Hasil untuk "Economics as a science"

A. Zeileis, Christian Kleiber, S. Jackman

The classical Poisson, geometric and negative binomial regression models for count data belong to the family of generalized linear models and are available at the core of the statistics toolbox in the R system for statistical computing. After reviewing the conceptual and computational features of these methods, a new implementation of zero-inflated and hurdle regression models in the functions zeroinfl() and hurdle() from the package pscl is introduced. It re-uses design and functionality of the basic R functions just as the underlying conceptual tools extend the classical models. Both model classes are able to incorporate over-dispersion and excess zeros - two problems that typically occur in count data sets in economics and the social and political sciences - better than their classical counterparts. Using cross-section data on the demand for medical care, it is illustrated how the classical as well as the zero-augmented models can be fitted, inspected and tested in practice.

A. Delgado-Bonal, A. Marshak

Approximate Entropy and Sample Entropy are two algorithms for determining the regularity of series of data based on the existence of patterns. Despite their similarities, the theoretical ideas behind those techniques are different but usually ignored. This paper aims to be a complete guideline of the theory and application of the algorithms, intended to explain their characteristics in detail to researchers from different fields. While initially developed for physiological applications, both algorithms have been used in other fields such as medicine, telecommunications, economics or Earth sciences. In this paper, we explain the theoretical aspects involving Information Theory and Chaos Theory, provide simple source codes for their computation, and illustrate the techniques with a step by step example of how to use the algorithms properly. This paper is not intended to be an exhaustive review of all previous applications of the algorithms but rather a comprehensive tutorial where no previous knowledge is required to understand the methodology.

A. Nakano

K. Chan, Rachelle K. Gould, U. Pascual

Abstract Relational values—as preferences, principles and virtues about human-nature relationships—have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. The term has been used to include concepts and knowledge from a wide range of social sciences and humanities, e.g., importantly making space for qualitative approaches often neglected within environmental management and science. Meanwhile, crucial questions have emerged. What counts as a relational value, and what does not? How do relational values (RVs) compare with other value categories and terms, including held, assigned, instrumental, moral, shared, social, and non-material values (e.g., associated with cultural ecosystem services)? In this article, we address these issues, partly by providing context about how the RV term originated and how it has evolved to date. Most importantly, because of their somewhat unique combination of groundedness and moral relevance, positive relational values may offer important opportunities for the evolution of values that may be necessary for transformative change towards sustainability. The special issue includes contributions that contemplate particular concepts (e.g., care, stewardship, eudaimonia—human flourishing), applications (e.g., environmental assessment, environmental policy design), and the history of relevant scholarship in various intellectual traditions (e.g., ecological economics, human ecology, environmental education). Together with this suite of thought-provoking papers, we hope that the clarification we provide here facilitates a broad and productive interdisciplinary exchange to create and refine a reflective but powerful tool for sustainability and justice.

M. Smith, M. Smith, M. Smith et al.

N. K. Kitson, A. Constantinou, Zhi-gao Guo et al.

Bayesian Networks (BNs) have become increasingly popular over the last few decades as a tool for reasoning under uncertainty in fields as diverse as medicine, biology, epidemiology, economics and the social sciences. This is especially true in real-world areas where we seek to answer complex questions based on hypothetical evidence to determine actions for intervention. However, determining the graphical structure of a BN remains a major challenge, especially when modelling a problem under causal assumptions. Solutions to this problem include the automated discovery of BN graphs from data, constructing them based on expert knowledge, or a combination of the two. This paper provides a comprehensive review of combinatoric algorithms proposed for learning BN structure from data, describing 74 algorithms including prototypical, well-established and state-of-the-art approaches. The basic approach of each algorithm is described in consistent terms, and the similarities and differences between them highlighted. Methods of evaluating algorithms and their comparative performance are discussed including the consistency of claims made in the literature. Approaches for dealing with data noise in real-world datasets and incorporating expert knowledge into the learning process are also covered.

