Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

A. Zezza, L. Tasciotti

Dimitrios Amaxilatis, Themistoklis Sarantakos, Nikolaos Tsironis et al.

Smart cities are increasingly adopting data-centric architectures to enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and resilience of urban services.

Maria Rosaria Stufano Melone, Domenico Camarda

Dealing with spatial organization, planning and design has to cope with something that is not (not yet or never will be) there. This is a matter of knowledge and of knowledge management, a matter for times to come: so in knowledge management the facet of non-knowledge appears. The research reflections proposed here are connected with activities carried out in the case study of Biccari, a small village in the north of Puglia (Italy), located on the slopes of the Dauni Mountains, between the Apulian plateau and fragile mountain terrains. It involved the University of Sannio and the Polytechnic University of Bari, to provide scientific support aimed at drawing up the town’s master plan (PUG). The territory is affected by an extensive paleolandslide, creating significant hydrogeological risk conditions. Despite this, the local community tends to remove such risk from their perception, showing fatalistic attitudes toward phenomena considered inevitable. The paper explores how to deal with “non-knowledge” in spatial planning, particularly by integrating local risk perceptions and decision-making dynamics into agent-based simulation models developed using NetLogo software. As an exploratory study, it proposes a prototype framework to simulate interactions between institutional decisions, environmental dynamics and community behaviors, with the goal of supporting more adaptive, informed and resilient planning strategies – managing uncertainty as a constitutive element of planning in fragile territories, rather than as a problem to be eliminated.

Constan Antony Zacharias Grace, John Prince Soundranayagam, Antony Johnson Antony Alosanai Promilton et al.

Rapid urbanization across Southern Asia’s coastal regions has significantly increased electricity demand, driving India’s solar sector expansion under the National Solar Mission and positioning the country as the world’s fourth-largest solar market. Nonetheless, methodological limitations remain in applying GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) frameworks to coastal urban microclimates, which involve intricate land-use dynamics and resilience constraints. To address this gap, this study proposes a multi-criteria GIS- based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) framework, incorporating remote sensing and geospatial data, to assess Solar Farm Sites (SFSs) suitability, supplemented by sensitivity analysis in Thoothukudi coastal city, India. Ten parameters—covering photovoltaic, climatic, topographic, environmental, and accessibility factors—were used, with Global Horizontal Irradiance (18%), temperature (11%), and slope (11%) identified as key drivers. Results show that 9.99% (13.61 km²) of the area has excellent suitability, mainly in the southwest, while 28.15% (38.33 km²) exhibits very high potential along the southeast coast. Additional classifications include good (22.29%), moderate (32.41%), and low (7.16%) suitability zones. Sensitivity analysis confirmed photovoltaic variables as dominant, with GHI (0.25) and diffuse radiation (0.23) showing the highest impact. The largest excellent zone could support approximately 390 MW, with excellent and very high zones combined offering up to 2080 MW capacity. The findings also underscore opportunities for dual-use solar deployment, particularly on salt pans (17.1%), as well as elevated solar installations in flood-prone areas. Overall, the proposed framework provides robust, spatially explicit insights to support sustainable energy planning and climate-resilient infrastructure development in coastal urban settings.

Ane Rahbek Vierø, Michael Szell

Research on cycling conditions focuses on cities, because cycling is commonly considered an urban phenomenon. People outside of cities should, however, also have access to the benefits of active mobility. To bridge the gap between urban and rural cycling research, we analyze the bicycle network of Denmark, covering around 43,000 km2 and nearly 6 mio. inhabitants. We divide the network into four levels of traffic stress and quantify the spatial patterns of bikeability based on network density, fragmentation, and reach. We find that the country has a high share of low-stress infrastructure, but with a very uneven distribution. The widespread fragmentation of low-stress infrastructure results in low mobility for cyclists who do not tolerate high traffic stress. Finally, we partition the network into bikeability clusters and conclude that both high and low bikeability are strongly spatially clustered. Our research confirms that in Denmark, bikeability tends to be high in urban areas. The latent potential for cycling in rural areas is mostly unmet, although some rural areas benefit from previous infrastructure investments. To mitigate the lack of low-stress cycling infrastructure outside of urban centers, we suggest prioritizing investments in urban-rural cycling connections and encourage further research in improving rural cycling conditions.

Gizem Esra Unlu, Mohamed Sayed, Yulia Gryaditskaya et al.

