Hasil untuk "Environmental law"

Thomas Achu Uduo

The purpose of this paper is to explore the theoretical foundations and practical applications of environmental criminology, specifically focusing on Lagos State, Nigeria. Environmental criminology examines the spatial and environmental factors that influence criminal behaviour, providing insights into crime patterns and prevention strategies. Key concepts such as territoriality, defensible space, and crime attractors and generators are discussed in the context of Lagos State. Empirical research on the impact of environmental design on crime rates is reviewed, highlighting successes and limitations. The implications for crime prevention policies and practices in Lagos State are examined, emphasizing the need for an interdisciplinary approach that integrates urban design, social science, and law enforcement perspectives.

Shabab Jahanbin, Ali Faghih Habibi, Ali Mohammadi et al.

The failure of the UN’s series of international climate change conferences has contributed to increasing violations of societies’ fundamental rights to a sustainable climate in various parts of the world, particularly in developing countries. Iran has also been affected by the adverse consequences of climate change, due in part to the ineffectiveness of the international legal system and insufficient attention within the domestic legal system. Accordingly, this study aims to develop a legal pattern for combating climate change in Iran, with a view to reducing environmental pollution and advancing sustainable development. The research is organized into three operational phases and employs a Likert-scale instrument and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. The most significant climate-change-related impacts that undermine public rights in Iran include declining livelihoods, the recurrence of regional dust storms, and weakening production and economic cycles due to reduced industrial access to energy resources. Among the most important mechanisms for addressing climate change in Iran are the development and strengthening of incentive-based guidelines by the Ministry of Energy for the injection of green energy, as well as the allocation of financial resources for the revitalization and effective implementation of the Clean Air Law. Finally, in view of the extensive scope of the impacts of climate change, this study emphasizes that the realization of the aforementioned mechanisms requires the adoption of two fundamental strategies: first, strengthening regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms within the domestic legal system in response to climate change; and second, the establishment and institutionalization of a joint regional climate organization.

Silvia Mohr, Mishal Antony, Valeska Contardo-Jara et al.

Abstract Background The triazole fungicide tebuconazole (TBZ) has plant growth regulatory properties and is used as such in, e.g., oilseed rape crop production. To date, very little is known about the phytohormonal effects of TBZ on macrophytes. There are only data for the monocot macrophyte Lemna sp. available in the literature, which indicate a moderate risk for macrophytes. However, dicot macrophyte species are known to generally be more sensitive to growth regulating pesticides, due to the phytohormonal effects of these substances. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate if TBZ may impact monocot and dicot aquatic macrophytes differently and to quantify these effects. Two in situ experiments were conducted as part of a comprehensive study in freshwater mesocosms to evaluate direct and indirect effects of TBZ on five macrophyte species, particularly comparing the dicot species Myriophyllum spicatum with monocot duckweed species and the macrophyte standing stock of the mesocosms. For this, six naturally established freshwater mesocosms were dosed once with six different concentrations of TBZ (5–5000 μg/L), two served as controls. Results The dicot M. spicatum was the most sensitive species with the lowest EC50 (14 d) of 228 µg/L TBZ. In contrast, the monocot broad-leaved pondweed Potamogeton natans and two duckweed species reacted far less sensitive in this study with Spirodela polyrhiza being the most sensitive monocot species (EC50 (14 d): 1487 µg/L TBZ). Shoots of M. spicatum, which were grown directly as standing stock in the mesocosms, developed strong growth deformities in the form of shorter stems and condensed leaf whorls during the course of the study in the higher TBZ treatments. This effect can be linked to the anti-gibberellic mode of action of TBZ. Conclusion The results of this study highlight that short-term in situ experiments are a valuable tool that can efficiently be integrated into comprehensive mesocosm studies investigating aquatic communities, in order to gain reliable ECx data for several non-standard macrophyte species with different growth forms under near-natural conditions. The results of this research underscore that for regulatory risk assessment of fungicides with a phytohormonal mode of action, dicot aquatic macrophytes need to be included in the first tier of the risk assessment.

