Unsupervised representation learning can train deep learning models to formally express the semantic connotations of objects in the case of unlabeled data, which can effectively realize the expression of the semantics of geospatial entity categories in application scenarios lacking expert knowledge and help achieve the deep fusion of geospatial data. In this paper, a method for the semantic representation of the geospatial entity categories (denoted as feature embedding) is presented, taking advantage of the characteristic that regions with similar distributions of geospatial entity categories also have a certain level of similarity. To construct the entity category embedding, a spatial proximity graph of entities and an adjacency matrix of entity categories are created using a large number of geospatial entities obtained from OSM (OpenStreetMap). The cosine similarity algorithm is then employed to measure the similarity between these embeddings. Comparison experiments are then conducted by comparing the similarity results from the standard model. The results show that the results of this model are basically consistent with the standard model (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.7487), which verifies the effectiveness of the feature embedding extracted by this model. Based on this, this paper applies the feature embedding to the regional similarity task, which verifies the feasibility of using the model in the downstream task. It provides a new idea for realizing the formal expression of the unsupervised entity category semantics.
Bahati Samuel Kandolo, Kowiyou Yessoufou, Mahlatse Kganyago
Abstract Globally, we are in the midst of a biodiversity crisis and megadiverse countries become key targets for conservation. South Africa, the only country in the world hosting three biodiversity hotspots within its borders, harbours a tremendous diversity of at‐risk species deserving to be protected. However, the lengthy risk assessment process and the lack of required data to complete assessments is a serious limitation to conservation since several species may slide into extinction while awaiting risk assessment. Here, we employed a deep neural network model integrating species climatic and geographic features to predict the conservation status of 116 unassessed plant species. Our analysis involved in total of 1072 plant species and 96,938 occurrence points. The best‐performing model exhibits high accuracy, reaching up to 83.6% at the binary classification and 56.8% at the detailed classification. Our best‐performing model at the binary classification predicts that 32% (25 species) and 8% (3 species) of Data Deficient and Not‐Evaluated species respectively, are likely threatened, amounting to a proportion of 24.1% of unassessed species facing a risk of extinction. Interestingly, all unassessed species predicted to be threatened are in protected areas, revealing the effectiveness of South Africa's network of protected areas in conservation, although these likely threatened species are more abundant outside protected areas. Considering the limitation in assessing only species with available data, there remains a possibility of a higher proportion of unassessed species being imperilled.
Studi purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the ideal coach skills for Table Tennis.
Materials and methods. This research was descriptive and quantitative using a survey. The sample of this study were athletes who had won medals in table tennis competitions at the city or district level in Riau Province and Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY) Province as evidenced by certificates during 2023. Therefore, the sample of table tennis athletes involved was 70 athletes (44 boys and 26 girls). The characteristics of the athletes were an average age of 18.7±7.2 years and 6.1±0.9 years of training experience. The research instrument was a questionnaire distributed via a Google form. The questionnaire contained 20 statement items with a scale of 1 - 4. The coach's skills are divided into 4 factors (table 1), which were 1) skills in applying sports techniques, 2) skills in applying training periodization, 3) psychological skills, and 4) communication skills.
Results. Table Tennis Coaches' skills in general showed "very poor" 2 answers (3.32%), "poor" 19 answers (28.33%), "fair" 25 answers (33.53%), "good" 22 answers (31.68%), and "very good" 2 answers (3.32%).
Conclusions. From the results of this study, it is expected that the Riau Province and DIY Province table tennis organizations pay more attention to the quality of coach skills. One effective solution at this time is to provide training to coaches in stages. Further, providing opportunities for former athletes who no longer have a career to be given basic coaching knowledge so that later they can become professional coaches.
I Nyoman Ruja, Neni Wahyuningtyas, Khofifatu Rohmah Adi
et al.
Desa Samar is a village with the potential to develop into a tourist village. The village located in the Pagerwojo District, Tulungagung Regency, East Java Province has various promising natural potentials. In order to realize a Tourism Village, the role of stakeholders is certainly an important element. This study aims to identify, map, and describe the roles and relationships among stakeholders involved in the development of Samar Village Tourism. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation, and literature review as supporting data. The analysis technique in this study uses the stakeholder analysis method approach. The stakeholders involved are divided into primary stakeholders, key stakeholders, and secondary stakeholders. Data collection was conducted using purposive sampling to ensure the accuracy of the data collected. The research results show that the success of developing a village tourism destination is greatly determined by the collaboration among the involved stakeholders. Through stakeholder mapping in Samar Village, it was revealed that there are primary, key, and secondary stakeholders, whose interrelated roles necessitate strong commitment, coordination, and cooperation among them. Samar Village, with its various tourism potentials such as orange agro-tourism, bee farming, cattle ranching, and watermills, if managed and organized well by the related stakeholders, will become a sustainable village tourism and provide positive impacts for the community. Active participation from BUMDES, youth organizations, local government, and the local community is crucial for the successful management of these potentials. The level of active participation among stakeholders determines the sustainability of tourism in Desa Samar.