We propose GroundUp, the first sketch-based ideation tool for 3D city massing of urban areas. We focus on early-stage urban design, where sketching is a common tool and the design starts from balancing building volumes (masses) and open spaces. With Human-Centered AI in mind, we aim to help architects quickly revise their ideas by easily switching between 2D sketches and 3D models, allowing for smoother iteration and sharing of ideas. Inspired by feedback from architects and existing workflows, our system takes as a first input a user sketch of multiple buildings in a top-down view. The user then draws a perspective sketch of the envisioned site. Our method is designed to exploit the complementarity of information in the two sketches and allows users to quickly preview and adjust the inferred 3D shapes. Our model has two main components. First, we propose a novel sketch-to-depth prediction network for perspective sketches that exploits top-down sketch shapes. Second, we use depth cues derived from the perspective sketch as a condition to our diffusion model, which ultimately completes the geometry in a top-down view. Thus, our final 3D geometry is represented as a heightfield, allowing users to construct the city `from the ground up'.

Khalid Mohammed Almatar, Mubarak F. Alhajri

Urban Sprawl, categorized by the city's outward expansion into their adjacent areas, has emerged as a pressing and complex challenge in urban development worldwide. Understanding the urban sprawl drivers becomes essential for efficient and sustainable urban development as cities transform and grow. Only some studies have provided a comprehensive analysis combining local perspectives with international understanding, making it challenging to form policies to prevent urban sprawl. This study is conducted with the primary aim of determining the drivers of urban sprawl. The qualitative analysis of focus group, interviews and document analysis have been done to reveal the multifaceted drivers of urban sprawl. The thematic analysis reveals the main role of economic incentives, government policies, accessibility, zoning regulation, cultural aspects, land use changes, Low Spatial Distribution of Productivity and limited Capacity of Dammam Urban Planning Department in influencing the spatial dynamics of urban sprawl in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. This research study connects the local context to the worldwide urbanization trends, contributing to the broader international perspective on the drivers of urban sprawl. The study findings will be helpful in effectively addressing the urban sprawl challenge. With the local focus and international insight, this research study offers a great knowledge for communities, policy makers and urban planners, enabling more sustainable urban development in Saudi Arabia and beyond.

Lucía Abbadie

Reflecting on the categories of owners and users and the way these categories have influenced (or not) livelihoods, this paper questions how values affect the planning and implementation of communal living. The focus of this paper is on the ‘value’ of living in certain places, the kinds of appropriations made by those who live there (or not), as well as the organisational processes that are necessary to achieve basic services and then ‘be part’ of the city, beyond the possession of private property. The importance of individual property is linked to a framework of valuation that is supported by public policy, and that permeates most of the actions in contemporary society. Based on the experience of neighbourhood organizations inside informal settlements and housing cooperatives in the northeast of Montevideo, the paper focuses on what issues are important to people. Many of these organisations struggle every single day to ensure a better life for people who live there, trying to improve their quality of life. Interesting experiments in grass-roots solidarity have been carried out to better it, but in many cases, people seem not to care about property ownership.

Sylvia Kornecki

A partir de la situación en la cual nos vimos inmersos durante los años 2020 y 2021 debido a la pandemia, nuestras prácticas docentes se vieron afectadas y las mismas cambiaron radicalmente. La tecnología pasó a ser nuestro aliado más preciado. Esa tecnología que nos acercó a nuestros estudiantes también nos dio la posibilidad de intercambiar experiencias con colegas de otras partes del mundo. Las mismas problemáticas e inquietudes que teníamos aquí en Argentina, se replicaban en escuelas de arquitectura de otros países. Esto nos permitió conocer e intercambiar experiencias con colegas a nivel global. Gracias a estos acercamientos nos llegó la propuesta de ser mentores para la Escuela de Arquitectura, Planeamiento y Preservación de la Universidad de Maryland Estados Unidos. En este artículo queremos relatar nuestra experiencia como docentes latinoamericanos que acompañamos a estudiantes del hemisferio norte en su quehacer diario. También abordamos cómo la tecnología nos permitió compartir diferentes experiencias y plasmar las tantas similitudes y las diferencias que existen entre un estudiante en Estados Unidos con nuestros estudiantes en la Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, casa de estudios donde realizamos año a año nuestra labor como docentes.