K. L. Tomashevski

Objective: to identify the influence of conceptual scientific ideas of S. S. Alekseev on the development of the labor law doctrine.Methods: dialectical method of cognition, as well as a set of general scientific (system analysis, synthesis, classification, generalization, induction, deduction) and specific-legal (formal-legal, comparative-legal) methods.Results: the genesis of S. S. Alekseev’s views on the system and structure of law, their perception and consideration in the system of labor law was investigated. The author shows three conceptual approaches to building the labor law system and substantiates the division of the special part of labor law into three sub-branches: individual, collective and procedural labor law. S. S. Alekseev’s views on the principles of law are analyzed, including their classification into basic, inter-sectoral, and sectoral principles of law and principles of legal institutions.Scientific novelty: the analysis of the influence and perception of S. S. Alekseev’s ideas at the sectoral level (primarily in the science of labor law) has not been the topic of scientific research so far. The work shows the significance of the ideas of natural law and their perception in positive law, including labor law, as well as the embodiment of S. S. Alekseev's ideas on human-centrism and humanism in the national labor law. The author substantiates the conclusion about the influence of S. S. Alekseev’s views on the formulation of labor law, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, including freedom of labor, social justice and some other guiding legal principles of this sector.Practical significance: is expressed in the fact that the ideas about the labor law system can be used in the subsequent systematization, including in the new codification of labor legislation. The ideas about the labor law principles can be applied for the improvement of Article 2 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and be taken into account by courts and other law enforcement agencies in overcoming gaps in law and resolving legal conflicts and other defects in law.

Alina Kudinova, Oleksandra Maslii, Valerii Smokvina et al.

The primary objective of this study is to identify the various cyber threats that impact the operations of financial institutions, particularly their information and economic security. This is crucial for the sustainable growth of the country and has a direct effect on its economic security. The financial sector globally experiences the highest losses due to cyber incidents. On average, financial organizations around the world incur losses of approximately USD 5.9 million per incident, which is higher than the average loss across all industries, estimated at USD 4.45 million. Financial institutions incur losses not only from ransom payments to prevent the disclosure of stolen data and the costs associated with restoring infrastructure after ransomware attacks, but also from direct financial losses in certain situations. This study identified the most common types of cyberattacks, examined their impact on the operations of financial institutions, and suggested ways to respond to and prevent such incidents. For the first time, an algorithm for the strategic management of digitalization in financial institutions was proposed, aimed at enhancing their economic and informational security. The algorithm can be implemented at all managerial levels to reduce the influence of subjective risk factors. Additionally, a multifactor predictive model has been developed and substantiated, which represents a further development of existing approaches to assessing information and economic security in financial institutions. This model integrates internal (organization-controlled) and external (environmental) factors and utilizes statistical methods and machine learning techniques to analyze data and forecast security levels. As digitalization continues to evolve in our country, financial institutions must adapt and embrace innovation to ensure sustainable development, even under martial law.

C. A. Holt, S. P. Sullivan

This article surveys the use of nonparametric permutation tests for analyzing experimental data. The permutation approach, which involves randomizing or permuting features of the observed data, is a flexible way to draw statistical inferences in common experimental settings. It is particularly valuable when few independent observations are available, a frequent occurrence in controlled experiments in economics and other social sciences. The permutation method constitutes a comprehensive approach to statistical inference. In two-treatment testing, permutation concepts underlie popular rank-based tests, like the Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney tests. But permutation reasoning is not limited to ordinal contexts. Analogous tests can be constructed from the permutation of measured observations—as opposed to rank-transformed observations—and we argue that these tests should often be preferred. Permutation tests can also be used with multiple treatments, with ordered hypothesized effects, and with complex data-structures, such as hypothesis testing in the presence of nuisance variables. Drawing examples from the experimental economics literature, we illustrate how permutation testing solves common challenges. Our aim is to help experimenters move beyond the handful of overused tests in play today and to instead see permutation testing as a flexible framework for statistical inference.

Anne Jerneck, Lennart Olsson, B. Ness et al.

