In Argentina in the early 1970's, there were four political parties that claimed to follow the Chinese experience and Maoism. Despite their coexistence and eventual convergence on specific events, there was no long-term joint work between them. There was, however, an exception made by the two largest and most active Maoist parties: the Communist Vanguard and the Revolutionary Communist Party. Faced with the call for a Gran Acuerdo Nacional to provide a legal solution to the dictatorship of the Argentine Revolution (1966-1973), they created the Fuerza Revolucionaria Antiacuerdista, a temporary alliance in opposition to it. In this paper we will analyse this experience and offer a new dimension to the analysis of national Maoist alliances.
The Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus merger was a major event in the history of the Milky Way. Studies on Milky Way satellite dwarf galaxies show that key elemental abundance patterns, which probe different nucleosynthetic channels, reflect the host galaxy's star formation history. We gather Mg, Fe, Ba, and Eu abundance measurements for Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus stars from the SAGA database and use [Fe/Mg], [Ba/Mg], [Eu/Mg], and [Eu/Ba], as a function of [Fe/H] to constrain the star formation history of Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus. We use the known star formation histories and elemental abundance patterns of the Sculptor and Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxies as comparison. The elemental abundance ratios of [Fe/Mg], [Ba/Mg], [Eu/Mg], and [Eu/Ba] all increase with [Fe/H] in Gaia-Sausage- Enceladus. The [Eu/Mg] begins to increase at [Fe/H]= -2.0 and continues steadily, contrasting with the Sculptor dSph galaxy. The [Eu/Ba] increases and remains high across the [Fe/H] range, contrasting with that of the Sculptor dSph galaxy and deviating from the Fornax dSph galaxy at high [Fe/H]. The [Ba/Mg] is higher than those of the Sculptor dSph galaxy at the lowest [Fe/H] and gradually increases, similar to the Fornax dSph galaxy. We constrain three main properties of the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus star formation history: 1) star formation started gradually, 2) it extended for over 2 Gyr, and 3) it was quenched around [Fe/H] of -0.5, likely when it fell into the Milky Way.
Stellar halos of galaxies retain crucial clues to their mass assembly history. It is in these galactic components that the remains of cannibalised galactic building blocks are deposited. For the case of the Milky Way, the opportunity to analyse the stellar halo's structure on a star-by-star basis in a multi-faceted approach provides a basis from which to infer its past and assembly history in unrivalled detail. Moreover, the insights that can be gained about the formation of the Galaxy not only help constrain the evolution of our Milky Way, but may also help place constraints on the formation of other disc galaxies in the Universe. This paper includes a summary of work undertaken during a PhD thesis aiming to make progress toward answering the most fundamental question in the field of Galactic archaeology: "How did the Milky Way form?" Through the effort to answer this question, we summarise new insights into aspects of the history of assembly and evolution of our Galaxy and measurements of the structure of various of its Galactic components.
We develop and apply a new framework for reconstructing the ionization history during the epoch of recombination with combinations of cosmic microwave background (CMB), baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) and supernova data. We find a wide range of ionization histories that are consistent with current CMB data, and also that cosmological parameter constraints are significantly weakened once freedom in recombination is introduced. BAO data partially break the degeneracy between cosmological parameters and the recombination model, and are therefore important in these reconstructions. The 95% confidence upper limits on H0 are 80.1 (70.7) km/s/Mpc given CMB (CMB+BAO) data, assuming no other changes are made to the standard cosmological model. Including Cepheid-calibrated supernova data in the analysis drives a preference for non-standard recombination histories with visibility functions that peak early and exhibit appreciable skewness. Forthcoming measurements from SPT-3G will reduce the uncertainties in our reconstructions by about a factor of two.
There are about 6000 stars, that can be seen with the naked eye and have been observed for centuries for various purposes. More modern investigations using advanced telescopes show that our Milky Way, a quite common galaxy, consists of about 100 -- 400 billion stars. And, it is estimated that there are between 200 billion to 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe -- all of them consist mostly of stars, and sending observable signals which also represents nothing more than a superposition of the light of individual stars. So we can conclude that the most common observable objects in the Universe are $\textit{stars}$. In this chapter, we focus on the long history of the observation of stars (compared to studies in other fields of science) to find out more about the nature of these objects.
Este artículo intenta mostrar el accionar de los emisarios diplomáticos de la Monarquía Hispánica en el norte de la península itálica, en general, y en Génova, en particular, durante el siglo XVII. En este ámbito, donde confluían los intereses de los Habsburgos y la Monarquía de Francia, aliada al ducado de Saboya, entidades cuya política exterior irradiaban sistemas de soberanía universal y de expansión territorial. El designio de Francisco de Melo, como interlocutor entre el consejo de Estado y los agentes políticos y de crédito de la República de Génova, fue un aspecto fundamental de la composición de una red de información que operó en la ciudad ligur durante la guerra con Saboya entre 1624 y 1625, la conjura de Giulio Cesare Vacchero en 1628 y la elección del dux de 1633. Así la política interna de Génova pasó a ser un tema de relevancia real, en periodos turbulentos en el entramado imperial de la Monarquía Hispánica.
