In bridge health monitoring, structural responses are strongly coupled with temperature effects and vehicle load effects, making it difficult for conventional fixed thresholds and single data-driven approaches to simultaneously achieve environmental adaptability and quantitative reliability assessment. To address this issue, this study proposes a deep-learning-based dynamic early-warning method for bridge structures, using health-monitoring data from an in-service long-span cable-stayed bridge as the research background. First, a two-month mid-span deflection time series is processed using variational mode decomposition optimized by the Porcupine Optimization Algorithm to separate temperature-induced effects. Subsequently, a hybrid prediction model integrating Informer and SEnet is constructed. Temperature and temperature-induced deflection components are used as input features, and a sliding-window strategy is adopted to achieve high-accuracy prediction of the temperature-induced deflection trend, which serves as the time-varying baseline of the dynamic threshold. On this basis, vehicle load effects are modeled by combining Pareto extreme value theory with finite element analysis and superimposed to establish a two-level dynamic early-warning threshold system that satisfies code requirements. Furthermore, a stochastic finite element Monte Carlo method is introduced to probabilistically model uncertainties associated with material parameters, load effects, and model prediction errors. The threshold failure probability at each time instant is taken as the evaluation metric, enabling quantitative characterization of threshold reliability. The results indicate that under combined multiple working conditions, the proposed method reduces the maximum failure probability of the first-level warning by 32.68% and that of the second-level warning by 93.48%, with more stable and consistent probabilistic responses. In engineering applications, simulation experiments based on stochastic traffic loading show that the warning accuracy is improved by up to 19.27%, while the error rate is reduced by up to 16.16%. The study demonstrates that the proposed method possesses a clear physical and statistical foundation as well as good engineering feasibility and provides a viable pathway for transforming bridge early-warning systems from experience-based schemes toward data-driven and risk-oriented frameworks.
طراحی اجزا در عناصر معماری بومی از جهت تأمین آسایش برای انسانها همواره حائز اهمیت بوده است. یخچالهای خشتی دستهای از عناصر معماریاند که بهمنظور رفع نیازهای اصلی ساکنین مناطق گرم و خشک از اجزایی در همین راستا ساختهشدهاند. درواقع ساختار یخچالها شامل: دیوار سایهانداز، گنبد، مخزن، حوضچه تهیه یخ با مشخصات فنی (ابعاد، اندازهها، جهت و موقعیت نسبی) است. بهگونهای که روی عملکرد آنها مؤثر بوده و میتواند یخ را برای مدت طولانیتری نگه دارد. ازاینرو شناسایی کالبد و عملکرد یخچالها میتواند الگوی باقابلیت حفظ و استفاده در ساختارهای معاصر را در دسترس قرار دهد. بر این اساس در پژوهش حاضر با توجه به دستهبندی اقلیمی کوپن و وجود تمام اجزا و ساختارهای کالبدی مشترک 22 یخچال شناسایی شدند که وجوه تمایز و تشابه آنها در اقلیمهای بیابانی و نیمه بیابانی مورد تحلیل قرارگرفتهاند. روش مطالعه در این پژوهش ترکیبی از مطالعات کتابخانهای، میدانی و بهصورت تحلیلی-کمی است. یافتهها نشان میدهد که فرم دیوار سایهانداز متأثر از زاویه تابش و محل قرارگیری گنبد بوده و جانمایی اجزا بر محل قرارگیری ورودیهای مخزن مؤثر بوده است. همچنین چگونگی اتصال گنبد مخزن با سایر عناصر موجب شکلگیری یا عدم شکلگیری تعدادی از اجزا فرعی نیز شدهاند؛ که با توجه به امتیازدهی به این عناصر و سایر عناصر کالبدی موردبررسی الگوی منطبق بر اقلیم شناسایی میگردد.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Ana – Maria TOMA, Irina IGNATESCU - MANEA, Oana NECULAI
In this article, the authors present a methodology for teaching in AutoCAD 3D a complete vertical section and a stepped vertical section, from the Computer Aided Graphics Design course, from the Faculty of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering. In this course, students learn how to create a 3D object, and then create sections in the layout, to define and modify them according to European Standards. They thus end up presenting the 3 main views, with section, as well as the axonometric view and the sectioned axonometric view of the 3D object.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings, Engineering design
The aerodynamics of slotted aerofoils under various Reynolds numbers were numerically studied. Moreover, vibration of aerofoils due to the wind flow was also investigated. Different Reynolds numbers (0.25, 0.4, 0.7 and 1) ×106 were utilized using an Ansys noncommercial version. A slotted asymmetric aerofoil, which was NACA4412, was chosen to implement the concept of the current investigation. The base aerofoil was compared to an experimental study to check the number of cells above and around the aerofoil. The slotted aerofoil appeared to have more momentum on the suction side. Moreover, the slotted aerofoils then subjected to an oscillatory motion due to the wind flow with 15Hz frequency.