It is urgent in science and society to address climate change and other sustainability challenges such as biodiversity loss, deforestation, depletion of marine fish stocks, global ill-health, land degradation, land use change and water scarcity. Sustainability science (SS) is an attempt to bridge the natural and social sciences for seeking creative solutions to these complex challenges. In this article, we propose a research agenda that advances the methodological and theoretical understanding of what SS can be, how it can be pursued and what it can contribute. The key focus is on knowledge structuring. For that purpose, we designed a generic research platform organised as a three-dimensional matrix comprising three components: core themes (scientific understanding, sustainability goals, sustainability pathways); cross-cutting critical and problem-solving approaches; and any combination of the sustainability challenges above. As an example, we insert four sustainability challenges into the matrix (biodiversity loss, climate change, land use changes, water scarcity). Based on the matrix with the four challenges, we discuss three issues for advancing theory and methodology in SS: how new synergies across natural and social sciences can be created; how integrated theories for understanding and responding to complex sustainability issues can be developed; and how theories and concepts in economics, gender studies, geography, political science and sociology can be applied in SS. The generic research platform serves to structure and create new knowledge in SS and is a tool for exploring any set of sustainability challenges. The combined critical and problem-solving approach is essential.

Rendra Bagus Saputra, Lintang Kurniawati

Commencing a firm or engaging in entrepreneurship is a means for individuals to generate income, so bolstering a nation's economy and employment opportunities. This study sought to examine the influence of motivation, environment, social media, digital marketing, and love of money on entrepreneurial inclinations. 973 alumni graduated in the years 2020 and 2021. This study employed a qualitative research approach, gathering data through a questionnaire administered via Google Forms. The data were examined using the purposive sampling technique based on the Slobin formula. The influence of motivation on the entrepreneurial aspirations of students is significant. The environment plays a significant role in shaping the amount of interest in entrepreneurship. Social media has a significant impact on the entrepreneurial aspirations of students. Digital marketing has a big impact on students' entrepreneurial interests. An individual's level of interest in entrepreneurship can be greatly influenced by their strong desire for riches.

Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay

Given the scarcity of labour observed in several sectors in Quebec, organizations wish to identify the obstacles to maintaining and returning to employment and measures that could promote greater participation in the labour market by experienced workers. Many individuals also wish to remain in the labour market but face obstacles. To address this, we conducted two surveys, one with the workforce and the other with employers, to understand their perceptions of obstacles and measures or policies that could support continued employment. Some obstacles may be difficult to overcome (personal or health problems). Still, others could be addressed, such as workload and fatigue, mental or physical workload, lack of training opportunities after 50 and 60 years of age, recognition of experience, or insufficient compensation. In terms of public measures, in addition to improving taxation, other options can be considered, such as financial support or consulting services for hiring experienced workers, a bank of available candidates, or implementing programs to help organizations develop innovative measures for scheduling work hours.

Bartłomiej Lach, Krzysztof Malaga

L'Objectif : Le but de cet article est de décrire et d'évaluer l'état de la liberté économique dans les pays d'Afrique5 . La base d'inférence est fondée sur les coefficients de liberté économique publiés depuis 1995 par The Heritage Foundation à Washington et Wall Street Journal pour 184 pays à travers le monde. L'analyse comparative est effectuée dans les pays africains divisés en quatre régions geographiques : Afrique Australe, Afrique du Nord et Afrique Centrale, Afrique de l'Est et l'Afrique de l'Ouest durant les années 2017-20236 . Conception/méthodologie/approche : Dans la recherche empirique on utilise les méthodes d'analyse de corrélation, σ-convergence, σ-divergence et d'analyse comparative multivariée. Le programme R et les packages dtw et dtwclust sont également appliqués. En conséquence, une évaluation approfondie de l'évolution de la liberté économique a été réalisée dans les 49 pays évalués, séparément et dans les quatres groupes de pays analysés. Résultats : Il a été montré que dans le cas des pays africains dans les années 2017-2023, nous sommes généralement confrontés à une stagnation ou à des changements plus ou moins chaotiques dans divers aspects de la liberté économique. Il semble que tant les gouvernements des pays africains ainsi que les institutions internationales qui soutiennent le développement des pays africains devraient s'appuyer plus largement qu'auparavant sur les acquis de la pensée économique dans le domaine des choix sociaux, ainsi que sur le rôle des institutions économiques et de la liberté dans le développement économique. Originalité/valeur : L'article fournit des connaissances complètes sur la liberté économique pour la grande majorité des pays africains en termes d'indice général de liberté économique et de douze indices partiels de liberté économique.