Latin America. Spanish America, Economic history and conditions
Objectives: The aim of this issue of the journal is to study the way in which "making a family" influences access to rights and the integration of migrant families in Europe (France, Germany), North America (Quebec) and Djibouti, from Yemen, Syria, Tunisia, Mozambique or Brazil. Similarly, and reciprocally, he is interested in the impact of law on family experiences in a migratory context.Methodology: The ethnographic observation approach, through the cross-referenced collection of life stories and the reconstruction of the life contexts of these migrants (while respecting their words and their anonymity) makes it possible to discover, sometimes in a counter-intuitive way, the effects of the policies on their lives.Results: It often happens that within the same migrant family the legal status of its members is different, and therefore their rights to be regularised or not. As a result, these families - and more broadly, entire groups of migrants - have to carry out important work in terms of information for access to residence rights, work, access to schooling for their children, health, nationality, etc. Nothing is guaranteed a priori.Conclusion: We can imagine how much migration will continue in the face of climate change and political unrest throughout history. It is likely that a policy evaluation approach, or lack thereof, by those affected, will be increasingly necessary in the future.Contribution: This thematic issue of the journal Enfances Familles Générations highlights, from a historical and comparative approach, the impact of the legitimacy of being part of the national community to which these men and women have migrated (Destremau, 2022).
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, The family. Marriage. Woman
As the core technique of online recruitment platforms, person-job fit can improve hiring efficiency by accurately matching job positions with qualified candidates. However, existing studies mainly focus on the recommendation scenario, while neglecting another important channel for linking positions with job seekers, i.e. search. Intuitively, search history contains rich user behavior in job seeking, reflecting important evidence for job intention of users. In this paper, we present a novel Search History enhanced Person-Job Fit model, named as SHPJF. To utilize both text content from jobs/resumes and search histories from users, we propose two components with different purposes. For text matching component, we design a BERT-based text encoder for capturing the semantic interaction between resumes and job descriptions. For intention modeling component, we design two kinds of intention modeling approaches based on the Transformer architecture, either based on the click sequence or query text sequence. To capture underlying job intentions, we further propose an intention clustering technique to identify and summarize the major intentions from search logs. Extensive experiments on a large real-world recruitment dataset have demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach.
Environments in Reinforcement Learning are usually only partially observable. To address this problem, a possible solution is to provide the agent with information about the past. However, providing complete observations of numerous steps can be excessive. Inspired by human memory, we propose to represent history with only important changes in the environment and, in our approach, to obtain automatically this representation using self-supervision. Our method (TempAl) aligns temporally-close frames, revealing a general, slowly varying state of the environment. This procedure is based on contrastive loss, which pulls embeddings of nearby observations to each other while pushing away other samples from the batch. It can be interpreted as a metric that captures the temporal relations of observations. We propose to combine both common instantaneous and our history representation and we evaluate TempAl on all available Atari games from the Arcade Learning Environment. TempAl surpasses the instantaneous-only baseline in 35 environments out of 49. The source code of the method and of all the experiments is available at https://github.com/htdt/tempal.
En este breve artículo me centro en las medidas fiscales que llevaron a cabo las diputaciones provinciales y los jefes políticos a fin de comenzar a contener la “revolución territorial de los pueblos”. La base de partida de este proceso fue el control de las haciendas públicas de los ayuntamientos constitucionales. Entre 1820 y 1822, comenzaron procesos que marcarán las historias de las transiciones políticas en las diferentes regiones de México y de Centroamérica durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX. En este proceso de cambio ocuparon un lugar fundamental los ayuntamientos constitucionales y las diputaciones provinciales que se establecieron desde Guatemala hasta las Provincias Internas de Occidente. En el artículo concluyo que los diputados forjaron alianzas con distintos grupos políticos que permitieron que estas instituciones de gobierno provinciales lograran ejercer un control político y administrativo sobre los ayuntamientos y las diputaciones provinciales.
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, History America
Studying history involves many difficult tasks. Examples include searching for proper data in a large event space, understanding stories of historical events by time and space, and finding relationships among events that may not be apparent. Instructors who extensively use well-organized and well-argued materials (e.g., textbooks and online resources) can lead students to a narrow perspective in understanding history and prevent spontaneous investigation of historical events, with the students asking their own questions. In this work, we proposed HisVA, a visual analytics system that allows the efficient exploration of historical events from Wikipedia using three views: event, map, and resource. HisVA provides an effective event exploration space, where users can investigate relationships among historical events by reviewing and linking them in terms of space and time. To evaluate our system, we present two usage scenarios, a user study with a qualitative analysis of user exploration strategies, and %expert feedback with in-class deployment results.