The effect of the initial plastic deformation on the damping properties of low-carbon steel is experimentally studied, which corresponds to a change in the deformation diagram. The deformation diagram also refers to hysteresis loops that expand after the initial plastic deformation, called “plastic execution” in the work. When constructing hysteresis loops and recording damped oscillations, the amplitude values of loading cycles not exceeding 200 MPa are considered. Rods of rectangular box-shaped cross-section were used as samples. A description of static and dynamic laboratory installations that implement a pure bending scheme of the sample is given. Measurements are made by load cells with the fixation of counts in the computer memory with a frequency of 100 Hz. Cyclic symmetrical loads with a frequency of 2,62 Hz occur during oscillations in the sample. During the tests, the effect of a strong increase in hysteresis loops after the initial plastic deformation was reported to the sample was detected and quantitatively explored. The parameters of the loops are obtained depending on the value of the amplitude stress. The recorded graphs of decreasing amplitudes over time (up to 1000 periods) are in good agreement with the hysteresis loops obtained during static tests. The initial plastic deformation was also cyclic with deformation amplitudes 17% higher than the yield strength of the material. The effect of restoring the plastic deformation obtained by the sample after oscillations with stress amplitudes of 200 MPa was found. The oscillations cause the plastic deformation to be restored by more than 40%.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Judes Doria Bilogo Ovono, Hassan Siraj, Khalid El Harrouni
et al.
Cet article souligne l'importance de l'habitat en tant qu'élément fondamental de la vie humaine et de la société. L'habitat englobe la résidence, la configuration, l'emplacement et les interactions urbaines. L'article de Thierry Paquot met en évidence l’intégration de non seulement le logement, mais aussi les itinéraires quotidiens urbains vers l'habitat. Et Émile Durkheim souligne le lien entre l'individu et la société à travers l'environnement immédiat, ce qui devient particulièrement crucial dans les pays émergents comme le Gabon. La réflexion s'est ensuite tournée vers l'ethnie Fang, riche contributeur au patrimoine culturel gabonais. L'habitat Fang a été étudié pour sa signification culturelle. L'analyse historique a servi à concevoir un habitat adapté à ce contexte local grâce à une revalorisation des plans traditionnels. La revalorisation de l'habitat traditionnel, en particulier chez les Fang, montre l'importance de cette démarche pour préserver la culture et l'environnement. En réaménageant l'espace et en choisissant des matériaux locaux et des motifs traditionnels, le projet harmonise modernité et héritage culturel. Il démontre comment la réflexion peut façonner des habitats durables qui préservent l'identité tout en répondant aux besoins contemporains. Cela illustre également comment l'habitat est le fondement de la société et comment sa revalorisation peut façonner un avenir respectueux de l'environnement et culturellement ancré.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
PurposeDespite several advantages of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology, BIM has not been adopted and implemented extensively in developing countries. Consequently BIM remains at a beginner level in developing countries. To increase the level of BIM implementation, first, knowing the root factors that resist BIM implementation is necessary to know. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the factors that limit BIM implementation in developing countries, specifically in the Turkish Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was designed with 46 influencing causes (ICs) identified through a systematic literature review. In total, 141 survey results were returned from architects and engineers, and reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. Furthermore, a structural equation model (SEM) was developed to identify the root factors of BIM implementation.FindingsEight root factors affecting the prevalent use of BIM technology in the Turkish construction industry were determined and grouped into three categories based on BIM implementation level. Problems with the BIM transition process and a lack of management support are the most influential root factors limiting BIM implementation. Lack of incentives, lack of BIM education, bias regarding BIM technology and BIM-based software problems form the second group of root factors that have a significant effect. Awareness and lack of communication amongst stakeholders were identified as root factors that had a moderate effect.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the knowledge body by revealing eight root factors limiting BIM implementation in the Turkish AEC industry which can be generalised to most developing countries. Therefore, the outcomes of this study may be used as a practical reference for future research aimed at improving BIM adoption in developing countries through governmental, educational, and managerial solutions.Originality/valueSeveral studies have identified the challenges and barriers of BIM implementation in the construction industry using qualitative and quantitative analyses and projected the current state. Unlike previous studies, this study comprehensively and quantitatively determined the root factors that constrain the use of BIM in Turkey using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modelling to present a structural model.