NORIZATUL AQILAH BINTI SAMRA, MOHD HAIRUL AZRIN BIN HAJI BESAR

This paper has two main objectives. First, it aims to compare the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) Financial Accounting Standard 1 (FAS 1) with International Accounting Standard 1 (IAS 1). Second, it seeks to assess the level of compliance of Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Brunei with the AAOIFI standard on General Presentation and Disclosures (FAS 1). To achieve these goals, the author conducted a content assessment of annual reports from selected financial institutions, using checklists designed for the AAOIFI standard on General Presentation and Disclosures. The study found that UAE IFIs displayed greater compliance with AAOIFI FAS 1 compared to their counterparts in Brunei. In 2021, Emirates National Bank of Dubai (Emirates NBD) achieved a compliance rate of 74.3%, while BIBD recorded a lower compliance rate of 70.8%. In summary, this paper sheds light on the differences between AAOIFI FAS 1 and IAS 1, offering valuable insights into compliance levels among IFIs in the UAE and Brunei. However, it acknowledges certain limitations, such as limited generalizability, reliance on secondary data, subjective content analysis, absence of primary research, evolving regulatory frameworks, and resource constraints. Overall, this research contributes to the field of Islamic accounting by employing content analysis techniques to compare AAOIFI FAS 1 and IAS 1 and assess compliance in IFIs in Brunei and the UAE. It aligns with previous studies on International Financial Reporting Standards for IFIs and aims to advance the understanding of Islamic accounting and financial reporting practices.

Boban Pavlović, Dejan Ivezić, Marija Živković

U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja i ankete koja je sprovedena 2020. godine u domaćinstvima sa individualnim sistemima grejanja u Srbiji. Cilj ankete je bio da se sagleda stanje individualnih sistema grejanja, ali i stavovi vlasnika sistema vezano za energetsku tranziciju. Rezultati ukazuju na zastarelost sistema grejanja, nisku efikasnost, nedovoljna ulaganja u primenu mera energetske efikasnosti i nedostatak finansijskih sredstava za ulaganje u održivo grejanje. Osnovni prioriteti kod izbora načina grejanja jesu troškovi kupovine sistema i troškovi energenta, dok su uticaj ekološkog faktora i svest o potrebi energetske tranzicije relativno slabo izraženi. Troškovi nabavke modernih sistema su identifikovani i kao najveća prepreke za zamenu postojećih sistema, a oko polovine domaćinstava ima pozitivan stav prema potencijalnom subvencionisanju troškova za zamenu postojećih sistema za nove i efikasnije.

Urmas Varblane

Stavros P. Migkos, Damianos P. Sakas, Nikolaos T. Giannakopoulos et al.

The financial crisis of 2008 has caused a series of drawbacks to economies around the world. Greek economy has been hit twice at 2009, since its credibility worsened, provoking the implication of harsh fiscal measures from the 2010 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The effects of these measures to Greek macroeconomic figures have been widely criticized. Authors aim to estimate these effects at the macroeconomic figures of Greece through utilization of Decision Support Systems, and propose accurate insights regarding their efficacy. By capitalizing on regression analysis and Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping processes, specific results from 2010 Memorandum’s measures arise. It has been calculated that measures implied by 2010 Memorandum have been harsh and posed a negative effect on key Greek macroeconomic figures like GDPR, public debt, etc., especially with the ongoing 2008 financial crisis.

M. Egas, A. Riedl

Velma Pijalovic, Lejla Lazovic-Pita, Almir Pestek

The purpose of the paper is to analyse and examine legal changes and requirements that affect retirement conditions and retirement rights for women in BH. After a discussion of the theoretical background of the gender gap in pensions internationally and in BH, an opinion survey related to pension system reforms was conducted in FBH. The results show that almost 50% of respondents disagree with the statement that women and men should retire at the same age. The results of the binomial logit regression conducted indicate that pensioners and those who are close to the retirement age are less likely, and men are more likely to respond positively to this statement. We conclude that there is a discrepancy between the desire to eliminate gender disparities in pensions and the willingness to conduct necessary reforms since they come as a bitter pill to swallow.

G. Philip, A. Hirschman