Sebastian Wójcik-Jackowski

W opracowaniu przedstawiono przekrojowo zagadnienie kontroli gospodarowania wodami. Autor sięgnął do genezy obecnych rozwiązań, a także przeanalizował obowiązujący stan prawny i kierunki zmian wynikające z ustawy o rewitalizacji rzeki Odry, w szczególności te związane z utworzeniem Inspekcji Wodnej i powierzeniem jej określonej kategorii zadań. Drobiazgowo omówił pojawiające się wątpliwości i mankamenty nowo wprowadzonych przepisów oraz wskazał najważniejsze kwestie, które jego zdaniem wymagają uwzględnienia, a które dotychczas pomijano w toku prac legislacyjnych.

Fikri Adrian, Fadillah Sabri

Environmental problems are becoming increasingly serious over time. The Covid-19 pandemic that hit Indonesia did not reduce the impact of environmental pollution but instead gave rise to a new problem, namely medical B3 waste. Of course, B3 medical waste produced by hospitals must be clear regarding its management, sanctions and implementation of law enforcement. Because the impacts can affect the environment and public health. The research method used is normative legal research (normative juridical) using a statutory approach (Status Approach) and a Conceptual Approach (Conceptual Approach). Corporate/hospital criminal liability for violations of B3 waste management is regulated in Article 116 Jo 118 of the PPLH Law. Article 116 paragraph (1) letter a of the PPLH Law states that business entities can be prosecuted criminally, but in Article 118, in the case of charges against business entities, the representative management is the functional actor. Apart from the main criminal penalties, business entities may be subject to additional criminal/disciplinary regulations based on Article 119 of the PPLH Law. Based on research, there are weaknesses in the PPLH Law regarding corporate responsibility, namely first, corporate responsibility does not guarantee legal certainty. Second, there is no distinction between basic criminal sanctions for human and corporate legal subjects

Puluhulawa Fenty, Adelina Harun Amanda, Mamu Karlin

Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM), owned by individuals, is one form of mineral mining that has been regulated by law. The dilemma in the management of ASGM lies in its dual nature, serving as both an economic potential and a source of environmental harm. This study aims to analyze the existence of ASGM and its impact on economic, environmental, and social sustainability. This juridical normative research employs a statute approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. The study’s results revealed the existence of ASGM, which, until the present day, has generally been conducted without permits. In order to mitigate its environmental impacts while preserving it as an economic resource, ASGM needs to be formalized, enabling its activities to be monitored and the law to be enforced.

Lantseva Veronika Yurievna

This article studies the mechanism of protection of the Black Sea marine environment ensuring environmental safety in water transport in its water area, which was normatively consolidated in the 1992 Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution. The article studies and describes the international and regional experience of regulating public relations arising from the provision of environmental safety, as well as proposals for improving international law in this area. The article presents the major research outcomes on the main measures aimed to introduce amendments to the current international law on regulation of public relations arising in the field of ensuring environmental safety in water transport in the Black Sea. Based on the analysis of the current international regional agreement in the area under consideration, the author has proposed some recommendations for its further development, and also highlighted the main areas to be regulated taking into account the need to conduct research in order to create the necessary rules and regulations that can ensure environmental safety in the operation of sea vessels. In order to improve the ecological situation in the Black Sea water area, it is necessary to amend the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution by introducing a number of special measures proposed in the article.

