Hasil untuk "Biography"

Elif Kanca

This article seeks to explore Claude Lévi-Strauss’s structuralism by interpreting selected works and aspects of his intellectual biography. Lévi-Strauss, a seminal figure in anthropology, is widely regarded as the founder of structuralism. This article examines structuralism through his own writings as well as the texts that influenced his theoretical framework. The bibliography is based on the works he personally selected for the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.

Andrzej Juchniewicz

Review of B. Czarnecka’s Słabe ciała wojny. Biologie i biografie kobiet w obozach koncentracyjnych (Weak Bodies of War: Biologies and Biographies of Women in Concentration Camps), IBL PAN, Warszawa 2022.

Григорьев Станислав Аркадиевич, Салугина Наталья Петровна

Федоровская керамика является достаточно схожей от Зауралья до Минусинской котловины, что предполагает единый механизм ее формирования. Изучение керамики поселения Мочище в Зауралье показало, что типологически федоровская керамика отлична от предшествующей алакульской и не могла формироваться на ее основе. Однако в керамических технологиях ситуация сложнее. Основная масса сырья, конструирование посуды и примеси отражают прежние алакульские традиции. Но в качестве исходного сырья выбирались илистые глины, или обычные незапесоченные глины, указывающие на приход федоровского населения из Нижнего Притоболья. В Притоболье федоровское гончарство тоже во многом наследует алакульские традиции, но заметны восточные традиции в виде шамотных примесей. Поэтому формирование федоровских гончарных традиций в Урало-Тобольском регионе было связано с приходом населения с Алтая в Притоболье, а затем в Зауралье, и в обоих регионах оно смешивалось с местным алакульским населением. Но на Алтае в основе формирования федоровского гончарства были местные субстраты и импульс с запада, в результате чего были привнесены элементы петровско-алакульского гончарства. Не исключен также южный импульс из районов Бактрийско-Маргианского археологического комплекса (БМАК), и с этим связано распространение шамотной традиции, хотя она известна и в петровско-алакульском гончарстве. Таким образом, в технологиях федоровского гончарства повсеместно видно участие местного населения, при этом везде распространяется общий облик посуды, что указывает на включенность этого населения в новые социальные системы.

Takeshi AOKI

This is a 392-page, extensive Persian book published in Tehran in November 2021. The biography, achievements, and ideologies of Azar Kayvan (1533–1618), who lived in Safavid Iran and Mughal India in the 16th and 17th centuries are covered, as the title of the book implies. First, I want to commend the author for having the courage to write a book about a mystical philosopher who falls into a rather minor category in the intellectual history of the contemporary Persian world. I hope that this achievement will elevate a minor to a position where people in Iran and India will realize his significance. The author is Farzaneh Goshtasb (1973–), who is currently an Associate Professor at the Institute of Humanities and Culture in Iran. She is a Zoroastrian lady with only 0.03% of Iran's population. The author’s possible research motivation is the fact that Azar Kayvan was regarded as a Zoroastrian priest-thinker in the history of modern Zoroastrianism in the research stage of the 20th century, which is why the issue is important. Nevertheless, the more the author researched, the more she is forced to come to conclude that Azar Kayvan was not a Zoroastrian.

Yuri Y. Klychnikov

In the article recreates the biography of the outstanding Russian official landowner - innovator A. Ph. Rebrov. His fate was connected with the development of the Northern Caucasus, in which he took the most active part. The works of A. Ph. Rebrov were highly valued by the Caucasian administration; contemporaries marked his contribution to silkworm breeding, vine-growing, market-gardening. He was known as the Maecenas and enlightener.