Luc Achille Ziem A Bidias, Sahada Mouchili Nguegni, Dieudonné Charles Isidore Ilouga
et al.
This study was conducted in Kouoptamo, located in the Noun Plain in Western Cameroon, with the main objective of inventorying and evaluating the geological heritage, and promoting the protection and geoconservation of geosites, and their use in geotourism development. Geosites in the region include dammed lakes (Petpenoun lakes), maars (Sanka Ndoumkain Maar, Tchoua Maar), scoria cones (Nkoambeng, Kechuentim, Ngouen volcanoes), a dome (Njigoumbé Dome) and a managed natural area (Petponoun Domain). Most geosites have a high scientific, aesthetic and educational value. The method used for the inventory and assessment of geosites in this work is according to Reynard, et al. (2016), which is more suitable for geological heritage on a regional scale. The scientific value in this method is composed of four criteria, namely rarity, representativeness, integrity and palaeogeographical interest. Each of these criteria is evaluated independently by a numerical score ranging from 0 (nil) to 1 (very high) in intervals of 0.25. The overall average scientific value of the Kouoptamo geosites is 0.77. Nkoambeng Volcano has the highest scientific value (0.88), followed by Tchoua Maar, Sanka Ndoumkain Maar, Njigoumbé Dome and Ngouen Volcano, all of which score 0.81, while Kechuentim Volcano and Petpenoun Domain score 0.75 and 0.69, respectively. The integrity of several of these geosites is preserved, mainly the Petpenoun lakes, the Tchoua Maar, and the Sanka Ndoumkain Maar. Geosites such as Sanka Ndoumkain Maar, Tchoua Maar, Njigoumbé Dome and the Nkoambeng, Kechuentim, and Ngouen volcanoes are representative of the regional geomorphology. Artisanal quarries (Nkoambeng Volcano) and industrial quarries (Njigoumbé Dome), as well as agro-pastoral activities, tend to degrade these geosites, which in general do not benefit from any legal protection. It is strongly recommended that geoconservation policies be adopted for these geosites, in order to preserve and develop these sites for their considerable geotourism potential while taking into account the current resource and land usage to find an optimum, sustainable strategy.
Roghayeh Ghasempour, Kiyoumars Roushangar, V. S. Ozgur Kirca
et al.
Beside in situ observations, satellite-based products can provide an ideal data source for spatiotemporal monitoring of drought. In this study, the spatiotemporal pattern of drought was investigated for the northwest part of Iran using ground- and satellite-based datasets. First, the Standardized Precipitation Index series were calculated via precipitation data of 29 sites located in the selected area and the CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation satellite. The Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) was used for obtaining the temporal features of time series, and further decomposition was performed using Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) to have more stationary time series. Then, multiscale zoning was done based on subseries energy values via two clustering methods, namely the self-organizing map and K-means. The results showed that the MODWT–EEMD–K-means method successfully identified homogenous drought areas. On the other hand, correlation between the satellite sensor data (i.e. the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, the Vegetation Condition Index, the Vegetation Healthy Index, and the Temperature Condition Index) was evaluated. The possible links between central stations of clusters and satellite-based indices were assessed via the wavelet coherence method. The results revealed that all applied satellite-based indices had significant statistical correlations with the ground-based drought index within a certain period. HIGHLIGHTS
Discussing the spatiotemporal variations of drought using in situ observations and satellite-based datasets.;
Applying the hybrid MODWT–EEMD–K-means method for catching similar zones.;
Discussing the possible links between the SPIs of the central stations of clusters and satellite-based drought indices via the wavelet coherence (WTC) method.;
Evaluating drought conditions using the satellite-derived NDVI and LST products.;
River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General), Physical geography
Edward C. Tolman found reinforcement learning unsatisfactory for explaining intelligence and proposed a clear distinction between learning and behavior. Tolman's ideas on latent learning and cognitive maps eventually led to what is now known as conceptual space, a geometric representation where concepts and ideas can form points or shapes.Active navigation between ideas - reasoning - can be expressed directly as purposive navigation in conceptual space. Assimilating the theory of conceptual space from modern neuroscience, we propose autonomous navigation as a valid approach for emulated cognition. However, achieving autonomous navigation in high-dimensional Euclidean spaces is not trivial in technology. In this work, we explore whether neoRL navigation is up for the task; adopting Kaelbling's concerns for efficient robot navigation, we test whether the neoRL approach is general across navigational modalities, compositional across considerations of experience, and effective when learning in multiple Euclidean dimensions. We find neoRL learning to be more resemblant of biological learning than of RL in AI, and propose neoRL navigation of conceptual space as a plausible new path toward emulated cognition.
Oscar Castillo-Felisola, Dominic T. Price, Mattia Scomparin
The aim of this work is to present a series of concrete examples which illustrate how the computer algebra system Cadabra can be used to manipulate expressions appearing in General Relativity and other gravitational theories. We highlight the way in which Cadabra's philosophy differs from other systems with related functionality. The use of various new built-in packages is discussed, and we show how such packages can also be created by end-users directly using the notebook interface. The current paper focuses on fairly generic applications in gravitational theories, including the use of differential forms, the derivation of field equations and the construction of their solutions. A follow-up paper discusses more specific applications related to the analysis of gravitational waves.