Naira Virsaladze, Malvina Kipiani

The Covid pandemic and hostilities developed in the post-Soviet space had a heavy impact on the world economy, sharply slowing economic growth and increasing socio-economic problems. The impact of current events has become a significant topic in terms of regional economies. The rather rich experience accumulated in the world has shown us that the management and development of the region should be based on the economic potential of a particular country, the historical past of economic and political life, cultural and natural-resource characteristics, which are the result of historical preconditions. From this point of view, Georgia is quite diverse and interesting country. This diversity and the rules and traditions of economic life formed on the basis of sharply different natural-economic conditions create the inequality of the state and trends of the development and competitiveness of the territorial-administrative units (parties) of the country. Our attention was drawn to the fact that the Imereti region is distinguished by low incomes of the population, high rates of migration processes and aging and, accordingly, high dependence on social assistance. Imereti region is located in the central part of Georgia, it is one of the most beautiful places. It occupies 9.4% of the territory of Georgia and unites 12 municipalities. Rather important positive factors of the region are: proximity to seaports and international airports, location on energy and automobile corridors, a high level of urbanization, a variety of minerals, favorable environmental conditions for the development of crops, various types of tourist and recreational resources. The real result is that today the actual weakness of Imereti region is the high level of unemployment and poverty. Less developed municipal services, commercial and business infrastructure, low level of professional development and qualification of the workforce, absence of effective natural disaster management system, limited rights of regional and local administrative structures, meager income and property resources. It is a fact that the region cannot effectively use the existing resources for the purpose of development. In order to strengthen agriculture and increase labor productivity, first of all small-land farms should be enlarged, which will contribute to the technical rearmament of the sector and the intensification of production. It is a sad reality that Imereti is considered a region significantly dependent on social assistance. Not only the unemployed, but also the majority of employed people are socially vulnerable, because the payment is quite low. A similar situation is a problem not only in Imereti, but in the entire country. The post-pandemic period is characterized by price increases and unstable inflationary processes, the influence of both internal and external factors is great. Revealing the low standard of living and poverty should not become the main goal. There is constant talk about identifying the problem, revealing it, its percentage increase or decrease. Nominal indicators without deep analysis are quite far from the real situation. The main and important thing is not only to determine the causes, but also to fight against them and eliminate them in time. Enumeration and statistics workers and their economic-statistical studies should make a significant contribution to the assessment of the existing situation in the region and its further improvement. The real socio-economic situation of the region should be reflected (and not in numbers artificially beautified to please ourselves), only by revealing the reality and seeing the existing weak points correctly, we will be able to improve the economy of both the region and the country and achieve the desired results. It is on the basis of real data that the further development strategy of the region, new projects and programs should be developed. Recently, they often mention the "decent salary", which probably a significant part of the employed people in Georgia will not have in the near future. In this regard, the minimum wage and the size of the consumer basket need to be reconsidered once again. In order to provide normal wages to the employees, the government should adopt a law on minimum wages. When it comes to European integration, among many other issues, the most important and necessary issue is the review of the population's incomes and living standards, and bringing them closer to the European countries should be the main goal.

Yuchen Wang, Xiaoming Zhou, Anis Ali et al.

Addressing the conflict between fossil fuel exploitation, usage, and greenhouse gas emissions is a top priority for China’s low-carbon socioeconomic development. Scalable Axisymmetric Matrix “a computerized general equilibrium model” is used to assess the impact of carbon tax policies on energy usage, carbon pollution, and macroeconomic drivers at reduction levels of 10%, 20%, and 30% of emissions. In the meantime, we examine the impact of various carbon tax recycling schemes in line with the tax neutrality concept. Although the carbon tax successfully reduces carbon emissions, we conclude that it will have a detrimental effect on the economy and social well-being. To cope with China’s increasing pollution emissions and ecological imbalances, the Chinese government promulgated the environmental protection tax law of the people’s Republic of China, which was officially implemented in 2018. Although carbon dioxide is not included in the Taxable Pollutants and Single Quantity Table attached to this law, China has almost reached a consensus on taxing carbon emissions. In 2021, the State Council of China issued the opinions on completely, accurately, and comprehensively implementing the new development concept and doing a good job in carbon peak and carbon neutralization, which made a comprehensive deployment to achieve the “double carbon” goal and improved the carbon tax policy and legal system, which is an essential part of it. Therefore, based on fiscal neutrality, an effective carbon tax recycling scheme can mitigate the adverse effects of its adoption. However, due to the current development in China’s energy-generating and transportation sectors, even minor steps can have huge effects on emissions with marginal economic implications.

