, younger tracts—is more similar to present-day West-Central African populations, supporting historical records of later transatlantic deportation. Surprisingly, we also identify a Latino-specific European component that has significantly diverged from its parental Iberian source populations, presumably as a result of small European founder population size. We demonstrate that the ancestral components in admixed genomes can be traced back to distinct sub-continental source populations with far greater resolution than previously thought, even when limited pre-Columbian Caribbean haplotypes have survived.

M. Chaumeil Rodríguez, M. Chaumeil Rodríguez, E. Mattioli et al.

<p>Standard Early Jurassic biostratigraphic studies were performed in the boreal and Tethys realms (western Europe and northern Africa), and biozonations from these areas are the most accurate of the world. Comparatively, investigations in the Pacific realm are scarce, and, in Argentina, they are limited to contributions based on oil-industry subsurface and outcrop reports for the Los Molles Formation. A focused systematic analysis was not previously addressed in the area. The Neuquén Basin in west–central Argentina offers a unique opportunity to study the Early Jurassic calcareous nannofossil history in the south-eastern Pacific Ocean. Calcareous nannofossil assemblages from El Matuasto I section (Los Molles Formation) represent one of the earliest records for the Early Jurassic in the Neuquén Basin and one of the few for the eastern Pacific realm. A detailed systematic analysis allowed the recognition of major bioevents and a comparison with worldwide associations and biostratigraphic schemes. A thorough taxonomic discussion of the Early Jurassic nannofossil species of the Neuquén Basin is presented for the first time. Herein, the taxonomic features of coccoliths recorded in the Neuquén Basin are settled. The age of the calcareous nannofossil assemblages recorded in El Matuasto I is early–late Pliensbachian, covering the NJT4a to NJT4c subzones. Similarities between the Neuquén Basin and localities from the proto-Atlantic region suggest an effective connection between the Pacific and Tethyan basins during the Pliensbachian.</p>

Václav Žůrek

In fifteenth-century Bohemia, the natural continuity of succeeding kings was interrupted, and the political situation resulted in searching for a new king and organizing the election. This procedure provoked comments on candidates from supporters and opponents. One of the criteria discussed was the candidate’s origins. His labelling as a foreigner, or emphasis on alien origin and mother tongue was very often part of the strategy to defame the potential king. The article analyses how this specific criterion was integrated into other requirements to challenge the candidate’s idoneity, introducing the various uses of this argument in contemporary sources.