Hasil untuk "Communities. Classes. Races"

K. Crenshaw

I. Bernstein

Chandra Talpade Mohanty

David M. Cutler, E. Glaeser

George D. Kuh

Floya Anthias, N. Yuval-Davis, H. Cain

K. Newman, Elvin K. Wyly

T. Shapiro

Vojin Šerbedžija

Der Beitrag untersucht anhand eines prozessorientierten Verständnisses von Segregation die Entwicklungspfade junger migrantisierter Bewohner aus Berlin-Kreuzberg. Dieser Ansatz ermöglicht es, soziale und räumliche Dimensionen getrennt voneinander zu analysieren. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf Aspekten segregierter sozialer Nutzungen der Stadt und Erfahrungen mit urbanen Institutionen – aus der Perspektive der Heranwachsenden. Die longitudinale empirische Analyse basiert auf qualitativen Daten aus zwei zusammenhängenden Forschungsprojekten (2017/2018 und 2023/2024) mit Erst- und Folgeinterviews in einem Zeitraum von fünf bis sechs Jahren. Anhand von Vignetten stellt der Beitrag die teilweise kontrastreichen Entwicklungspfade ausgewählter junger Männer sowie deren Überschneidungen dar. Diese verweisen trotz tendenziell gesteigerter räumlicher Alltagsradien auf Muster einer dauerhaften sozialen Segregation.

Sergio Lara-Bercial, Gareth E. Jowett, Adam Gledhill et al.

Despite the widespread health benefits of physical activity, globally, four out of five adolescents are insufficiently active. Sport participation, a key vehicle for physical activity, diminishes by as much as 80% as children get older. To date, no theoretically grounded, validated research measure of dropout exists. In this two-paper series, we attempt to resolve this issue via the development, initial validation, and application of the Youth Sport Dropout Questionnaire. In the current paper—Part I—we used the COM-B framework to design and initially validate the Youth Sport Dropout Questionnaire. Three sequential studies were conducted. Study 1 includes a review of the existing literature, an expert consultation, and participant focus groups. Study 1 generated 49 reasons for youth sport dropout. Study 2 explored the functionality of the 49 items in a sample of 479 students. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 28-item four-factor solution. Study 3 tested the dimensionality and reliability of scale in a sample of 648 students from seven European countries. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a final 16-item, four-factor solution, suggesting that reasons for dropout behavior were captured by capability (C), opportunity (O), motivation (M) with the important new addition of injury (I). This initial validation supports the YSDQ as a rigorous research tool to capture the reasons underpinning youth sport dropout behavior.

F. Fameso, J. Ndambuki, W. Kupolati et al.

The concept of water quality has often generally revolved around the all-round safety of water for human consumption. The quality of much of the 3% of the earth’s humanly consumable water classed as freshwater is under threat of climate change, rising population numbers, indiscriminate land usage, detrimental agricultural practices and contamination from poor waste management. The need for optimal water quality enhancement has become more germane to sustainable socio-economic development. This paper examines the evolution of efforts made by the scientific community over the years to ensure water quality can be characterized and properly managed to ensure the global ever-growing demand for clean water for human consumption is continually met. The development of state-of-the-art computational decision support systems (DSS) should play a vital role. However, efforts in this regard are currently bedevilled by major challenges such as quantifying, measuring, processing and controlling the numerous metrics of water quality, as well as their adaptation and integration into a fully developed universal water quality model. In addressing these challenges, a shift towards simpler modelling approaches and the integration of uni-purpose models which can be cascaded into decision-making systems is being popularly proposed. However, with technological advancements already stimulating a water quality management revolution, there is a shift in paradigm to more universal modelling attempts with great optimism towards overcoming the challenges of developing universal water quality models and DSS. The prospects and opportunities of a water quality management renaissance offered by radical scientific innovations look promising, as the world races with time to provide support systems that can help deal better with the dynamics of sustainable water supply in increasingly contaminable environments and progressively unpredictable climates.

Zhaohui Su, L. Herms, Jessica K. Paulus et al.