Butko Denis, Volodina Marina

Discharge of rinsing water from fast filters into surface water bodies as a way of their disposal is unacceptable for environmental reasons, and in some countries it is prohibited by law. Research by Russian and foreign scientists is aimed at studying the schemes for returning wash water to the main stream using reagent methods of clarification, ultrafiltration or filtration on ceramic filters. In this paper, the processes of removing suspended solids from rinsing waters by means of reagent-free clarification under static conditions of sedimentation facilities are considered. In this case, the treated water was exposed to mixing with Camp’s criterion obtained as a result of the analysis of the modes of movement in pipelines from the fast filter to the settling facility for the treatment of rinse water, as well as under conditions of additional mixing inside the treatment facilities either by stirrers or by aeroflocculation. Based on the analysis of the results of water clarification under the conditions of reagent-free sedimentation with stirring, mathematical dependences of the clarification effect on the Camp’s criterion, water temperature, initial content of suspended solids and clarification time were obtained.

Liu WAN, Dahai LIU, Xiaohua WANG et al.

To promote the balanced and sustainable development of resources exploitation and environmental protection in international seabed area, improve the discourse power and execution of China in relevant field, this paper systematic analyzed the development characteristics of international seabed area environmental protection system and its existing problems. The paper also summarized China′s practice and expectation of environment protection in international seabed area, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions. The research results showed that the environmental protection system of international seabed area had experienced 4 stages: germination, formation, development and enrichment, and development features of which mainly included the renewal of the concept, the perfection of principles, and the definition of obligations and responsibilities. However, there were still some problems in the current environmental protection clauses in Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the Area, the environmental protection rights and responsibilities of non-contracting states to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the balance of interests. China actively practiced environmental protection of international seabed area by participating in the formulation of relevant systems and exploring domestic laws. In the future, formulating environmental protection standards, exploring policy environment and balancing the interest of all parties can improve the environmental protection system of international seabed area. China should continue to participate in the formulation of relevant international legislation system and improve domestic marine environmental protection system.

A. Zakharin, R. Nutrikhin

The article is devoted to the analysis of problems and the identiication of effective mechanisms for ensuring environmental safety in the conditions of the functioning of the common economic space of the EAEU member states. The need for the stable development of land and other natural resource, environmental protection relations, environmental law and order, the introduction of mechanisms for the harmonization or unification of the norms of law in the context of the desire of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union to strengthen national economies and achieve the growth of their competitiveness on a global scale economic system. The progressive development of the Eurasian Economic Union and the need for the implementation of signiicant infrastructure and investment projects to implement the concept of sustainable development in the EAEU member states leads to the strengthening of integration processes aimed at ensuring environmental safety and eficient use of natural resources in this international organization. The legal mechanism for the implementation of such interaction for the EAEU states can be considered harmonization, which allows for the coordination of common approaches and concepts, joint development of legal principles and the development of joint solutions on problems that are urgent for all states. Legal problems of the development of the integration of legal regulation of environmental safety in the EAEU countries are determined by the lack of uniform approaches and existing regulatory legal acts on environmental safety, various forms, plurality, declarativeness and inconsistency of national legislation regulating environmental safety. The development and consolidation in the EAEU acts of the legal foundations of environmental safety will not only bring the legislation of the Union member states in this area to a new qualitative legal level, but also create the basis for effective cooperation between states, serve as an effective effective cooperation between states, and serve as an effective means of fulilling international obligations in the ield of environmental protection and rational use.

Nicholas Oguge, Francis Oremo, Salome Adhiambo

Kenya has made many attempts to regulate the production of single-use plastics through partial bans and the imposition of hefty taxes. Whereas government initiatives are crucial to resolving single-use plastic pollution, commitments made by youths can be an important part of the solution. Yet, youths are habituated to using single-use plastics without understanding fully their negative impacts. Understanding the knowledge and attitudes of youths is of the utmost importance in the effort to turn the tide against plastic pollution. This study set out to investigate knowledge and attitudes towards single-use plastics among youths in Nairobi, Kenya. This was a mixed study approach, where both qualitative and quantitative data were derived. The results showed that youths perceive single-use plastics as a serious environmental and health issue. Most respondents expressed willingness to switch to reusable alternatives if provided with financial incentives. In addition, the results showed stronger support for enhanced awareness campaigns and plastic recycling infrastructure. Social media was the most preferred channel to disseminate plastic pollution messaging among the youth. These findings are important in policy development for intensifying awareness and targeting a range of communication and financial support to reduce single-use plastic pollution.