Fan Zhang, Feng Wang, Shujie Yao

Abstract With deteriorating air quality in Chinese cities, high-speed rail (HSR) has attracted serious attention as an efficient transportation system to contain haze pollution across the country. This study introduces the concept of HSR accessibility and applies the generalized spatial two-stage least square method to examine the effect of HSR on haze pollution in China. A time-varying difference-in-difference strategy is then employed to recognize the causality from HSR to the haze pollution and eliminate endogeneity. Based on a panel dataset comprising 285 cities over 2010–2018, we find a negative effect of HSR accessibility on haze pollution. An increase of one standard deviation in HSR accessibility reduces PM2.5 concentration by 0.22%. However, the HSR pollution reduction effect varies significantly across cities. It is found that HSR can reduce haze pollution by improving the efficiency of resource allocation as well as promoting industrial structure change and technological innovation. This study proposes a new solution for pollution, i.e., improving urbanization quality through intercity transport efficiency enhancement.

Huimin Liu, Bo Huang, Sihang Gao et al.

Urban development has significantly modified the surface thermal environment in urban areas. This study provides the first attempt to characterize the urban development imprint on surface thermal environment for 323 cities across the entire country of China, using an intra-urban perspective. Specifically, it investigates the variation of surface thermal environment in terms of land surface temperature (LST) difference triggered by significant urban evolution of intra-urban division containing two primary classes: old urban areas developed by 1992 and new ones expanded in the 1992-2015 period. Under this "old-new" dichotomy, the relationship between urban development and the LST difference is explored through Multi-scale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR). Results reveal that urban development is closely related to the difference in LST between old and new urban areas in 2015, which varies from -2.66 °C to 2.46 °C, up to -6.27 °C in western China. 264 cities manifest relatively "cooler" urban environments in the generally larger-sized new urban areas. The seven selected urban development indicators can explain 75% of the variance in the LST difference through MGWR. Among them, the old-new elevation difference, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) difference, and Gini coefficient are found to influence the LST difference in various spatially varying manners. The elevation difference, a generally underestimated nature-driven indicator, is found dominant in explaining the LST difference for 252 cities, among which 216 cities demonstrate higher LSTs in the urban areas with lower elevations. Overall, this study provides valuable information of human-environment interaction across many cities in a generalized way, which complements similar studies at local level, and helps to depict a complete picture of environmental impacts of urban development. The integrated workflow can also be promoted to other periods or other countries to examine the corresponding urbanization imprint on intra-urban surface warming.

Guiling Yang, Ping Zhang, Fang Yu et al.

With the rapid progression of urbanization, cities are increasingly confronted with multifaceted challenges encompassing climate change, population expansion, and resource constraints. Consequently, fostering the development of resilient cities has emerged as a pivotal imperative within future territorial spatial planning. In this paper, we searched the Web of Science Core Collection database for data related to resilient cities in the perspective of territorial spatial planning from 2004 to 2022, and conducted a bibliometric analysis using the Bibliometrix R software package. The results show that: (1) From 2004 to 2022, the number of papers in the field of resilient cities research in the perspective of land spatial planning totaled 933, with a fluctuating upward trend of annual publications. The top three journals in terms of publication are Sustainability, Cities and Landscape and Urban Planning. (2) There are 2,651 researchers from 71 countries or regions contributing to the field,with the top three authors being SHARIFI A, BRUNETTA G, and BARTHEL S, but most of the authors (90.49%) have published only one paper. In addition, developed countries have strong research strength in this field. (3) The top ten keywords in the field of resilient cities research from the perspective of territorial spatial planning are Cities/City, Resilience, Management, Ecosystem services, Climate-change, Urban, Framework, Adaptation, Governance and Space. These keywords reflect the fact that topics related to resilience management and sustainable development of urban areas are hot topics in the field. Water, Health, Geography, Demand, Decision-Making and Built Environment are the research directions of resilient cities from the perspective of future territorial spatial planning.

Aditya Pandey, Kunal Joshi

This report aims to investigate the effectiveness of using internal bar strength (IBS) as a key indicator for trading country exchange-traded funds (ETFs). The study uses a quantitative approach to analyze historical price data for a bucket of country ETFs over a period of 10 years and uses the idea of Mean Reversion to create a profitable trading strategy. Our findings suggest that IBS can be a useful technical indicator for predicting short-term price movements in this basket of ETFs.

Francisco Betancourt, Alejandro P. Riascos, José L. Mateos

We aim to study the temporal patterns of activity in points of interest of cities around the world. In order to do so, we use the data provided by the online location-based social network Foursquare, where users make check-ins that indicate points of interest in the city. The data set comprises more than 90 million check-ins in 632 cities of 87 countries in 5 continents. We analyzed more than 11 million points of interest including all sorts of places: airports, restaurants, parks, hospitals, and many others. With this information, we obtained spatial and temporal patterns of activities for each city. We quantify similarities and differences of these patterns for all the cities involved and construct a network connecting pairs of cities. The links of this network indicate the similarity of temporal visitation patterns of points of interest between cities and is quantified with the Kullback-Leibler divergence between two distributions. Then, we obtained the community structure of this network and the geographic distribution of these communities worldwide. For comparison, we also use a Machine Learning algorithm - unsupervised agglomerative clustering - to obtain clusters or communities of cities with similar patterns. The main result is that both approaches give the same classification of five communities belonging to five different continents worldwide. This suggests that temporal patterns of activity can be universal, with some geographical, historical, and cultural variations, on a planetary scale.

