Catherine Kiefer, Steffen Schwarz, Nima Naderi
et al.
The main characteristics of the large number of coffee species are differences in aroma and caffeine content. Labeled blends of <i>Coffea arabica</i> (<i>C. arabica</i>) and <i>Coffea canephora</i> (<i>C. canephora</i>) are common to broaden the flavor profile or enhance the stimulating effect of the beverage. New emerging species such as <i>Coffea liberica</i> (<i>C. liberica</i>) further increase the variability in blends. However, significant price differences between coffee species increase the risk of unlabeled blends and thus influence food quality and safety for consumers. In this study, a prototypic hyphenation of trapped headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry-quadrupole mass spectrometry (THS-GC-IMS-QMS) was used for the detection of characteristic compounds of <i>C. arabica</i>, <i>C. canephora</i>, and <i>C. liberica</i> in green and roasted coffee samples. For the discrimination of coffee species with IMS data, multivariate resolution with multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) prior to partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was evaluated. With this approach, the classification accuracy, as well as sensitivity and specificity, of the PLS-DA model was significantly improved from an overall accuracy of 87% without prior feature selection to 92%. As MCR-ALS preserves the physical and chemical properties of the original data, characteristic features were determined for subsequent substance identification. The simultaneously generated QMS data allowed for partial annotation of the characteristic volatile organic compounds (VOC) of roasted coffee.
Silvana M. Azcarate, Maria P. Segura-Borrego, Rocío Ríos-Reina
et al.
The authentication of organic extra virgin olive oils (OEVOOs) is crucial for quality control and fraud prevention. This study applies proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric analysis as a non-destructive, untargeted approach to differentiate EVOOs based on cultivation method (organic vs. conventional) and variety (<i>Hojiblanca</i> vs. <i>Picual</i>). Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) demonstrated well-defined sample differentiation, while the variable importance in projection (VIP) selection and Tukey’s test identified key spectral regions responsible for classification. The results showed that sterols and lipid-related compounds played a major role in distinguishing organic from conventional oils, whereas fatty acids and phenolic compounds were more relevant for cultivar differentiation. These findings align with known metabolic differences, where <i>Picual</i> oils generally exhibit higher polyphenol content, and a distinct fatty acid composition compared to <i>Hojiblanca</i>. The agreement between chemometric classification models and statistical tests supports the potential of <sup>1</sup>H-NMR for OEVOO authentication. This method provides a comprehensive and reproducible metabolic fingerprint, enabling differentiation based on both agronomic practices and genetic factors. These findings suggest that <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectroscopy, coupled with multivariate analysis, could be a valuable tool for quality control and fraud detection in the olive oil industry.
In order to develop novel unexplored potential corrosion inhibitors, covalently modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) via benzoic (–PhCOOH) and aniline (–PhNH2) groups are being investigated as corrosion inhibitors for the first time. Utilizing a comprehensive approach, this study employed density functional theory (DFT), Monte Carlo (MC), and molecular dynamics simulations (MD) to assess the adsorption behavior of modified nanotubes as corrosion inhibitors on the Cu(111) surface within a simulated aqueous HCl corrosion medium. The results provided molecular information on the adsorption capability, geometry adsorption centers, and adsorption energies (Eads) of carbon nanotubes on the surface of Cu(111). The adsorption energy values unveiled robust interactions between SWCNT–PhCOOH and SWCNT–PhNH2 inhibitors and the Cu(111) surface, suggesting a highly effective corrosion protection mechanism. The calculated Eads values exhibited notable ranges, spanning from –260.82 to –308.18 kcal/mol for SWCNT–PhCOOH and –220.92 to –261.01 kcal/mol for SWCNT–PhNH2 with the maximum probability values, representing the most favorable adsorption scenarios, determined to be –292.96 and –229.39 kcal/mol, respectively. A key insight from Monte Carlo simulations underscored the inherent spontaneity of the adsorption process, corroborated by the consistently negative Eads values. These findings collectively underscore the substantial affinity of the inhibitors to the copper surface, contributing to a deeper comprehension of their corrosion inhibition capabilities.