Peng Kecheng, Cao Xiaoqun, Tian Wenlong

With the continuous development of China’s economy, the problems of pollutant emissions and environmental governance are gradually emerging. Based on the monthly data of man-made emission sources in Asia from the 2008 East Asia MIX emission inventory, this study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of air pollutants including PM2.5, PM10, CO, CO2, NOx, OC, etc., and explored the difference and variation law of material concentration distribution between designated special regions, as well as the possible impact of various atmospheric systems on them. Firstly, in most areas of China, the distribution of pollutants has obvious temporal and spatial differences, and the overall trend of pollutant concentration is higher in the north than in the south. The results show that the monthly variation trend of pollutants in India is significantly correlated with that in China. However, compared with the monthly trend in northern China, it is not particularly obvious.

John H. Knox

Despite the absence of a right to a healthy environment in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or any global human rights treaty, environmental human rights law has rapidly developed over the past 25 years along three paths: ( a) the widespread adoption of environmental rights in regional treaties and national constitutions; ( b) the greening of other human rights, such as the rights to life and health, through their application to environmental issues; and ( c) the inclusion in multilateral environmental instruments of rights of access to information, public participation, and access to justice. After describing these developments, this review assesses the possible effects of UN recognition of the human right to a healthy environment, both on the environment and on human rights law itself.

Vivian M. Cionek, G. H. Z. Alves, R. M. Tófoli et al.

reyhaneh pourhassan, Habibollah Salarzehi, Seyyed Aligholi Roshan et al.

The overall goal of the study was to provide a four-tier model of feasibility and effective deployment of good governance in higher education. The research method of the present study is meta-synthesis and revision of the subject. The findings of relevent qualitative and quantitative research were combined and the present model was designed. A total of 298 articles in the field of good governance in education were evaluated, and at the end, 60 studies were selected and by analyzing their content, the relevant dimensions and codes were extracted and the importance and priority of each was determined using Shannon entropy. The findings showed that the codes for continuous financial reporting, managing the process of change in education and research based on environmental changes, flexibility in law enforcement, the legitimacy of authority, mastery of curriculum, teaching experience, having skilled staff, removing barriers Access to education, efforts to create the right environment for raising public awareness, and coordination among stakeholders among the three dimensions of good governance are most important. The four-step model presented in the present study enables the transition from the current situation to the optimal one for establishing good governance effectively.

L. Kotzé, D. French

In May 2018, the process which may ultimately lead to the negotiation of a legally binding Global Pact for the environment formally commenced under the auspices of the United Nations General Assembly. Expectations for the Pact are high, evidenced in particular by its multiple and overlapping objectives: to serve as a generic binding instrument of international environmental law (IEL) principles; to integrate, consolidate, unify and ultimately entrench many of the fragmented principles of IEL; and to constitute the first global environmental human rights instrument. In the wake of the impending intergovernmental process, the paper offers a thorough critique of the draft Pact in its present iteration. We do so with the aim of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the present draft Pact by interrogating: (a) its diplomatic and symbolic relevance and possible unique contribution at the policy level to global environmental law and governance, and (b) its potential at the operational level of IEL and global environmental governance, focusing on the extent to which the draft Pact accommodates both existing and more recent rules and principles for environmental protection. As the Pact’s primary ambition is to become a universally binding global treaty, it would be churlish not to recognise its potential for innovation, as well as the considerable opportunity that the negotiation of the Pact will have to generate broad-sweeping and positive impacts. However, our central thesis is that only if the Global Pact were to incorporate ambitious normative provisions to strengthen those public and private global governance efforts that aim to halt the deterioration of Earth system integrity, as well as to maintain and improve integrity, will it be able to offer a firm foundation of the type of Anthropocene Law, termed here as the Lex Anthropocenae, required to confront head-on the deep socio-ecological crisis of the Anthropocene.