John F. Benson, Heather N. Abernathy, Jeff A. Sikich
et al.
Abstract Wildlife strongly alter behaviour in response to human disturbance; however, fundamental questions remain regarding the influence of human infrastructure and activity on animal movement. The Covid‐19 pandemic created a natural experiment providing an opportunity to evaluate wildlife movement during a period of greatly reduced human activity. Speculation in scientific reviews and the media suggested that wildlife might be increasing movement and colonizing urban landscapes during pandemic slowdowns. However, theory predicts that animals should move and use space as efficiently as possible, suggesting that movement might actually be reduced relative to decreased human activity. We quantified space use, movement, and resource‐selection of 12 GPS‐collared mountain lions (eight females, four males) occupying parklands in greater Los Angeles during the Spring 2020 California stay‐at‐home order when human activity was far below normal. We also tested the hypothesis that reduced traffic on Los Angeles area roadways increased permeability of these barriers to animal movement. Contrary to expectations that wildlife roamed more widely during pandemic shutdowns, resident mountain lions used smaller areas and moved shorter distances relative to their historical behaviour in greater Los Angeles. They also relaxed avoidance of anthropogenic landscape features such as trails and development, which likely facilitated increased travelling efficiency. However, there was no detectable change in road‐crossing, despite reduced traffic volume. Our results support the theoretical prediction that animals maximize movement efficiency and suggest that carnivores incur energetic costs while avoiding humans. While mountain lions may restrict movement at the landscape level relative to barriers, they appear to increase distances moved at finer scales when avoiding human activity – highlighting the scale‐dependent nature of animal responses to human disturbance. Avoiding humans can reduce direct mortality of large carnivores and is often suggested to be an important mechanism promoting coexistence in shared landscapes. However, energetic costs incurred by increased movement and space‐use while avoiding human activity may have important consequences for population viability, predator–prey interactions, community structure, and human–wildlife conflict. Management providing sufficient wild prey and education regarding best practices for protection of domestic animals are important for conserving large carnivores in human‐dominated landscapes.
We generalize Birkhoff's Theorem in the following fashion. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for any spherically symmetric space-time to be static in terms of the eigenvalues of the stress-energy tensor. In particular, we generalize the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation and prove that Birkhoff's theorem holds under the weaker hypothesis of no pressure (with respect to an appropriate frame.) We provide equations that show how the coefficients of the metric relate to the eigenvalues of the stress-energy tensor. These involve integrals that are simple functions of those eigenvalues. We also determine among all static spherically symmetric space-times those that are asymptotically flat. A few examples are presented taking advantage of the results. The calculations are done by viewing the space-times as warped products and the computations are done using Cartan's moving frames approach.
1978 marcou uma guinada na Geografia brasileira, que se fundamenta a partir de então cada vez mais no materialismo dialético como concepção de mundo. O Departamento de Geografia da Universidade de São Paulo tem sido um importante laboratório da Geografia Crítica, que chega ao seu ápice nesse emblemático ano de 1978. Nele, várias frentes são abertas e dentre elas a de uma perspectiva crítica da Geografia Regional. Podemos localizar mais especificamente duas: uma mais vinculada aos processos de urbanização e industrialização e outra mais relacionada à geografia política, a geopolítica e as políticas regionais. À luz dessas contribuições seminais, apresentamos alguns ensaios de uma teoria regional crítica para a compreensão da produção do espaço no século XXI.
The article evaluates the public policy of science, technology and innovation (STI) of the Government of the State of Espírito Santo, in the period 2012-2015, by analyzing the elaboration and execution of the budget, based on data from the Pluriannual Plan of that period. Based on theoretical and methodological analysis of STI and public budget components, the financial performance of the STI programs and actions is evaluated in order to identify the priority axes of public policy and its execution in budgetary terms. It is shown that substantial expenditures in the period were carried out with actions focused on the areas of work and professional education, which reveal a lack of focus of the policy, besides evidencing the strong disproportion of the volume of resources destined to scientific research to the detriment of the productive sector, facts that show the need for course corrections regarding how a mature system of STI works. This means that the detailed analysis of budget elaboration and execution, besides proving an important source of data on STI public policies, are fundamental requirements for the improvement of the policy for these areas, since they allow a greater refinement both in the planning and execution of such policy. The State of Espírito Santo, despite the efforts of the last governments, still presents indicators of STI that show a great delay in relation to the more developed states. Thus, it is concluded that, in order to elaborate an authentic state policy for the areas of STI, in addition to providing more resources, a minimum of strategic planning and active governmental coordination is necessary for these areas, and the analysis of budget preparation and execution should be an integral part of this process.
We explain the necessity of application of semi-metric in general relativity. A detailed discussion on the energy-momentum conservation in the general relativity is presented using the mathematical tool of semi-metric. By means of the general covariant spacetime translation transformation, the most general covariant conservation law of energy-momentum is obtained, which is valid for any coordinates and overcomes the flaws of the expressions of Einstain, Landau and Moller.