Mindaugas Pocius

Based on the documents available in the Lithuanian Special Archives and the Lithuanian Central State Archives, and on critical analysis of other sources, the article presents an attempt to reveal some features of biography of Juozas Krikštaponis (Krištaponis), commander of Vytis District, also his activities during the Nazi occupation which are little known to the public, and to answer the question of whether he was involved in the mass killings of Jews and other civilians. The article unveils and examines the complex, unexpected institutional and social complications that have arisen in the evaluation and historical memory of Krikštaponis’ (Krištaponis’s) activities, which mark the encounters between the collective memory of Holocaust and guerrilla resistance in the modern society. The paper also provides an analysis of actions and attitudes of individual actors of memory and summary of their position. Analysis of the use of personal name Juozas Krikštaponis’ (Krištaponis’) in different sources leads to the reasonable conclusion that his real personal name was Juozas Krištaponis. After the restoration of independence, the erroneous use of Juozas Krikštaponis can be seen in Soviet and partisan documents instead of the real name Juozas Krištaponis due to different variations (clerical mistakes) of the 2nd Battalion of Auxiliary Police Service (APS). According to historical research, the 2nd APS battalion of the Order Police of the Reich Commissariat Ostland shot more than 15,000 Jews in more than 15 locations in Belarus between October and December 1941. All three companies (the 1st, the 2nd and the 3rd) of the 2nd APS Battalion took part in the massacre. Besides, in the period from October to November 1941, in approximately six campaigns, the 2nd APS Battalion shot at least 2,360 prisoners of the prisonerof- war camp Stalag No. 352 in Minsk. All three companies of the 2nd APS battalion participated in the massacre of the prisoners of war. A critical analysis of the testimonies of the former policemen of the 2nd APS Battalion and of some other sources leads to the reasonable assertion that in August–December 1941 Lt. Juozas Krikštaponis (Krištaponis) and Lt. Nikodemas Reikalas were alternately serving as commanders of the 2nd Company of the 2nd Battalion. Krikštaponis (Krištaponis) commanded the 2nd Company from 1 August to the end of October and in December, meanwhile, Reikalas – from the end of October to the end of November. It can be also reasonably stated that Krikštaponis (Krištaponis) was in command of the 2nd Company of the 2nd APS Battalion on 10 October 1941, when prisoners of the Jewish ghetto in Rudzensk were killed and on 15–16 October 1941 when prisoners of the prisoner-of-war camp Stalag No. 352 were shot, meanwhile, Lt. Reikalas commanded the 2nd Company during the massacre of the prisoners of the Jewish ghetto in Slutsk, Kletsk, Minsk and Borisovat the end of October–November 1941. The problem of commemorating the historical memory of Juozas Krikštaponis (Krištaponis) (the status of a volunteer soldier, the rank of colonel, the award of the 1st degree Order of the Cross of Vytis, the memorial stone in Ukmergė, the name of the street in Panevėžys) speak of the past systemic errors of the state’s history policy and of the absence (or lack) of political will of the current leadership of some state institutions. At the same time, it testifies to the absence of coherence between the collective memories of the Holocaust and the anti-Soviet partisan resistance, the immaturity of the historical consciousness of a part of the society, the indifference and the lack of common human ethical values. Evaluation of Juozas Krikštaponis’ (Krištaponis’) biography and personality, the decisions adopted by authorities or their inaction in relation to his historical memory serve as an indicator which shows or will show in the future the level of reflection (self-awareness) and consciousness of the leaders of state institutions and of our society, the state of the collective memory of the Holocaust, and of the state of historical policy of the country.  

Ralph I. Horwitz, Gabriella Lobitz, McKayla Mawn et al.

Biosocial Medicine, with its emphasis on the full integration of the person's biology and biography, proposes a strategy for clinical research and the practice of medicine that is transformative for the care of individual patients. In this paper, we argue that Biology is one component of what makes a person unique, but it does not do so alone. Biography, the lived experience of the person, integrates with biology to create a unique signature for each individual and is the foundational concept on which Biosocial Medicine is based. Biosocial Medicine starts with the premise that the individual patient is the focus of clinical care, and that average results for “ideal” patients in population level research cannot substitute for the “real” patient for whom clinical decisions are needed. The paper begins with a description of the case-based method of clinical reasoning, considers the strengths and limitations of Randomized Controlled Trials and Evidence Based Medicine, reviews the increasing focus on precision medicine and then explores the neglected role of biography as part of a new approach to the tailored care of patients. After a review of the analytical challenges in Biosocial Medicine, the paper concludes by linking the physician's commitment to understanding the patient's biography as a critical element in developing trust with the patient.