Ochuko L. Erukainure, Aliyu Muhammad, Rahul Ravichandran
et al.
The multiple mutation of the spike (S) protein of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant is a major concern, as it has been implicated in the severity of COVID-19 and its complications. These mutations have been attributed to COVID-19-infected immune-compromised individuals, with HIV patients being suspected to top the list. The present study investigated the mutation of the S protein of the omicron variant in comparison to the Delta and Wuhan variants. It also investigated the molecular interactions of antiretroviral drugs (ARVd) vis-à-vis dolutegravir, lamivudine, tenofovir-disoproxilfumarate and lenacapavir with the initiation and termination codons of the mRNAs of the mutated proteins of the omicron variant using computational tools. The complete genome sequences of the respective S proteins for omicron (OM066778.1), Delta (OK091006.1) and Wuhan (NC 045512.2) SARS-CoV-2 variants were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Evolutionary analysis revealed high trends of mutations in the S protein of the omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant compared to the delta and Wuhan variants coupled with 68 % homology. The sequences of the translation initiation sites (TISs), translation termination sites (TTSs), high mutation region-1 (HMR1) and high region mutation-2 (HMR2) mRNAs were retrieved from the full genome of the omicron variant S protein. Molecular docking analysis revealed strong molecular interactions of ARVd with TISs, TTSs, HMR1 and HMR2 of the S protein mRNA. These results indicate mutations in the S protein of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant compared to the Delta and Wuhan variants. These mutation points may present new therapeutic targets for COVID-19.
Magnus F G Grøndahl, Jonatan I Bagger, Malte P Suppli
et al.
Objective: In obesity and type 2 diabetes, hyperglucagonaemia may be caused by elevated levels of glucagonotropic amino acids due to hepatic glucagon resistance at the level of amino acid turnover. Here, we investigated the effect of exogenous glucagon on circulating amino acids in obese and non-obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes.
Design: This was a post hoc analysis in a glucagon infusion study performed in individuals with type 2 diabetes (n = 16) and in age, sex, and body mass index-matched control individuals without diabetes (n = 16). Each group comprised two subgroups of eight individuals with and without obesity, respectively.
Methods: All participants received a 1-h glucagon infusion (4 ng/kg/min) in the overnight fasted state. Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured with frequent intervals.
Results: Compared to the control subgroup without obesity, baseline total amino acid levels were elevated in the control subgroup with obesity and in the type 2 diabetes subgroup without obesity. In all subgroups, amino acid levels decreased by up to 20% in response to glucagon infusion, which resulted in high physiological steady-state glucagon levels (mean concentration: 74 pmol/L, 95% CI [68;79] pmol/L). Following correction for multiple testing, no intergroup differences in changes in amino acid levels reached significance.
Conclusion: Obesity and type 2 diabetes status was associated with elevated fasting levels of total amino acids. The glucagon infusion decreased circulating amino acid levels similarly in all subgroups, without significant differences in the response to exogenous glucagon between individuals with and without obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Significance statement
The hormone glucagon stimulates glucose production from the liver, which may promote hyperglycaemia if glucagon levels are abnormally elevated, as is often seen in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Glucagon levels are closely linked to, and influenced by, the levels of circulating amino acids. To further investigate this link, we measured amino acid levels in individuals with and without obesity and type 2 diabetes before and during an infusion of glucagon. We found that circulating amino acid levels were higher in type 2 diabetes and obesity, and that glucagon infusion decreased amino acid levels in both individuals with and without type 2 diabetes and obesity. The study adds novel information to the link between circulating levels of glucagon and amino acids.
Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology
Chloride and bromide are two of the most abundant anions found in seawater, and knowledge of their concentrations is essential for environmental monitoring. However, the analysis of chloride and bromide in seawater is challenging due to the complex nature of the seawater matrix. From an electrochemical perspective, we investigate the suitability of three types of electrode (Au, glassy carbon and Pt) for the analysis of Cl<sup>−</sup> and/or Br<sup>−</sup> in seawater. With the understanding of their electrochemical behaviours in artificial seawater (ASW), optimal voltammetric procedures for their detection are developed. The results show that the Au electrode is unsuitable for use as a Cl<sup>−</sup> and/or Br<sup>−</sup> sensor due to its dissolution and passivation in ASW. The use of glassy carbon resulted in poorly defined chloride and bromide signals. Finally, platinum was found to be a good candidate for chloride detection in artificial seawater using square wave voltammetry, and the results obtained in natural seawater via electrochemical measurement were in good agreement with those obtained via ion chromatography. Platinum electrodes are also recommended for bromide analysis.
Super mealworm <i>Zophobas morio</i> (Coleoptera: Tenbrionidea) larvae (ZML) are being investigated as potential candidates for biodiesel production. Several studies have revealed that the crude fat content of ZML can be enhanced by increasing the feed consumed. We aimed to develop an optimized ZML feed that enhances the lipid gain using 10 different ingredients. The results revealed that the highest lipid content was observed in ZML fed food waste (FW). Furthermore, we found that the weight gain of ZML improved when fed fermented FW using three selected microorganisms (3M), <i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>, <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i>, and <i>Pediococcus acidilactici</i>. We also analyzed the effects of preservatives on the weight gain of ZML, and the results revealed that ZML fed 5-day 3M-fermented FW (FFW) containing 0.05% sorbic acid exhibited the highest weight gain. Based on these findings, we produced solid FFW containing 0.05% sorbic acid using 5% agar and established a manufacturing process. Body composition analysis revealed that the lipid content of the ZML fed manufactured feed was higher than that of the ZML fed wheat bran. Therefore, this study suggests that solid FFW containing 0.05% sorbic acid should be used as a commercial feed for ZML breeding to enhance lipid gain, making it an economical substrate for raw biodiesel production.
Abstract Background It is well-known that both macrophages and osteocytes are critical regulators of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, yet there is limited understanding of the macrophage-osteocyte interaction, and how their crosstalk could affect bone homeostasis and mineralization. This research therefore aims to investigate the effects of macrophage polarization on osteocyte maturation and mineralization process. Methods A macrophage-derived conditioned medium based osteocyte culture was set up to investigate the impact of macrophages on osteocyte maturation and terminal mineralization. Surgically induced osteoarthritis (OA) rat model was used to further investigate the macrophage-osteocyte interaction in inflammatory bone remodeling, as well as the involvement of the Notch signaling pathway in the mineralization process. Results Our results identified that osteocytes were confined in an immature stage after the M1 macrophage stimulation, showing a more rounded morphology, higher expression of early osteocyte marker E11, and significantly lower expression of mature osteocyte marker DMP1. Immature osteocytes were also found in inflammatory bone remodeling areas, showing altered morphology and mineralized structures similar to those observed under the stimulation of M1 macrophages in vitro, suggesting that M1 macrophages negatively affect osteocyte maturation, leading to abnormal mineralization. The Notch signaling pathway was found to be down regulated in M1 macrophage-stimulated osteocytes as well as osteocytes in inflammatory bone. Overexpression of the Notch signaling pathway in osteocytes showed a significant circumvention on the negative effects from M1 macrophage. Conclusion Taken together, our findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms involved in abnormal bone mineralization under inflammatory conditions.
Mamta K. Jain, Mamta K. Jain, James A. De Lemos
et al.