Fatemeh Moheiseni, Seyed Aziz Arman, Seyed Amin Mansouri

In today’s world, countries have come to the realization that their available resources, including human capital, natural resources, and capital, are limited. To use these resources optimally requires that consumption be adjusted and productivity be increased. In this context, the labor force, as a fundamental factor in production, deserves special attention. Several factors such as geographical location, wages, welfare and health indicators, proximity, and population density can impact labor productivity. The present research aimed to investigate the impact of urbanization and its spatial spillovers on the productivity of provincial labor forces during 2006–2019, using the components of the human development index, urbanization rate, population density, and industrial wages. The study revealed the existence of spatial autocorrelation among the investigated provinces. The variables of human development index, urbanization rate, and industrial wage have direct and indirect positive and significant effects on provincial labor productivity, while the population density index has a direct positive effect and an indirect negative effect on labor productivity.IntroductionSustainable urbanization has been a fundamental component of the development of every country. Urbanization can have a significant positive impact on economic activities by providing better services, creating job opportunities, and increasing access to basic services. Cities have the ability to transform low-productivity agriculture into a high-productivity manufacturing industry and cost-effective service sectors. Cities in developing countries are the driving force behind economic growth, accounting for 70% of the gross national product (World Bank, 2009). With the increasing share of the population living in cities, improving the productivity of urban areas has become a priority for many governments and economic consulting organizations (OECD, 2016). Accordingly, cities possess the necessary ability and capacity to influence key economic factors. In this respect, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of urbanization on labor productivity, as a crucial factor for development, by evaluating the economic growth and examining several components of cities. The objective of research was to examine the spatial spillover effects of urbanization on labor productivity in Iran’s provinces, specifically focusing on the savings of density. The study tried to answer the following questions:Is it possible for an urban area to enhance labor productivity at the provincial level?Is there a relationship between labor productivity in a province and the direct and indirect effects of the provincial human development index?Are the external benefits of population density and urbanization (such as benefits from population increase and industrial concentration) responsible for this relationship?Is labor productivity affected by the direct and indirect effects (spillover) of industrial wages?Can the positive side effects of a more efficient urban economy in urban centers be affected by structural problems caused by rapid and dense population growth?Materials and MethodsThe basic model used in this study is as follows: The panel spatial econometric method was employed to analyze the spatial spillovers and geographic space involved in the impact of urbanization on provincial labor productivity. The Stata software was used to examine the final data, and a square matrix was created through GeoDa software in order to estimate the model with the spatial econometric method. This matrix represents the proximity between the provinces and assigns a value of 1 to neighboring provinces and 0 to non-neighboring provinces. Stata software packages were then used to standardize the provincial neighborhood matrix, and a vector was obtained by multiplying the matrix by the vector of each variable. The obtained vector was entered as an explanatory variable in the model, and its coefficient expresses the spatial effect. Based on the evaluated processes, the final model is as follows:+ ConclusionFirst, the estimated coefficients of the human development index and industrial wage of the labor force indicate that an increase in these factors within each province has a positive effect on labor productivity. Furthermore, the positive effects of these factors spill over into neighboring provinces. In this respect, competitive markets play a role in improving labor attraction factors within the province, thereby preventing the departure of skilled labor. With the implementation of necessary policies, job skills are promoted, and the permanent departure of highly skilled labor force is reduced.Second, the estimated coefficients of the urbanization variable show that the increase in urban population and demand, in addition to the training of specialized labor in cities, leads to the recruitment of skilled labor. This in turn has a positive spillover effect, increasing the urbanization rate of neighboring provinces. As a result, it leads to an increase in labor productivity in the neighboring provinces.Finally, the direct effect of population density in a province has a positive impact on labor productivity. However, the indirect effect of population density on labor productivity is complex. While creating a positive external effect due to economies of scale, the indirect effect is also countered by the crowding effect caused by population density. The crowding effect is actually due to the lack of sufficient infrastructure in line with population growth in the province, which leads to negative spillovers of neighboring regions into the province.The various effects observed provide strong evidence for a positive relationship between urbanization and labor productivity. These effects suggest that, under the appropriate conditions, cities have the potential to generate significant employment opportunities and stimulate growth and development not only within the city and province but also across the country. Cities can create sustainable jobs and increase productivity, thereby maximizing the ability to innovate, respond to market demand, and benefit from the advantages of dense markets.

