Hasil untuk "Economic theory. Demography"

Rem Sadykhov, Geoff Goodell, Philip Treleaven

In this paper, we analyse the impacts of exogenous and endogenous factors on wealth distribution in the Bitcoin token economy, where wealth distribution refers to the distribution of BTC between economic participants or groups of economic participants. The objective of the paper is to analyse the impact of economic policies on wealth distribution in the Bitcoin ecosystem. Different macroeconomic and microeconomic time series are used to eliminate noise in the wealth distribution time series, and the causality analysis is performed between Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (i.e., BIPs) and the cleaned wealth distribution data to reveal possible patterns in the impacts that the endogenous policies have on wealth distribution in token economies. Lastly, a structure for economic policy taxonomy in token economies is proposed where different the policy implementations are illustrated by existing BIPs. This approach highlights the actions available to the policy makers, as well as providing a technique for analysis of policy impacts in token economies and their categorization.

MIRON BIANCA ELENA , VÎLSAN ISABELLE-ANA-MARIA, SĂCUIU ANA-MARIA

In the context of an organizational environment marked by dynamism and intense competition, the professional development of employees has become a strategic priority for the business environment, playing an essential role in stimulating motivation and increasing performance. This paper analyzes how professional development programs influence employee motivation and contribute to organizational success through a bibliometric analysis of the existing literature. The study builds on several key theoretical foundations: Armstrong (2024) on human resource management, Noe (2021) on training and development, Deci and Ryan (2000) on self-determination theory, Locke and Latham (2002) on goal-setting theory, and Robbins and Judge (2019) on organizational behavior. To complete this theoretical framework, a bibliometric analysis was performed based on articles indexed in Scopus, using the VOSviewer software, focusing on the co-occurrence of keywords in existing research. This approach allows the identification of central concepts and the connections between them, providing an overview of how the relationship between professional development, motivation, and organizational performance is investigated. The expected results will highlight that professional development programs are a catalyst for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, strengthening employee skills and supporting organizational performance. The paper contributes to understanding the importance of investing in human capital and provides a updated perspective on the role of development in creating a sustainable competitive advantage.

Talia Hussain, Ksenija Kuzmina, Mikko Koria

A consensus across industry, academics, and policy-makers holds that a circular fashion system can reduce pollution and waste while producing continued economic growth. Gray literature, understood here as reports published outside of academic journals, has been foundational to describing and promoting circular economy and circular fashion. Yet, this literature is rarely subjected to critical scrutiny, allowing evidence, claims and methods to go unexamined. This review aims to understand how value and the market are conceptualized in a circular fashion system, and what are the implications of this. The study employs a problematizing review of 20 gray literature documents, including a key text of circular fashion: the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s 2017 report A New Textiles Economy: Redesigning Fashion’s Future. Textual analysis is used to identify assumptions, inferences and problem framings in the texts. These are evaluated against academic understandings, demonstrating that core concepts of the circular fashion proposal are poorly defined and unconnected to existing theory and knowledge. Existing retail practices and consumer marketing messages are central to circular fashion, while the role of the market in setting prices is ignored. A $460 billion error is revealed, refuting the claim that a circular fashion system provides an opportunity for growth. We offer a critical perspective on the role of gray literature and gray publishers in shaping policy-making and, subsequently, academic research programs. We argue that new proposals for sustainable fashion are needed, based on established knowledge and validated models.

Susetyo Rohadi, Widi Hartono, Dewi Handayani et al.

To develop effective techniques for selecting subcontractors, this research set out to determine which factors should take precedence and which alternatives may be useful in terms of BCR, benefits, costs, and risks. Based on the results Project managers, control managers, procurement bureau managers, production managers, finance bureau managers, and employees/staff directly related to procurement activities (i.e., procurement staff) were randomly selected to participate in in-depth interviews and questionnaires to gather data for the study of subcontractor selection criteria in construction services. Analytical Network Process (ANP) using BCR network structure methodology is used to analyze the data in this study. Benefit, Cost, and Risk (BCR) study of the subcontractor selection process yielded the following results: control criteria. As a result, the decision-making process for choosing subcontractors shifts its focus to other technical competency factors, which might provide advantages.