Background: An in silico screen was performed to identify FDA approved drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), followed by in vitro viral replication assays, and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in mice. These studies identified atovaquone as a promising candidate for inhibiting viral replication.Methods: A 2-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection. Enrolled patients were randomized 2:1 to atovaquone 1500 mg BID versus matched placebo. Patients received standard of care treatment including remdesivir, dexamethasone, or convalescent plasma as deemed necessary by the treating team. Saliva was collected at baseline and twice per day for up to 10 days for RNA extraction for SARS-CoV-2 viral load measurement by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. The primary outcome was the between group difference in log-transformed viral load (copies/mL) using a generalized linear mixed-effect models of repeated measures from all samples.Results: Of the 61 patients enrolled; 41 received atovaquone and 19 received placebo. Overall, the population was predominately male (63%) and Hispanic (70%), with a mean age of 51 years, enrolled a mean of 5 days from symptom onset. The log10 viral load was 5.25 copies/mL vs. 4.79 copies/mL at baseline in the atovaquone vs. placebo group. Change in viral load did not differ over time between the atovaquone plus standard of care arm versus the placebo plus standard of care arm. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of atovaquone plasma concentration demonstrated a wide variation in atovaquone levels, with an inverse correlation between BMI and atovaquone levels, (Rho −0.45, p = 0.02). In post hoc analysis, an inverse correlation was observed between atovaquone levels and viral load (Rho −0.54, p = 0.005).Conclusion: In this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, atovaquone did not demonstrate evidence of enhanced SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance compared with placebo. However, based on the observed inverse correlation between atovaquone levels and viral load, additional PK-guided studies may be warranted to examine the antiviral effect of atovaquone in COVID-19 patients.
Hidayat Mohd Yusof, Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman, Rosfarizan Mohamad
et al.
Since the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the poultry industry is currently a serious threat, there is an urgent need to develop a more efficient and alternative antibacterial substance. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have exhibited antibacterial efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms. Although the in vitro antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs has been studied, little is known about the antibacterial mechanisms of ZnO NPs against poultry-associated foodborne pathogens. In the present study, ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized using <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> TA4, characterized, and their antibacterial potential against common avian pathogens (<i>Salmonella</i> spp., <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) was investigated. Confirmation of ZnO NPs by UV-Visual spectroscopy showed an absorption band center at 360 nm. Morphologically, the synthesized ZnO NPs were oval with an average particle size of 29.7 nm. Based on the dissolution study of Zn<sup>2+</sup>, ZnO NPs released more ions than their bulk counterparts. Results from the agar well diffusion assay indicated that ZnO NPs effectively inhibited the growth of the three poultry-associated foodborne pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed using various concentrations of ZnO NPs, which resulted in excellent antibacterial activity as compared to their bulkier counterparts. <i>S. aureus</i> was more susceptible to ZnO NPs compared to the other tested bacteria. Furthermore, the ZnO NPs demonstrated substantial biofilm inhibition and eradication. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular material leakage was quantified to determine the underlying antibacterial mechanisms, whereas a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the morphological changes of tested bacteria treated with ZnO NPs. The findings suggested that ROS-induced oxidative stress caused membrane damage and bacterial cell death. Overall, the results demonstrated that ZnO NPs could be developed as an alternative antibiotic in poultry production and revealed new possibilities in combating pathogenic microorganisms.
