Hasil untuk "Civil law"

A.V. Chugaievska, R.S. Kundryk

It is determined that the universality of international Human Rights is in the focus of the scholars` discussions. This paper considers various disputes challenging the realistic feature of Human Rights and questioning their enforceability. The research examines the peculiarities of implementation of the selected human rights to the controversial culture and regionally factored phenomenon – sexual/gender identity. The ontology and realistic aspects of the application human rights principles to the persons with different sexual orientation under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (here- in-after referred to as “ICCPR”) is in the focus. In the course of the research the key aspects affecting the application and protection of human rights of the discussed groups were identified. The analysis conducted on the selected ICCPR guaranteed rights – equality and non-discrimination (Articles 2 and 26) and investigated the right to privacy as outlined in Article 17, freedom of expression per Article 19, and family and marriage rights as specified in Article 23. The overall research illustrates that Human Rights is a concept responsive to social dynamics, which ensures its dual, idealistic and realistic nature. The examination of the evolution of these rights in relation to individuals’ sexual orientation and gender identity highlights bottlenecks and challenges within International Human Rights Law. These challenges include the absence of specific characteristics in international law, the progressive role of treaty body jurisprudence in effectively applying protection, and ongoing debates about the universality of human rights. Despite variations in implementation status and timelines, the guaranteed ICCPR rights remained realistic. Moreover, there has been substantial progress, even concerning the most recent and debated rights for LBTI individuals. The gradual and often lengthy process of recognition and implementation of these SOGI-related rights is a natural outcome of the diversity among different countries and societies. While there may be some inconsistencies and complexities in the development of human rights, they do not diminish the inherently progressive nature of civil and political rights and standards.

Meryem Solmaz Bilici

Arap baharı olarak isimlendirilen ve 17 Aralık 2010’da Tunus’ta başlayıp Ortadoğu’daki pek çok ülkeye yayılan devrim ve isyan hareketleri bölgede önemli sayıda kişinin daha güvenli ve istikrarlı ülkelere göç etmesine sebebiyet vermiştir. Hem konumu hem de kucaklayıcı politikası dolayısıyla Türkiye, pek çok mültecinin tercih ettiği göç noktalarından biri haline gelmiştir. Türkiye’de artan yabancı uyruklu nüfusu, medeni hukuk kapsamında evlenme, boşanma, miras gibi pek çok uyuşmazlıkta uygulanacak hukuk meselesini de gündeme getirmiştir. Özellikle Suriye Arap Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı olup ülkemizde ikamet eden çok sayıda kişinin medeni haline ilişkin uyuşmazlıklarına uygulanacak hukuk ve bu hukukun uygulanmasından doğabilecek problemlerin incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu makale özelinde “evlenme” kurumu incelenecek olup Suriye vatandaşlarının dâhil olduğu evliliklerde uygulanacak hukukun tespiti 5718 sayılı Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakkında Kanun (“MÖHUK”) hükümleri kapsamında yapılacaktır. MÖHUK atfıyla Suriye hukukunun uygulandığı haller ise özellik arz etmektedir. Zira Suriye hukukuna göre evlenmeye ilişkin düzenlemeler, kişilerin dini tercihleri göz önünde bulundurularak farklı düzenlemelere tabi tutulmaktadır. Çoğunluğun bağlı olduğu ve İslam hukuku çerçevesinde oluşan temel kurallar silsilesi ise Türk hukukunda düzenlenmeyen mehir gibi kurumlara yer vermekte veya çeşitli açılardan Türk hukuku ile çelişki arz edebilmektedir. Bu sorunların ortaya konularak analiz edilmesi ve Türk kamu düzeni açısından değerlendirilerek karşılaşılan uyuşmazlıklara yönelik bir yol haritası çizilmesi önemlidir.

Leonard Shaibu, Maureen Onyinye Okoh, Nurudeen Babatunde Balogun et al.

Background Understanding the roles of diverse stakeholders is paramount in the pursuit of safer communities. This is because of indiscriminate unrest orchestrated by insurgents in present-day Nigeria. Objectives This study examines the roles of effective communication among stakeholders like government agencies, law enforcement authorities, and civil society organizations (CSOs) in reducing insecurity in Oye Ekiti. Methodology Three investigative questions guided the study. The study adopted a quantitative research design. Data gathered through an instrument titled Stakeholders Participation in Communication Usage for Insecurity Reduction (SPCUIR) was analysed to discern stakeholder perceptions and contributions. Results The findings highlight that government agencies are seen as active implementers and policy developers, law enforcement authorities play crucial response and collaboration roles, and CSOs advocate for transparency and actively contribute to security measures with the help of communication gadgets. Conclusion The distinct roles of stakeholders in communication usage coalesce to form concerted efforts aimed at reducing insecurity in Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria. Unique Contributions The study contributes to the understanding of stakeholder dynamics in using communication to enhance community security. Key Recommendations Recommendations include enhancing collaboration, community engagement, transparency, and capacity-building initiatives. While the study provides valuable insights, limitations in the scope and reliance on perceptions are acknowledged. Keywords: stakeholders, Participation, Communication usage, Insecurity reduction, law enforcement, government, leaders.