Background: The treatment landscape for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has evolved significantly over the last decade, driven by advancements in targeted therapies and a deeper understanding of the disease's molecular underpinnings. Historically, chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) regimens, combining chemotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, were the mainstay of treatment. However, the advent of novel agents like Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitors has revolutionized patient management and paved the way for a new era in CLL management. We therefore sought to characterize the changing landscape of treatment from 2015 to 2024 in a large real-world dataset of patients with CLL treated in a US community oncology setting. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study using structured electronic health records data from within The US Oncology Network and selected non-Network practices, which covers a nationally representative network of over 2,700 providers and more than 1 million patients seen annually in community-based oncology practices. The analysis included patients with diagnosis of CLL between 1/1/2015 to 6/30/2024. The index date was the date of initial diagnosis or first visit after the initial diagnosis if the initial diagnosis date was not documented in the structured data. Patient demographics at index were descriptively summarized overall and by index year. A multivariable logistic regression was employed to model the likelihood of receiving each drug class of interest, while adjusting for the index year and patient characteristics. Results: A total of 7,893 patients with CLL were identified. The majority (64%) were male, with 74% being White, 7% Black, 5% of other races, and 14% missing race information. The mean age at the index date was 70 years (standard deviation [SD] 11 years). The proportion of patients treated with BCL2-inhibitors as an initial regimen increased from 4.8% in 2015 to 25.6% in 2024. Similarly, the proportion of patients treated with BTK inhibitors as the first regimen increased from 36.6% for patients with index year 2015 to 60.2% for patients with index year 2024. Conversely, the proportion of patients treated with chemotherapy as the first regimen decreased from 43.3% for index year 2015 to 6.8% for index year 2024. There was also a decrease in the use of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies as the first regimen, dropping from 54.6% for index year 2015 to 36.8% for index year 2024. Interaction analysis did not indicate any differential time trends in uptake of the novel agents by patient age, sex, or race/ethnicity. Over the study period overall, older patients (≥70 years) were less likely to receive chemotherapies (p=0.013) and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (p<0.0001), and more likely to receive BTK inhibitors (p=0.0002) and BCL-2 inhibitors (p<0.0001) than younger patients (<60 years). Female patients were also less likely to receive chemotherapy than male patients (p<0.0001). Treatment patterns for all therapies were otherwise consistent across US census regions, rural and urban areas, ECOG, body mass index (BMI), race and ethnicity categories. Conclusions: This analysis of initial regimens for the treatment of CLL patients in a community oncology setting during the time since the introduction of BTK inhibitors and subsequent BCL-2 inhibitors describes remarkable changes in treatment patterns. From the years 2015 to 2024, there was a marked increase in the use of these novel agents appearing as the first regimen after diagnosis or first visit, with an even more notable decline in cytotoxic chemotherapy use. The use of anti-CD20 antibodies in these patients also declined concurrently with these changes. It is encouraging that these trends in uptake were consistent across various demographic and geographic subgroups. Overall, the data reflect a broad shift in CLL treatment, with wide adoption of novel agents in the real-world community oncology setting.

Mingxing Yu

The relationship between sports development and social integration in Singapore, as a multicultural country, has garnered significant attention. This study aims to investigate the role of sports in the government-led social integration process in Singapore through a review of existing scholarly literature on social integration and sports, employing methods such as literature review, case studies, and theoretical analysis. By framing the government’s sports policies in Singapore within the context of nation-building and social consensus building, this study delineates two aspects: the construction of national identity through sports and the construction of social consensus through sports. Building upon this framework, the analysis is grounded in the social integration theories of Habermas and Durkheim, focusing on reshaping solidarity, identity formation, group and individual moral shaping, and the extension of the communication domain. Through this framework, the study analyzes the role of sports as a tool for social integration under government leadership. It concludes that in Singapore’s modernization process, sports are a policy tool entirely led by the government for social integration; sports activities provide a common platform for people of different races and social classes; sports hold significant importance for Singapore’s national image and community identity; and sports, as a public communication domain, facilitate interaction among society members. However, it also acknowledges that sports still face challenges in social integration related to issues such as race, class, and distribution.

Swarnali Goswami, John P. Bentley, Minsoo Kang et al.

BACKGROUND Community pharmacies are ideal venues for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) delivery. Pharmacists and pharmacy-based PrEP delivery programs have the potential to improve access. OBJECTIVES This study elicited preferences for attributes of a hypothetical community pharmacy-based PrEP delivery program among US men who have sex with men (MSM) and assessed predictors of their preferences. METHODS Data were collected via a cross-sectional anonymous survey of US MSM, who were aged 18-65 years, not transgender, reported HIV status negative/unknown, and PrEP eligible. A discrete choice experiment was conducted with seven attributes of a pharmacy-based PrEP program: initial PrEP eligibility screening mode, location for HIV tests, timing for HIV test results, PrEP decision-making style, location of PrEP consultations, PrEP medication fill method, and mode for ongoing monitoring. Latent class analysis was performed to analyze preference heterogeneity. Multinomial logistic regression assessed predictors of latent class membership. RESULTS This study included 390 MSM. Time to receive HIV test results was the most important attribute; receiving results on the same day had the highest preference. The next most important attribute was PrEP screening mode; online questionnaires were the most preferred. Respondents' preferences clustered into four classes: 1) "Same day results and online monitoring" (SDROM) group (63.1%), 2) "Consumerist decision-making" (CDM) group (16.2%), 3) "Self-screening (online questionnaire)" (SOQ) group (11.3%), and 4) "Same day results preferring" (SDRP) group (9.5%). Hispanic MSM [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.31, 95% CI (0.12-0.84), p=0.020], MSM of other races [aOR=0.38, 95% CI (0.15-0.97), p=0.044] vs. White MSM; and those having a sexually transmitted disease recently [aOR=0.37, 95% CI (0.16-0.85), p=0.018], had lower odds of being in the CDM group vs. the SDROM group. CONCLUSIONS MSM's preferences for a pharmacy-based PrEP program are heterogeneous. Same day results for HIV tests and online PrEP screening are key components when designing a community pharmacy-based PrEP program.