Zhi-Xin Huang, 1– 3 Shumin Yuan, 4 Dongshi Li, 1, 3 Hong Hao, 2 Zhenguo Liu, 2 Jianguo Lin 1, 3 1Department of Neurology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; 2Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; 3Department of Neurology, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, ChinaCorrespondence: Zhi-Xin HuangDepartment of Neurology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Middle Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, ChinaTel/Fax +86 20 89168080Email hzxd6@163.com
Zhenguo LiuCenter for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USAEmail liuzheng@health.missouri.eduBackground: Stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in China. Recurrent stroke (RS) could occur in a significant portion of patients with ischemic stroke with devastating consequence.Methods: To investigate the association between lifestyle and the risk of RS in Chinese patients with acute large-vessel ischemic stroke (ALVIS). A total of 258 patients with ALVIS were recruited in the study (median age 63 years, 30.6% female), and followed for a median of 366 days. The primary outcomes were first RS. Cox Regression and Akaike information criterion were used to establish the best-fit nomograms.Results: During follow-up, 38 of 258 (14.7%) participants had the primary endpoint event. After adjusting for confounding factors in multivariate Cox regression analysis, healthy lifestyles, including bland diet (hazard ratio [HR], 0.365; 95% CI, 0.138– 0.965), daily fruit consumption (HR, 0.474; 95% CI, 0.238– 0.945), good sleep (HR, 0.364; 95% CI, 0.180– 0.739), housework: HR (0.461; 95% CI, 0.200– 1.065), and HDL (HR, 0.329; 95% CI, 0.130– 0.831) were associated with significantly decreased risk for RS after ALVIS, while smoking was associated with a substantial increase in RS risk (HR, 2.590; 95% CI, 1.340– 5.005) and included into the nomogram. A weighted point (from 0 to 100) was given to each risk factor, and the total points could be used to predict the probability of RS for the patient.Conclusion: The nomogram shows that healthy lifestyles (bland diet, daily fruit consumption, good sleep, cigarette cessation, and housework) were important for reducing RS in patients with ALVIS.Keywords: recurrent event, lifestyle, ischemic stroke, stroke, nomogram
Humera Qureshi, Muhammad Imran Khan, Akhlaq Ahmad
et al.
Background: Malaria among pregnant women is one of the major causes of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, especially in high-risk areas. Therefore, our study identified the burden of malaria for pregnant women, non-pregnant women, and children under 5 years of age, and malaria service health facilities in Bannu district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. In this survey, 15,650 individuals were surveyed, and 1,283 were malaria-positive detected. The data were collected from 80 different healthcare centers. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. ArcGIS version 10.8 was used for study area mapping.Results: Malaria was detected in 23.3% of children under five, 4.4% of pregnant women, and 72.3% of non-pregnant women, respectively. Moreover, P. falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infection had a prevalence of 2.1, 96.8, and 1.1%. The most often used and effective medications to treat malaria were chloroquine (29.7%) and primaquine (69.4%).Conclusion: This study's findings depict that malaria's prevalence in the non-pregnant women's group was high. Additionally, P. vivax infection was found to be more prevalent than other types of malaria infection. Due to the scarcity of healthcare facilities in this endemic region, special attention should be directed to strengthening the malaria surveillance and eradication programs.
IC Devaraj, Dhiraj J Trivedi, Vidya S Patil
et al.
Introduction: Essential hypertension is a systemic disease
which affects endothelial basement membrane. Changes in
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) distribution pattern on glomerular
basement membrane has been noted in hypertension. Hence
it seems likely that an increase excretion of GAG levels may
be an indicator of reduction in renal function. The qualitative
or quantitative determination of urinary GAGs may be of value
and could constitute a non invasive marker to assess the renal
damage in essential hypertension.
Aim: Differential analysis of urinary GAGs in essential hypertensive
patients.
Materials and Methods: This analytical case-control observational
study which was conducted from November 2014 to June 2016 in
Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences
and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India. The study group
included 50 male patients with age group of 30-60 years, clinically
diagnosed with essential hypertension. Control group included
50 healthy male individuals with age group of 30-60 years, blood
donors visiting to hospital blood bank. Random urine sample
was collected. Urine creatinine was estimated by Jaffe’s method,
urine GAGs by Dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) dye method and
urine microalbumin by particle enhanced Turbidimetric inhibition
immunoassay method. Correlation was tested with Spearman’s
correlation coefficient. Level of significance was set for p-value
<0.05 with confidence interval of 95%.
Results: In present study, urinary GAGs levels in essential
hypertensive study group was 14.57±10.16 mg/dL and in control
group was 10.09±6.04 mg/dL. Urinary GAGs levels in essential
hypertensive group was significantly high (p-value=0.890) when
compared with normotensive control group. But no statistical
significant correlation was found between urine GAGs and urine
microalbumin in hypertensive study group.