Dian Alan Setiawan

Kejahatan ekonomi berbasis teknologi merupakan ancaman signifikan di era transformasi digital dan perdagangan global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan konsep penanggulangan kejahatan berbasis teknologi dengan strategi makro yang bersifat multiaspek. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan komparatif, hasil studi menunjukkan pentingnya pendekatan sistemik yang melibatkan aspek sosial, budaya, ekonomi, teknologi, politik, dan hukum. Komparasi antara pendekatan yang diterapkan di Amerika, Eropa, dan Indonesia menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan dalam regulasi, kolaborasi, dan implementasi teknologi. Di Indonesia, tantangan utama meliputi regulasi yang adaptif, infrastruktur keamanan digital, dan literasi digital masyarakat. Penelitian ini menekankan perlunya strategi multiaspek yang terintegrasi untuk menghadapi kompleksitas kejahatan berbasis teknologi dalam konteks global.

Michael J. Horry, Subrata Chakraborty, Biswajeet Pradhan et al.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, and early diagnosis is associated with a positive prognosis. Chest X-ray (CXR) provides an inexpensive imaging mode for lung cancer diagnosis. Computer vision algorithms have previously been proposed to assist human radiologists in this task; however, leading studies use down-sampled images and computationally expensive methods with unproven generalization. In contrast, this study localizes lung nodules from CXR images using efficient encoder-decoder neural networks that have been crafted to process full resolution input images, thereby avoiding signal loss resulting from down-sampling. Encoder-decoder networks are trained and tested using the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology dataset. The networks are used to localize lung nodules from an independent CXR dataset. These experiments allow for the determination of the optimal network depth, image resolution, and pre-processing pipeline for generalized lung nodule localization. We find that more subtle nodules are detected in earlier training epochs. Therefore, we propose a novel self-ensemble model from three consecutive epochs centered on the validation optimum. This ensemble achieved a sensitivity of 85% in 10-fold internal testing with false positives of 8 per image. A sensitivity of 81% is achieved at a false positive rate of 6 following morphological false positive reduction. This result is comparable to more computationally complex systems, but with a sub-second inference time that is faster than other methods presented in the literature. The proposed algorithm achieved excellent generalization results against a challenging external dataset with a sensitivity of 77% at a false positive rate of 7.6.

Erick Palao Vizcardo

El presente trabajo se centra en analizar de qué manera una persona jurídica puede tener responsabilidad penal en el marco de una operación de M&A, específicamente en una fusión o escisión, por un acto ilícito cometido por la persona jurídica absorbida (target). Sin embargo, la persona jurídica absorbente puede quedar exenta de responsabilidad penal si es que realiza un adecuado procedimiento de debida diligencia (due diligence) antes de que se concrete la operación de M&A. Nuestra normativa no establece cómo es que se debe realizar una adecuada debida diligencia en el marco de una operación de M&A. Por ello, con base en la experiencia profesional, se procederá a proponer una serie de acciones que debería realizar la persona jurídica absorbente para evidenciar la realización de una adecuada debida diligencia sobre temas de Compliance Penal.

Klára Gellén

A keresőmotorok tevékenységének lényegi eleme a keresési lista kialakítása, amelynek jelentős befolyása van a fogyasztói döntésekre, ezért a fogyasztó védelme érdekében fontos, hogy tisztában legyen a sorrend kialakítását meghatározó fő tényezőkkel. A 2019/2161-os Omnibus irányelv a keresőmotorokra új átláthatósági követelményeket határozott meg, amelyeket az UCP és a fogyasztói jogokról szóló irányelvekbe épített be. A szabályozás az organikus keresési lista fő paramétereire írja elő a tájékoztatási kötelezettséget, míg a fizetett rangsor, a pozitív diszkrimináció esetében új feketelistás tényállást határozott meg. A tanulmány a keresőmotoroktól elvárt átláthatósági szabályok fogyasztóvédelmi jogi aspektusait járja körül.