Ilias Aarab

A growing empirical literature suggests that equity-premium predictability is state dependent, with much of the forecasting power concentrated around recessionary periods (Henkel et al., 2011; Dangl and Halling, 2012; Devpura et al., 2018). I study U.S. stock return predictability across economic regimes and document strong evidence of time-varying expected returns across both expansionary and contractionary states. I contribute in two ways. First, I introduce a state-switching predictive regression in which the market state is defined in real time using the slope of the yield curve. Relative to the standard one-state predictive regression, the state-switching specification increases both in-sample and out-of-sample performance for the set of popular predictors considered by Welch and Goyal (2008), improving the out-of-sample performance of most predictors in economically meaningful ways. Second, I propose a new aggregate predictor, the Aligned Economic Index, constructed via partial least squares (PLS). Under the state-switching model, the Aligned Economic Index exhibits statistically and economically significant predictive power in sample and out of sample, and it outperforms widely used benchmark predictors and alternative predictor-combination methods.

Davit Gondauri, M. Moistsrapishvili

The given paper emphasizes the importance of the Railway Silk Road for promoting Georgia's economic growth and development. The article notes that economic integration in the region increases cargo turnover in Central Asia and the Caucasus, thus boosting the volume of goods transported through Georgia and contributing to the sustainability of Georgia's macroeconomic and economic growth. The financial economic models aim to identify causal links between the sensitivity of railway cargo and the country's economic growth. The main task of the research was to use the Railway EVA and the Georgian economy to create a cargo sensitivity relationship between CAGR models. The paper analyzes key scientific problems regarding railway freight transportation studies. Calculations are provided for the share of the Railway System in the country's GDP for 2006-2017, as well as the average annual geometric (CAGR) growth of cargo volumes over a 16-year cycle, allowing Georgian Railway JSC to generate additional value in the country's overall GDP. The research shows that the added value to GDP comes in direct and indirect forms through the development and growth of various sectors of Georgia's economy, as some of the cargo shipped by railway remains in Georgia and is used in production, thereby adding value to the country's economic growth. The use of this model by foreign research centers also provides further opportunities for the economic growth of their countries.

Ziang Huang, Huashan Chen

Economic complexity - a group of dimensionality-reduction methods that apply network science to trade data - represented a paradigm shift in development economics towards materializing the once-intangible concept of capabilities as inferrable and quantifiable. Measures such as the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and the Product Space have proven their worth as robust estimators of an economy's subsequent growth; less obvious, however, is how they have come to be so. Despite ECI drawing its micro-foundations from a combinatorial model of capabilities, where a set of homogeneous capabilities combine to form products and the economies which can produce them, such a model is consistent with neither the fact that distinct product classes draw on distinct capabilities, nor the interrelations between different products in the Product Space which so much of economic complexity is based upon. In this paper, we extend the combinatorial model of economic complexity through two innovations: an underlying network which governs the relatedness between capabilities, and a production function which trades the original binary specialization function for a fine-grained, product-level output function. Using country-product trade data across 216 countries, 5000 products and two decades, we show that this model is able to accurately replicate both the characteristic topology of the Product Space and the complexity distribution of countries' export baskets. In particular, the model bridges the gap between the ECI and capabilities by transforming measures of economic complexity into direct measures of the capabilities held by an economy - a transformation shown to both improve the informativeness of the Economic Complexity Index in predicting economic growth and enable an interpretation of economic complexity as a proxy for productive structure in the form of capability substitutability.