Abstract Among the different nanostructures that have been demonstrated as promising materials for various applications, three–dimensional (3D) nanostructures have attracted significant attention as building blocks for constructing high-performance nanodevices because of their unusual mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and magnetic properties arising from their novel size effects and abundant active catalytic/reactive sites due to the high specific surface area. Considerable research efforts have been devoted to designing, fabricating, and evaluating 3D nanostructures for applications, including structural composites, electronics, photonics, biomedical engineering, and energy. This review provides an overview of the nanofabrication strategies that have been developed to fabricate 3D functional architectures with exquisite control over their morphology at the nanoscale. The pros and cons of the typical synthetic methods and experimental protocols are reviewed and outlined. Future challenges of fabrication of 3D nanostructured materials are also discussed to further advance current nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Boolean satisfiability problems (SAT) have very rich generic and domain-specific structures. How to capture these structural features in the embedding space and feed them to deep learning models is an important factor influencing the use of neural networks to solve SAT problems. Graph neural networks have achieved good results, especially for message-passing models. These capture the displacement-invariant architecture well, whether building end-to-end models or improving heuristic algorithms for traditional solvers. We present the first framework for predicting the satisfiability of domain-specific SAT problems using graph attention networks, GAT-SAT. Our model can learn satisfiability features in a weakly supervised setting, i.e., in the absence of problem-specific feature engineering. We test the model to predict the satisfiability of randomly generated SAT instances SR(N) and random 3-SAT problems. Experiments demonstrate that our model improves the prediction accuracy of random 3-SAT problems by 1–4% and significantly outperforms other graph neural network approaches on random SR(N). Compared to NeuroSAT, our model can almost always achieve the same or even higher accuracy with half the amount of iterations. At the end of the paper, we also try to explain the role played by the graph attention mechanism in the model.
The paper presents an interlocking system designed to fix and hold together the panels of a modular house. The house modules are flat square panels, almost identical, which need to be hold using a locking system. The locking system is a simple, but solid construction, capable to resist to repeated assembling and disassembling operations. It consists of some linkage mechanisms and a ratchet; it is hand-powered in order to ensure a fast mounting of the panels. In this paper are presented all the steps necessary to be followed and the restraints of the design process.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings, Engineering design
Adhesives and metal fasteners play important roles in the composition and connections of engineered wood products (EWPs) such as cross-laminated timber and glue-laminated timber in the building construction industry. However, due to their petroleum-based nature, adhesives can cause toxic gas emissions, while metal fasteners compromise the end-of-life disposal and reusability of EWPs. These issues adversely affect the sustainable material properties of EWPs. Numerous studies have been conducted in the literature on the technological, ecological, social, and economic aspects of EWPs in construction with different construction solutions, but no studies have been conducted to evaluate the technical performance of dovetail wood board elements (DWBE) in multi-story or tall building construction. This study focuses on adhesive- and metal fastener-free DWBE as sustainable material alternatives for ecologically sensitive engineering solutions. Various preliminary design proposals are presented for DWBE using architectural modeling programs as an environmentally friendly approach intended for use in the timber construction industry. The research findings are based on a theoretical approach that has not yet been practically tested but is proposed considering existing construction practices that need further investigation, including technical performance tests. It is believed that this paper will contribute to the promotion and diffusion of DWBE for more diverse and innovative architectural and structural applications, particularly in multi-story timber building construction, as one of the key tools in tackling climate change challenges.