Eryk Krasucki

Piotr Zaremba (1910–1993) was the first post-war president of Szczecin, an internationally renowned urban planner and planner, and the author of fascinating memories of the first post-war years. He was also the winner of several plebiscites, a specific game crowning the end of the previous century. The verdict of the participants was recognized as “Szczecin of the century” and “Pomerania of the century”. It is therefore astonishing that there is no extensive biography of the former rector of the Szczecin University of Technology and one of the co-founders of the University of Szczecin, although it would have been a study that would have given contemporary people considerable knowledge about the important problems of 20th century history. Not only regional, but also national and European history. By discussing selected threads: family, urban and political, the author of the article tries to show, on the one hand, the richness of source material connected with Piotr Zaremba’s biography and, on the other hand, the possibility of multi-faceted lighting of its individual fragments. He tries to multiply the questions more than to give final answers. For these to appear, an extensive biographical book is necessary. In the second part of the text, therefore, the aim of the text is to analyse the reasons why serious biographical reflection on Piotr Zaremba does not exist, despite the fact that he is an emblematic figure for Szczecin and Western Pomerania. The author also follows whether the case under examination is something exceptional for the West Pomeranian biography, characterising the state of biographical writing in relation to people relevant to the post-war history of the region. This seems to me to be a particularly justified question in a situation where biography – after years of neglect in this area – has for some time become an extremely popular genre of historical writing in Poland, giving historians the opportunity to go far beyond the circle set by academic circles with their message. The article is based on a wide range of archival queries, often referring to documentation that has not been in scientific circulation so far.

Ţvircun Victor

This article, highlighting the unknown pages of the biography of one of the Moldavian rulers of the 17th - early 18th century, Constantin Cantemir, is based on numerous archival documents, which are for the first time introduced into scientific circulation. Particular attention is paid to his participation in the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739 and his role in the formation of the Moldavian Corps of the Russian army. Attached to the article are documentary sources.

Nikishov Yuri Mikhailovich

The fate of Onegin includes different stages of spiritual development of the hero – a secular dandy, a man with an early old soul, and a man around the Decembrist circle. The Decembrist theme is included in the novel printed text as a link of the author’s biography and is backed by a series of direct and indirect details. From the very beginning the novel is developed as a work with opened time, i.e. the artistic time interacts with the historical time. This trend became stronger. The novel about modernity turned into a historical novel about modernity.

Louis Braverman

Research framework: Prostate cancer is an older man’s disease. In France, it is most commonly diagnosed among men of 70 years of age. Very often, this type of cancer involves invasive procedures and affects the lives of many patients.Objectives: This article studies the lives of men dealing with prostate cancer and aims, more precisely, to examine the intersections between gender, sexuality and aging as related to the experience of having this illness. Methodology: The study is based on a qualitative research that combines ethnographic fieldwork in hospitals and semi-structured interviews with patients, relatives and professionals. Results: The results detail two dimensions of prostate cancer experience. The first concerns how men diagnosed with prostate cancer deal with biomedical discourses and practices. The care relationship is described as structured by age and gender. The second dimension of the prostate cancer experience studied in this article looks into the effects of the illness on identity and personal biography. The repercussions affecting the subjective definition of aging as well as gender relations and identifications are presented in their plurality.Conclusions: Our methodological approach used the intersectionnality of age, gender and sexual norms in the study of the prostate cancer experience. This helped to uncover a better understanding of the tensions involved in this delicate subject. Contribution: The adoption of intersectionality as a theoretical framework shed a new light on how aging men cope with illness.

Jennifer Scott

A review of Latané, David E.. William Maginn and the British Press: A Critical Biography. London: Ashgate, 2013. 378 pp. £95.

Gianni Francioni

After having traced the publishing history of the Notebooks, from their first edition in thematic form to the new critical edition presently being completed, the essay then deals with the peculiarities of Gramsci’s prison writing, a full understanding of which is necessary in order to capture the author’s “rhythm of thought”. Some of these peculiarities – starting with the use of school notebooks, rather than notepads or single sheets, as writing material – were imposed by prison conditions, while others stem from “rules” which he followed more or less knowingly (some continually and others only in certain phases of his work) in writing the notes. The study of this behaviour, together with a minute analysis of the physical nature of the prison notebooks (covers, interventions by the prison authorities, handwriting and so on) has provided a notable quantity of indirect dating elements which, together with Gramsci’s (sparse) direct indications, has allowed us to reconstruct with ever greater precision the chronology of the individual notebooks and the blocks of notes they contain. The composite nature of Gramsci’s manuscripts has also emerged quite clearly, manuscripts which may be divided (with some approximation, due to the presence of “mixed notebooks”, into notebooks devoted to translation, miscellaneous notebooks and special ones. The new critical edition, devoting one volume (in its turn divided into different books) to each of these three typologies of notebook, aims at the most faithful restoration possible of this essential aspect of the prison work.

Andrea Gullotta

An Interview with Rosamund Bartlett about Her Book Tolstoy: A Russian Life. By Andrea Gullotta

Max Saunders

S. Rothman

E. Cassirer, J. Haden, S. Körner

Morwenna Griffiths, G. Macleod

H. Oberman

L. Dickey