Admassu Tesso Huluka

Utilizing three recent waves of Demographic and Health Surveys data from nationally representative samples, this study employs the Alkire and Foster methodology to gauge the Multidimensional Poverty Index in Ethiopia. Examining various factors including living standards, healthcare, and education access, analysis extends to subpopulation groups. By employing an ordered probit model after data restructuring, trends and determinants of multidimensional poverty at national and sub-population levels are assessed. Key factors impacting multidimensional poverty include location, household head’s demographics (sex, literacy, and age), family size, land area, and region of residence. Despite a notable decrease in households in multidimensional poverty, vulnerability to poverty is on the rise. While multidimensional poverty remains predominantly rural, vulnerability in urban households escalates. Empirical evidence supports growing economic disparity in Ethiopia. Regional disparities are evident, with Somali and Afar regions being the hardest poverty hit. Household size demonstrates a non-linear effect on poverty. This study underscores practical and theoretical implications for poverty alleviation strategies.

Dimas Pratomo, Muhammad Kurniawan, Nur Fitri Handayani

Introduction: In the distribution of financing, the implementation of green banking is outlined in green finance, which is one of the financing schemes or lending to environmentally friendly businesses. Green finance activities focus on risk mitigation in providing financing to sustainable development projects by considering the impact that these projects will have. Objectives: This research aims to find out how the application of green banking implementation analysis mitigates the risk of financing distribution. Method: This research is qualitative research of descriptive type. The data sources in this study are the BSI and BRI Sustainability Reports for the 2021-2022 period. The data collection technique used is the library method. Results: The results of this study are seen based on a comparative study conducted between Bank Syariah Indonesia and Bank Rakyat Indonesia, there are differences and similarities between the two banks. One of the differences between the two banks lies in terms of bank monitoring of the company being financed, BSI monitors its business once every three months while BRI monitors it once a year. In addition, there are also similarities between the two banks, one of the similarities between the two banks lies in providing financing to palm oil companies that must have ISPO or RSPO certificates before financing. Implications: This research is expected to provide implications for the green banking program implemented by Bank BSI and Bank BRI in mitigating the risk of financing distribution to customers. Both banks can complement each other to complement the shortcomings in their respective sectors.

Shella Septiawati, Maulita Lutfiani

This study aims to investigate the level of emotional quotient (EQ) and its impact on the performance of employees in the Student Sports Education and Training Technical Implementation Unit for Students and Students of Bogor District. The research method employed surveys and data analysis using SPSS. The results indicate that EQ significantly influences the performance of employees in the unit, accounting for 63.8%, while other factors contribute to the remainder. Further analysis using SPSS reveals that emotional intelligence factors, such as emotional stability, emotional strength, and emotional satisfaction, have significant values ​​confirming their impact on performance. These findings provide valuable insights for human resource management in understanding the importance of EQ in enhancing the productivity and quality of employee performance within the organizational environment.

Leye Zhang, Xiangxiang Tian, Chengli Zhang et al.

Deep Q-network algorithm is used to select economic span of bridge. Selection of bridge span has a significant impact on the total cost of bridge, and a reasonable selection of span can reduce engineering cost. Economic span of bridge is theoretically analyzed, and the theoretical solution formula of economic span is deduced. Construction process of bridge simulation environment is described in detail, including observation space, action space and reward function of the environment. Agent is constructed, convolutional neural network is used to approximate Q function,ε greedy policy is used for action selection, and experience replay is used for training. The test verifies that the agent can successfully learn optimal policy and realize economic span selection of bridge. This study provides a potential decision-making tool for bridge design.

Yijian Pan, Yongchang Ma, Bolin Shen et al.

The goal of our project is to use satellite data (including nighttime light data and remote sensing images) to give us some statistical estimation of the economic development level of a selected area (Singapore). Findings from the project could inform policymakers about areas needing intervention or support for economic development initiatives. Insights gained might aid in targeted policy formulation for infrastructure, agriculture, urban planning, or resource management.

Goran Hristovski, Gjorgji Gockov, Viktor Stojkoski

Recent studies highlight economic complexity's role in mitigating fiscal crises, often measured via an economy's trade structure. Trade, however, is just one facet of an economy's structure and omits critical innovative activities like research. Here, we investigate how a multidimensional approach to economic complexity-including both trade and research structures-relates to fiscal instability. By using data on over 230 national fiscal crises from 1995 to 2021 and hazard duration analysis, we assess how measures of trade and research complexity combine to explain crisis likelihood. We find that the interaction of complexity dimensions significantly reduces crisis probability, whereas individual indexes alone are not robust predictors. This suggests that economies focusing on a single dimension may be more vulnerable, thus highlighting the importance of balanced development across multiple areas. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to enhance economic resilience and mitigate fiscal risks.