Abstract Data exchange and management methods are of paramount importance in areas as complex as the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industries and Facility Management. For example, Big Open BIM requires seamless information flow among an arbitrary number of applications. The backbone of such information flow is a robust integration, whose tasks include overcoming technological as well as semantic and pragmatic gaps and conflicts both within and between data models. In this work, we introduce a method for integrating the pragmatics at design-time and the semantics of independent applications at run-time into so-called “integration facades”. We utilize Model-driven Engineering for the automatic discovery of functionalities and data models, and for finding a user-guided consensus. We present a case study involving the domains of architecture, building physics and structural engineering for evaluating our approach in object-oriented as well as data-oriented programming environments. The results produce, for each scenario, a single integration facade that acts as a single source of truth in the data exchange process.
In September 2017, two large-scale earthquakes occurred in Central and South Eastern Mexico, causing serious damages in buildings, homes, schools, old buildings and other kind of structures. The earthquake that occurred on September 7 at 23:49h, local time, in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, caused serious damage in the localities of the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas, near to the region of the Istmo of Tehuantepec. The earthquake of September 19 at 1:14: 40h, with the epicenter on the boundary between the states of Puebla and Morelos, caused damages in Puebla, Morelos, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Mexico City and the State of Mexico. According to official statistics, both earthquakes induced a total of 464 deceased, damages in more than 231,341 homes, 16,136 schools, 83 health buildings and approximately 2000 historic buildings. All with different levels of damage. Partial and total collapses were observed. On the basis of an inspection of the damages, specific in ancient temples, the Institute of Engineering by UNAM performed a special mission to visit the states of Oaxaca, Puebla and Morelos. A total of 58 temples were visited. With the collected information was elaborated a map of the damage patterns, according to the regions, architectural typology and kind of materials. Also, the acceleration records of stations located near to the temples were analyzed to obtain their characteristics and associate them with the damages observed in the temples. For this purpose, modal analysis were performed to obtained the dynamic properties of some temples of the states of Puebla, Oaxaca and Morelos. The great amount of damages in this type of structures was due to the low tension strength of the masonry, the deterioration and an insufficient strength of structural elements to resist earthquakes. Furthermore, inadequate works of retrofitting or modifications that the structure has suffered throughout its history, such as changes in its cover system, among others, that have contributed to increase the damage.
Abstract In this study, we examined the career records of five teachers involved in architectural education during the early period of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The records included materials related to the appointment of these teachers to the architecture program at Kim Il‐sung University and details related to their career histories and autobiographies. We analyzed the materials to gain insight into the lives of those in charge of architectural education in the fledgling republic while comparing and relating their histories with the social circumstances of the period.
Architecture, Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Biological materials such as bone, teeth, and nacre boast remarkable structures and toughening mechanisms, many of them unmatched by engineering materials. In these materials, fracture toughness is key to fulfill critical structural functions and achieve high strength, reliability, robustness, damage tolerance, and notch performance. In this article, we review and discuss some of the main toughening strategies found in hard biological materials. In particular, we underline a “universal” strategy where well-defined microarchitectures, stiff building blocks, and weak interfaces operate in synergy to resist crack propagation. These natural materials have been inspiring the development of a myriad of synthetic materials that duplicate some of these features at the nanoscale and at larger scales. While recent materials show impressive properties, duplication of the architectures and mechanisms seen in natural materials still presents formidable challenges.