José Refugio de la Torre Curiel, Isabel Pérez González
Desde fines del siglo XVI, distintas fuentes de primera mano registraron la presencia de grupos identificados como apaches a lo largo de la frontera norte novohispana. Conforme el poblamiento español avanzó hacia el norte en el siglo XVII y conforme estos grupos clasificados como apaches fueron desplazados hacia el sur, las confrontaciones violentas entre ambos bandos se hicieron recurrentes. Los estudios clásicos sobre estos temas, producidos por autores estadounidenses y españoles, han mostrado que la corona española transitó de manera errática entre las políticas de guerra y negociación para hacer frente a la amenaza apache, y que el punto crítico en la definición de una política firme con respecto de estos grupos indígenas se daría hacia 1786, en la época del virrey Bernardo de Gálvez. Como argumenta este artículo, las mudanzas entre la guerra (ofensiva o defensiva) y los tratados de paz (mediante regalos y el establecimiento de apaches cerca de los presidios) no solamente obedecieron a los cambios en la diplomacia española a gran escala, sino que también estuvieron relacionadas con la distancia que separaba a los altos mandos militares de las experiencias que apaches y españoles vivían en el ámbito local. El caso del fallido intento de pactar la paz con los mezcaleros en 1787 en la Nueva Vizcaya muestra la forma en que las fisuras en las líneas de mando españolas, y la distancia cultural entre los apaches y la jerarquía militar, dificultaron la construcción de una paz duradera entre ambos
bandos a fines del siglo XVIII.
This paper proposes two algorithms, namely "back-tracking" and "history following", to reach consensus in case of communication loss for a network of distributed agents with switching topologies. To reach consensus in distributed control, considered communication topology forms a strongly connected graph. The graph is no more strongly connected whenever an agent loses communication.Whenever an agent loses communication, the topology is no more strongly connected. The proposed back-tracking algorithm makes sure that the agent backtracks its position unless the communication is reestablished, and path is changed to reach consensus. In history following, the agents use their memory and move towards previous consensus point until the communication is regained. Upon regaining communication, a new consensus point is calculated depending on the current positions of the agents and they change their trajectories accordingly. Simulation results, for a network of six agents, show that when the agents follow the previous history, the average consensus time is less than that of back-tracking. However, situation may arise in history following where a false notion of reaching consensus makes one of the agents stop at a point near to the actual consensus point. An obstacle avoidance algorithm is integrated with the proposed algorithms to avoid collisions. Hardware implementation for a three robots system shows the effectiveness of the algorithms.
This is a study of the history of the asteroids in the main asteroid belt. Collisions have been the dominant process. Every asteroid has been impacted by others a multitude of times, with consequences of cratering, erosion, spin increments, fragmentation, and occasional catastrophic disruption and dispersion. Extensive information for asteroid orbits, sizes, shapes, composition, and rotation rates of those asteroids is now available. Those are a result of their history, but to interpret them requires understanding the processes. That understanding can be improved by simulations of the history. A simulation needs robust models of the dynamical and collisional events. Such models have evolved substantially in the last few decades. Here I present current models, a method, and a code "SSAH" for stochastic simulations of the history of the main belt. That code gives a framework upon which existing and future models can be based. The results lead to new paradigms for asteroid histories including the distribution of spins; the irrelevance of strength spin limits; the "unusual" spins of 2001 OE84; and of large slow-spinning tumbling objects (Mathilde); the "V-shape" in the spin versus diameter plot; the non-Maxwellian distribution of spins of a given diameter range; the numbers of expected tumblers, and more. At the same time, the simulations expose gaps in our knowledge that require further research. The SSAH code is freely available for the use of others.
The paper briefly presents history, status, and plans of the search for the critical structures - the onset of fireball, the onset of deconfinement, and the deconfinement critical point - in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. First, the basic ideas are introduced, the history of the observation of strongly interacting matter in heavy ion collisions is reviewed, and the path towards the quark-gluon plasma discovery is sketched. Then the status of the search for critical structures is discussed - the discovery of the onset of deconfinement, indications for the onset of fireball, and still inconclusive results concerning the deconfinement critical point. Finally, an attempt to formulate priorities for future measurements - charm quarks vs the onset of deconfinement and detailed study of the onset of fireball - closes the paper.
O artigo conceitua e problematiza o eurocentrismo derivado da colonialidade (do poder, do saber e do ser) como gerador do racismo (estrutural e institucional) contra povos africanos, afro-brasileiros e indígenas no Brasil, em todas as esferas sociais, particularmente na escola e propõem a construção de práticas pedagógicas decoloniais e interculturais como possibilidades de desconstrução desse processo. Apresentamos fragmentos da pesquisa A educação para as relações étnicorraciais no ensino de história: memórias e experiências de professoras da educação básica dissertação submetida ao Mestrado Profissional em Ensino de História- Profhistória da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Dialogamos com narrativas de professoras coletadas na forma de entrevistas orais gravadas e depois organizadas na perspectiva metodológica de Walter Benjamin construindo mônadas.