Isichei Ejikeme Emmanuel, Rimamnde Rikwentishe, Igbatigbi Friday Attayi

Purpose — The challenges faced by most small-scale ventures in developing economies has largely been attributed to not just the environment issues, but also the poor human capacity of most managers to effectively make decisions that will ensure the continued survival of the business over a period. The objective of this research was thus to assess the effect of managerial competency on performance of SMEs. Method — We adopted descriptive survey research design for this study. We used a sample of 394 SMEs managers for the survey, which were selected using convenience sampling technique. This research relied on content validity and internal consistency measure for validity and reliability respectively. We used multiple regression with the aid of SPSSv23 for data analysis. Result — The outcome shows that managerial competencies affect the performance of small-scale enterprises. Also, we found that interpersonal competency of manager of SMEs is low, while the cognitive competency made the strongest unique contribution to explain venture performance. We conclude that to drive improved performance there must be effort targeted towards improving the skills of managers of SMEs in the country. Contribution — This research validates the resource-based view theory and contributes to expand literature on competency and leadership from an emerging economies context.

Інна Ахновська, Владислав Болгов

В статті розкрито сутність стану сучасної світової економіки, яка стоїть на порозі нового якісного розвитку, підвалинами чого є економіка знань. Авторами визначено, що в якості основного економічного ресурсу в нових умовах висуваються знання, а їх джерелом є людський капітал. В статті зазначається, що за своєю сутністю економіка знать сприяє загальній децентралізації та лібералізації економічних відносин, тому в якості інкубаторів по розвитку людського капіталу в бізнес-середовищі виступають бізнес-спільноти. Авторами проведено класифікацію бізнес-спільнот, визначено їх основні завдання та особливості формування людського капіталу в нових умовах. У статті наведено авторське визначення дефініцій «людський капітал», «економіка знань» та «бізнес-спільнота», визначено подальші напрямки дослідження теми, які полягають у розробці алгоритму управління людським капіталом та інструментів стимулювання його розвитку.

Andrea Carotti, Cosimo Sguanci, Anastasios Sidiropoulos

The Bitcoin Lightning Network (LN) is designed to improve the scalability of blockchain systems by using off-chain payment paths to settle transactions in a faster, cheaper, and more private manner. This work aims to empirically study LN's fee revenue for network participants. Under realistic assumptions on payment amounts, routing algorithms and traffic distribution, we analyze the economic returns of the network's largest routing nodes which currently hold the network together, and assess whether the centralizing tendency is incentive-compatible from an economic viewpoint. Moreover, since recent literature has proved that participation is economically irrational for the majority of large nodes, we evaluate the long-term impact on the network topology when participants start behaving rationally.

Vitomir Popović, Njegoslav Jović

The storage of nuclear waste planned by the Republic of Croatia in Trgovska gora, located on the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina in its northern part, causes controversy and has far-reaching consequences for the population, flora and fauna, and the environment itself. In parallel with these consequences, it will affect the economic development of 13 municipalities in the Una basin. Croatia has already carried out part of the research, examined the terrain and moved on to geological research. In addition, an environmental impact study is planned and should be completed by 2023. Bosnia and Herzegovina has committed itself to find a solution through diplomatic channels with the Republic of Croatia and the application of international legal standards in this area, as well as legal options available to BiH to protect its interests and mechanisms to deter Croatia from disposing nuclear waste at the site. In the event that Croatia implements this project and builds a nuclear waste dump in Trgovska gora, in addition to environmental consequences, it will affect the economy of municipalities in the Republic of Srpska in terms of a fall in real estate prices, jeopardize agricultural land and create a significant outflow of population.