Lucimara Albieri de Oliveira, Wanellyse Sousa Menezes
O artigo visa discutir o processo de verticalização em Palmas e suas correlações com políticas públicas e leis urbanísticas, identificando implicações na segregação socioespacial. Palmas, capital do Tocantins, foi criada em 1989 a partir de um projeto urbanístico que previa uma ocupação por fases. Porém, sua ocupação planejada não foi efetivada, gerando uma opulenta especulação imobiliária desde o seu nascimento. Como resultado geral, tem‑se uma cidade com acentuada segregação socioespacial, expressivos vazios urbanos, baixíssima densidade populacional e alto custo de urbanização. O estudo detectou uma tendência a acentuação da segregação socioespacial por meio da produção dos edifícios em altura. De maneira mais ampla, o estudo visa colaborar com discussões sobre a aplicação de instrumentos e políticas públicas para o alcance (ou o distanciamento, como no caso apresentado) da diminuição de desigualdades sociais através do planejamento urbano segundo preceitos do Estatuto da Cidade.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
In the field of civil engineering, in the last period emerged and developed the idea of modular constructions, which is in consensus with the alert rhythm of the present times that we are going through, while responding to the requirement of economic efficiency. In this paper the authors present a project for some modules that can be assembled in several ways so that according to the destination and the requirements of the clients they can be personalized to meet their needs and expectations. Obviously, special attention has been paid to the technology of joining modules, solving the covering surfaces and other execution details required to ensure comfort in the habitat area.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings, Engineering design
O artigo parte do registro da localização e caracterização de imóveis com degradação arquitetônica no bairro da Campina, Centro Histórico de Belém, para análise das relações entre sua morfologia e as condições socioeconômicas responsáveis pelo processo de degradação do bairro. Busca associar aspectos da socioeconomia da área, seu histórico de ocupação, alterações nas atividades comerciais ligadas às classes populares com as condições morfológicas. A metodologia consiste no cadastramento e análise da degradação de imóveis e suas localizações quanto à acessibilidade, conforme a teoria da Sintaxe Espacial. Observa-se prevalência de imóveis degradados com estacionamentos para veículos e depósitos para mercadorias de ambulantes. A inteligibilidade da morfologia do bairro é devida à acessibilidade e a atratores, como a Feira do Ver-o-Peso, bancos e instituições. Resultados demonstram um ciclo de degradação com duas dinâmicas articuladas ligadas a fatores socioeconômicos, uma resultante da demanda por estacionamentos para veículos e depósitos para mercadorias de ambulantes espacialmente distribuídas em função dos níveis de acessibilidade veicular e outra pela distribuição de ambulantes nas ruas do bairro. Longe de uma visão determinista, o artigo conclui que as relações entre morfologia urbana e localização de imóveis degradadas constituem fenômeno que necessita ser incluído em análises de políticas urbanas associadas com políticas de preservação do patrimônio edificado.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Molecular self-assembly of short peptide building blocks leads to the formation of various material architectures that may possess unique physical properties. Recent studies had confirmed the key role of biaromaticity in peptide self-assembly, with the diphenylalanine (FF) structural family as an archetypal model. Another significant direction in the molecular engineering of peptide building blocks is the use of fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) modification, which promotes the assembly process and may result in nanostructures with distinctive features and macroscopic hydrogel with supramolecular features and nanoscale order. Here, we explored the self-assembly of the protected, noncoded fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-β,β-diphenyl-Ala-OH (Fmoc-Dip) amino acid. This process results in the formation of elongated needle-like crystals with notable aromatic continuity. By altering the assembly conditions, arrays of spherical particles were formed that exhibit strong light scattering. These arrays display vivid coloration, strongly resembling the appearance of opal gemstones. However, unlike the Rayleigh scattering effect produced by the arrangement of opal, the described optical phenomenon is attributed to Mie scattering. Moreover, by controlling the solution evaporation rate, i.e., the assembly kinetics, we were able to manipulate the resulting coloration. This work demonstrates a bottom-up approach, utilizing self-assembly of a protected amino acid minimal building block, to create arrays of organic, light-scattering colorful surfaces.