Aprilia Pitri NR, Umar Hasan, Ageng Triganda Sayuti

Protection of consumers in buying and selling agreements is very necessary, but recently there has been a lot of consumer behavior that does not have good intentions by consumers by unilateral cancellation without explaining the reason, resulting in losses for online shop business actors and is included in acts against the law because consumers violate their obligations to always in good faith in the agreement. The problem in this research is how to regulate the protection of the rights of online shop business actors regarding unilateral cancellations by consumers of the ius constitutum and ius constituendum. The method used in this research is the normative juridical method by conducting a literature study of the applicable laws and regulations. The results of this study indicate that the cancellation conditions are contained in Article 1266 of the Civil Code which states that cancellations can be made if there are 3 conditions, namely a reciprocal agreement, there must be a default and the cancellation must be asked to the judge (court). However, unilateral cancellation of the agreement without a good reason is included in an unlawful act, does not meet the conditions specified in Article 1266 of the Civil Code, it is necessary to reform civil law to prevent unilateral cancellation of the agreement. Abstrak Perlindungan terhadap konsumen dalam perjanjian jual beli sangat diperlukan namun belakangan ini banyak terjadi perilaku konsumen yang tidak beriktikad baik yang dilakukan konsumen dengan cara pembatalan sepihak tanpa menjelaskan alasanya, mengakibatkan kerugian bagi pelaku usaha online shop dan termasuk dalam perbuatan melawan hukum karena konsumen melanggar kewajibannya untuk selalu beriktikad baik dalam perjanjian. permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pengaturan perlindungan hak pelaku usaha online shop terkait pembatalan sepihak oleh konsumen ius constitutum dan ius constituendum. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode yuridis normatif dengan melakukan studi kepustakaan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pengaturan syarat batal terdapat dalam Pasal 1266 KUHPerdata yang menyatakan pembatalan dapat dilakukan jika terdapat 3 syarat yaitu perjanjian timbal balik, harus ada wanprestasi dan pembatalannya harus dimintakan kepada hakim (pengadilan). Namun pembatalan perjanjian secara sepihak tanpa alasan yang baik termasuk dalam perbuatan melawan hukum, tidak memenuhi syarat-syarat yang ditentukan dalam Pasal 1266 KUHPerdata, maka perlu adanya pembaharuan hukum perdata untuk mencegah terjadinya pembatalan sepihak dalam perjanjian.

Olesea PLOTNIC, Rodica CRUDU

With the increase of revenue, including in the budget sphere, which stimulates the planning of purchases of products that could improve the quality of life, with the reduction of interest rates by banks, the citizens are increasingly stimulated to conclude credit agreements. The subjects of the civil legal relationship in consumer law must be on the one hand the consumer and on the other hand the professional, the entrepreneur, the creditor. From the essence of the notions, obtained by the common law and Directive 2008/48 / on consumer credit agreements, it follows that the notion of consumer and professional, is notions that includes the legal relationship in the sense of consumer protection law, and the notion of creditor. Through this research paper we propose to analyze the credit agreement both from the perspective of common law and agreement to special rules established by Directive no. 2008/48 and the Law Rep. of Moldova no.202 / 2013 regarding the credit agreement for consumers.

Madleňák Adam, Švec Marek

Research background: The adoption of the GDPR Regulation prompted the introduction of a unified regulation on the protection of personal data and highlighted the need to implement security measures relating to information disseminated across businesses operating in several mainly European countries. In practice, the adopted internal standards at the group level are expected to be introduced to the internal environment of individual local subsidiaries. The need to take into account specificities of national legal systems, as well as a specific environment capable of creating a secondary response - a groundswell has also became important. The legal framework of privacy protection in relation to the confidentiality of information disclosed by employers thus represents a fundamental challenge for the interaction between global requirements and local legislation, taking into account the specific assumptions of the business entity concerned. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to describe the range of problems and solutions regarding the process of introducing internal processes of business entities in terms of data security. Moreover, the paper also pays attention to personal data protection legislation. Methods: In an effort to achieve the set goal, the authors used analytical, inductive, deductive and comparative research methods in order to identify areas of problems in relation to intrusion into the privacy of individuals in the online environment and internal communication channels. By synthesising knowledge published in domestic and foreign literature it was possible to draw up the key terminology. Findings & Value added: The experience of the authors in setting up the internal environment of business entities with regard to the issues in question (personal data protection and security of information disclosed in connection with the decision-making power of national regulators) contributes to the knowledge in the given field.

Arsul José Vázquez Pérez, Liuba Galbán Rodríguez

Este artículo aborda los problemas que afectan la definición de la noción de interés general y su interrelación con la libertad individual y otros valores. Los autores apuestan por el rescate de la noción de bien común para dotar de una fisono­mía coherente la idea de interés general que más se aviene con el criterio de justicia equitativa. Finalmente, valora las implicaciones del reconocimiento en Cuba del in­terés general como criterio axiológico aplicable a la interpretación de los contratos y traza algunas pautas para su mejor aplicación al proceso de inteligencia contractual.

Fajar Nurhardianto

Andrei Filip, R. Labelle, Stéphane Rousseau

Chris W. Surprenant

Tom Humphries, R. Kushalnagar, G. Mathur et al.

Francisco José Eguiguren Praeli

What guarantees do we have as titleholders of theright to personal data protection? Does the Political Constitution of 1993 truly protect this right in aproperly way? Which role does the relatively recentPeruvian Law on the Personal Data Protection playto that effect? In this article, the renowned constitutionalist gives answers to these questions with a brief and detailed analysis of the Peruvian Law on the Personal Data Protection and its rules of procedure, focusing in its pros and cons, but also of the Peruvian National Personal  Data  Protection  Authority’s  role  and functions to that effect.

Zoltán Kiss, Gabriella Szivi

R. S. Oliveira

S. Hinduja, Justin W. Patchin

K. Lomangino