D. Reznick

IF and FRFG

The Intergenerational Justice Review is a peer-reviewed English language journal, reflecting the current state of research on intergenerational justice. The IGJR publishes articles from humanities, social sciences, and international law. The journal is released biannually and employs a double-blind peer review process. Its editorial board consists of about 50 internationally renowned experts from ten different countries. IGJR is indexed under Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ).   The topic of issue 1/2020 (which is planned to be the first part of a double issue) will be “Housing crisis: How can we improve the situation for young people?” We welcome submissions to the issue 1/2020 that analyse the housing situation of the young generation. Topic outline In many European countries, and especially in large cities and university towns, affordable housing is a pressing and sometimes explosive issue. In the debate about such questions as home ownership or rent increase caps (Mietpreisbremse – German: rent brakes), the intergenerational perspective is often forgotten. But different generations are affected in noticeably different ways. Rising rent and purchase prices and the failure of housing construction programmes make it ever more difficult for young people to access the housing market. The quality of housing is a key factor in living standards and wellbeing, as well as an integral element of social integration, yet in 2014 a total of 7.8% of young people in the European Union (aged between 15 and 29) were in severe housing need, 25.7% of the young people in the EU lived in overcrowded households, and 13.6% lived in households that spent 40% or more of their equivalised disposable income on housing (Eurostat 2016). In response to the 2008/9 financial crisis, government programmes for public and social housing aimed at the poorer parts of the population were cut back, leading to diminishing access to affordable housing, especially in urbanised areas. For young people, this means that they have to pay higher rents. Today, therefore, they often live longer in their parental homes, or in the private rental sector, than previous generations (Ronald/Lennartz 2018). What is often referred to as a “housing crisis” can certainly be seen as a question of intergenerational justice, because the baby boomers had easier access to housing or to the means to finance it. Today, the baby boomer generation benefits from housing inequality in two ways: through property values and rental income. At the same time, with pension systems under pressure because of ageing populations, the ownership of residential property has become an important component of old-age provision (Helbrecht/Geisenkauser 2012). Younger generations, on the other hand, are disadvantaged in two respects: today’s increased demand leads to further pressure on the housing market in the low-price segment, which in turn leads to an increase in the rent burden for lower and middle income groups, and also makes the purchase of residential property more difficult. In many parts of Europe, such as the Southeast of the UK, in the 1980s the average cost of a first home was three to four times the annual average salary; today it can be ten or twelve times the annual average salary. From this perspective, it can certainly be argued that the housing market situation is not intergenerationally fair. And in many European countries, ownership of real estate has become a much greater source of wealth inequality between generations than salary differentials. This gloomy picture of housing and home ownership is, however, by no means universal. Statistics point to significant differences between countries, and international comparisons show that successful housing policies are possible. An EU comparison shows that the percentage of households managed by a person aged 18–29 who spends 40% or more of their disposable income on housing costs ranges from 1.3% (in Malta) to 45.4% (in Greece) (Leach et al. 2016). It is clear that some countries perform significantly better than others in providing affordable housing for the next generation. Articles could approach the topic through a broad range of questions, including: • How did the housing crisis come to be and how can housing inequality for young people be improved? • Why are some countries better than others at providing affordable housing for the next generation? What are the similarities and differences? What lessons can be drawn from cross-country comparisons? • What political levers, such as subsidies, could be introduced to help the younger generation achieve more affordable and long-term housing security? Is the German Mietpreisbremse a successful instrument for this and how does it affect the