David Pehlke

The steering of the residential development on the regional level is one of the major tasks of regional planning. Nevertheless, no nationwide information is yet available on the implementation of the planning instruments in regional plans. Moreover, for potential steering types, only one approach on the level of the German federal states exists. To reduce this information deficit, a plan content analysis is used to determine which positive planning instruments were implemented in the state development plans and regional plans valid in 2017. The data basis for negative planning instruments is the spatial development plan monitor of the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (BBSR). With these data, a non-linear principal component analysis and a cluster analysis is carried out to identify specific steering types. As a result, six regional planning steering types of pre-use planning, quantitative control, settlement axes, positive planning location control, intra-municipal framework with extensive mono-functional open space protection and extensive location control through multifunctional open space protection can be identified. The different steering types are often spatially clustered, so that a significant influence of state planning requirements can be assumed.

J. J. Holme

Julia Weiss, Christin Heinz-Fischer

Young adults in rural areas in many cases have limited educational opportunities. To obtain higher educational qualifications, rural youth often travel long distances. Therefore, many rural youths choose the “shorter” route and complete vocational training closer to home or drop out of their education prematurely. Against this background, this study examines the education policies of European countries and explores the extent to which these problems are addressed within their policy framework and what measures are taken to improve the situation. Using a unique dataset of policies of 31 European countries for the period 2010 to 2020, we examine more than 500 national and subnational policies that address formal and informal education and training. The results show that despite the sometimes high number of rural youths not in education, employment, or training (NEETs) and high early-school-leaving rates, only some countries have developed a respective policy strategy. The analysis presents the different measures implemented in the countries and furthermore shows that a high problem pressure in a country is not necessarily accompanied by a consideration in policy. Prospectively, there is a need for new policies that understand the multidimensionality of the issue and significantly improve the situation of rural youth.

Ratnasai Kosuru, Amlan Kumar Sengupta

Performance based analysis under seismic loads using the finite element method for wall-type reinforced concrete (RC) members in buildings and in important structures like liquid retaining structures, nuclear containment structures, offshore concrete gravity structures etc., necessitates the understanding of the non-linear behaviour of the constituent membrane elements. The current orthotropic formulation of the softened membrane model (SMM) can be strictly used only when the reinforcement is symmetric to the principal axes of applied stresses. When the reinforcement is asymmetric, shear strain is generated due to the normal stresses in the principal axes of applied stresses, which is referred to as shear-extension coupling. An anisotropic formulation is required to capture the generated shear strain. The current study quantifies the shear strain due to asymmetry in reinforcement, by testing panels under biaxial tension-compression using a large-scale panel testing facility. A model for the shear strain is proposed based on the tests data. The paper presents the experimental programme, important test results and the modelling of shear strain. Expression developed for the shear strain can be incorporated in the solution algorithm of the SMM for improved prediction of the shear behaviour of a membrane element. This further aids in accurate prediction of the seismic performance of the important structures mentioned earlier.

Jean-Pierre Frey

Deborah Romero

This essay reflects on the power of storytelling and narrative in a collaborative partnership that engaged undergraduate pre-service English as Second Language (ESL) candidates and their professor with local ESL high school teachers, immigrant and refugee students, and their families. It describes how undergraduate students worked with teachers and students to collect stories and publish a multilingual book about their journeys, memories of home, and transitions into their new life in the United States. This project and the resulting self-published book, which was shared at several community and public events, exemplify the fundamentals of reciprocal and transformative partnerships. The nature and importance of such partnerships are examined, including recommendations for similar undertakings, and a discussion about how the book students and families were empowered by sharing their voices. It closes by examining how the book became a tangible means to transcend the initial partnership and to promoting new understandings and relationships through sustained community engagement.