Conclusion: Estimation of urine glycosaminoglycans in essential
hypertensive patients is a simple, rapid and cost effective test
which asseses the glomerular function. It can be used as one of the
early marker for diagnosis of nephropathy before microalbuminuria
sets in.
Micaël Carrier, Micaël Carrier, Jérémie Guilbert
et al.
Schizophrenia affects more than 1% of the world’s population and shows very high heterogeneity in the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms experienced by patients. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying this neurodevelopmental disorder are largely unknown, although it is proposed to emerge from multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. In this work, we explore the potential alterations in the developing blood vessel network which could contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Specifically, we discuss how the vascular network evolves during early postnatal life and how genetic and environmental risk factors can lead to detrimental changes. Blood vessels, capillaries in particular, constitute a dynamic and complex infrastructure distributing oxygen and nutrients to the brain. During postnatal development, capillaries undergo many structural and anatomical changes in order to form a fully functional, mature vascular network. Advanced technologies like magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy are now enabling to study how the brain vasculature and its supporting features are established in humans from birth until adulthood. Furthermore, the contribution of the different neurovascular unit elements, including pericytes, endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia, to proper brain function and behavior, can be dissected. This investigation conducted among different brain regions altered in schizophrenia, such as the prefrontal cortex, may provide further evidence that schizophrenia can be considered a neurovascular disorder.
Vladyslav Vivcharenko, Michal Wojcik, Agata Przekora
The treatment of chronic wounds is still a meaningful challenge to physicians. The aim of this work was to produce vitamin C-enriched chitosan/agarose (CHN/A) film that could serve as potential artificial skin substitute for chronic wound treatment. The biomaterial was fabricated by a newly developed and simplified method via mixing acidic chitosan solution with alkaline agarose solution that allowed to obtain slightly acidic pH (5.97) of the resultant material, which is known to support skin regeneration. Vitamin C was immobilized within the matrix of the film by entrapment method during production process. Produced films (CHN/A and CHN/A + vit C) were subjected to comprehensive evaluation of cellular response with the use of human skin fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, and macrophages. It was demonstrated that novel biomaterials support adhesion and growth of human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes, have ability to slightly reduce transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) (known to be present at augmented levels in the epidermis of chronic wounds), and increase platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) secretion by the cells. Nevertheless, addition of vitamin C to the biomaterial formulation does not significantly improve its biological properties due to burst vitamin release profile. Obtained results clearly demonstrated that produced CHN/A film has great potential to be used as cellular dermal, epidermal, or dermo-epidermal graft pre-seeded with human skin cells for chronic wound treatment.
Łukasz Sęczyk, Michał Świeca, Ireneusz Kapusta
et al.
This study was conducted with an aim to determine the interactions of pure phenolic compounds (gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, apigenin, and catechin) and phenolics from plant extracts (green tea and green coffee) with protein fractions of white bean (albumins and globulins). The physicochemical properties of complexes were established through an analysis of the UV-Vis spectrum; relative content of free amino groups, thiol groups, and tryptophan residues; chromatographic (SE-HPLC) and electrophoretic (SD-PAGE, Native-PAGE) properties; and conformational changes reflected by Fourier transform infrared spectra. Further, the effect of pH and ionic strength on the solubility and stability of complexes as well as the binding capacity of phenolics to proteins were determined. Results show that, in most cases, phenolics significantly affected the measured parameters; however, the effects were strongly differentiated by the type of phenolic compounds and protein fraction that were applied. Moreover, it may be that changes in the properties of complexes are reflected in the biological nature of proteins and phenolic compounds such as their bioavailability and physiological activity. However, due to the structural complexity of proteins, and the multitudinous factors that affect their interactions, such studies are a great and long-term challenge for the domain of food science.