young generation? • Planet vs. people: It is often suggested that the solution to the housing crisis is to build more homes, but this raises the question of encroaching on green spaces and the environmental impact that this implies. How can that tension be resolved? How can urbanisation and the housing market become more environmentally friendly? • Another solution is to use existing housing stock more efficiently. Can government policy help to bring this about, for example by incentivising the fuller occupation of large houses with unused spare bedrooms, or by discouraging the ownership of second homes through higher taxation? • What is the potential of new forms of housing, such as shared housing, multi-generational housing, homeshare (housing for help)? • How does homelessness affect young people in particular and how can it be combated? • How can those who work in the media be encouraged to address this topic?   Submission Requirements Submissions will be accepted until 31 December 2019. Articles may be submitted electronically through the IGJR homepage (see “Submissions”). Articles should be no more than 30,000 characters in length (including spaces but excluding bibliography, figures, photographs and tables). For details, see the author guidelines   Demography Prize: Note that this topic is closely related to the subject of the next Demography Prize promoted by the Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) and the Intergenerational Foundation (IF). The prize is endowed with 10,000€ and has 31 December 2019 as its deadline. Young researchers may also wish to participate in this essay competition, and it is hoped that this edition of the IGJR will contain a selection of the best prize submissions in English. More information will become available shortly on www.intergenerationaljustice.org and www.if.org.uk.   References Eurostat (2016): Young people – housing conditions. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/46039.pdf. Viewed 27 September 2018. Ronald, Richard / Lennartz, Christian (2018): Housing careers, intergenerational support and family relations. In: Housing Studies, 33 (2), 147-159. Helbrecht, Ilse / Geilenheuser, Tim (2012): Demographischer Wandel, Generationeneffekte und Wohnungsmarktentwicklung: Wohneigentum als Altersvorsorge? In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, 70 (5), 425–436. Recommended literature Dorling, Danny (2015): All That is Solid: How the Great Housing Disaster Defines Our Times, and What We Can Do About It. London: Allen Lane. Dustmann, Christian / Fitzenberger, Bernd / Zimmerman, Markus (2018): Housing Expenditures and Income Inequality, Cream Discussion Paper 16/18, London: Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, URL: http://www.cream-migration.org/publ_ uploads/CDP_16_18.pdf. Viewed 24 October 2018. Eurostat (2016): Young people – housing conditions, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/46039.pdf. Viewed 27 September 2018. Eurostat (2015): Housing cost overburden rate. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvho07a&lang=en. Viewed 27 September 2018. Helbrecht, Ilse / Geilenheuser, Tim (2012): Demographischer Wandel, Generationeneffekte und Wohnungsmarktentwicklung: Wohneigentum als Altersvorsorge? In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, 70 (5), 425–436. Hills, John / Cunliffe, Jack / Obolenskaya, Polina / Karagiannaki, Eleni (2015): Falling behind, getting ahead: the changing structure of inequality in the UK, 2007-2013. Social Policy in Cold Climate. London: LSE. Leach, Jeremy / Broeks, Miriam / Østenvik, Kristin / Kingman, David (2016): European Intergenerational Fairness Index: A Crisis for the Young. London: Intergenerational Foundation: http://www.if.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/European-Intergenerational-Fairness-Index_Final-2016.pdf. Viewed 27 September 2018. Lennartz, Christian / Helbrecht, Ilse (2018): The housing careers of younger adults and intergenerational support in Germany’s ‘society of renters’. In: Housing Studies, 33 (2), 317-336. Morton, Alex (2013): Housing and Intergenerational Fairness. London: Policy Exchange. National Housing Federation (2014): Broken Market, Broken Dreams. London: NHF. Ronald, Richard / Lennartz, Christian (2018): Housing careers, intergenerational support and family relations. In: Housing Studies, 33 (2), 147-159. Rugg, Julie J. / Quilgars, Deborah (2015): Young People and Housing: A Review of the Present Policy and Practice Landscape. In: Youth and Policy. Issue 114. Shaw, Randy (2018): Generation Priced Out. Who Gets to Live in the New Urban America, Oakland, CA: University of California Press. Shelter (2010): The Human Cost: How the Lack of Affordable Housing Impacts on All Aspects of Life. London: Shelter.