S. Bossi, C. Gollner, Sarah Theierling

Positive Energy Districts and Neighborhoods (PEDs) are seen as a promising pathway towards sustainable urban areas. Several cities have already taken up such PED-related developments. To support such approaches, European countries joined forces to achieve 100 PEDs until 2025 through a comprehensive research and innovation program. A solid understanding and consideration of cities’ strategies, experiences and project features serve as the basis for developing and designing the PED program. JPI Urban Europe has been collecting information on projects towards sustainable urbanization and the energy transition across Europe. The collected cases are summarized in a PED Booklet whose update was recently published on the JPI Urban Europe website. Results presented in this paper provide insights from the analysis of 61 projects in Europe and offer recommendations for future PED developments.

Lei Li, A. Collins, A. Cheshmehzangi et al.

Abstract Climate change and urbanization are increasing the urban flood risk, which can cause adverse on socio-economic and environmental impacts. Green Infrastructure (GI) can reduce stormwater runoff and offer multiple benefits that have been initiated in the United Kingdom (UK) and China, namely Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) and Sponge Cities Program (SCP) respectively. Currently, the implementation of GI is restricted to small spatial (site specific) scale and facing several constraints such as financial investment and governance, that limited its fuller functions and potential. This study aims to identify the barriers and enablers for the adoption of GI by investigating SUDS and SCP in the UK and China, through twelve in-depth semi-structured interviews with stakeholders. Our results found that multiple benefits of the SUDS and SCP were identified, as the main enablers in both countries with reducing the stormwater runoff and alleviating peak discharge in the drainage system, also contributing to social well-being and climate adaptations. Some barriers found the current practices are facing challenges from financial, biophysical and socio-political circumstances in both cases. We conclude that it is beneficial to learn the comparative findings and experiences from both countries, which contributes to stakeholders for improving current GI practices, in prior to achieve more sustainable long-term deliverables.

M. Saatsaz

Jiani Fan, Wenzhuo Yang, Ziyao Liu et al.

A city is a large human settlement that serves the people who live there, and a smart city is a concept of how cities might better serve their residents through new forms of technology. In this paper, we focus on four major smart city domains according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs: smart utility, smart transportation, smart homes, and smart healthcare. Numerous IoT applications have been developed to achieve the intelligence that we desire in our smart domains, ranging from personal gadgets such as health trackers and smart watches to large-scale industrial IoT systems such as nuclear and energy management systems. However, many of the existing smart city IoT solutions can be made better by considering the suitability of their security strategies. Inappropriate system security designs generally occur in two scenarios: first, system designers recognize the importance of security but are unsure of where, when, or how to implement it; and second, system designers try to fit traditional security designs to meet the smart city security context. Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide application designers with the missing security link they may need to improve their security designs. By evaluating the specific context of each smart city domain and the context-specific security requirements, we aim to provide directions on when, where, and how they should implement security strategies and the possible security challenges they need to consider. In addition, we present a new perspective on security issues in smart cities from a data-centric viewpoint by referring to the reference architecture, the Activity-Network-Things (ANT)-centric architecture, built upon the concept of "security in a zero-trust environment". By doing so, we reduce the security risks posed by new system interactions or unanticipated user behaviors while avoiding the hassle of regularly upgrading security models.

Soad youssef hasanein Bashandy, Abdullah Farouk Mohammed EL-Attar, Manal Hassan

تتنوع الأماکن العمرانية في درجة نجاحها بالنسبة للمستخدمين؛ و يتفاعل المستخدم مع المکان العمراني الناجح بکل الحواس حيث يستخدم الإنسان جميع الحواس في إدراک البيئة المحيطة، فنجد أن حاسة البصر تساعد على تکوين صورة للمکان بينما حاسة السمع و اللمس تعطى هوية للمکان في حين أن حاسة التذوق تکون معنى للمکان و حاسة الشم تصنع ذکريات للمکان فنجد أن هدف البحث يکمن في محاولة إدخال الخريطة الذهنية للتجربة الحسية لإدراک الأماکن العمرانية في المستقبل و ذلک من خلال دراسة أنظمة الإدراک الحسية بجانب الخريطة البصرية بالاعتماد على استقراء الدراسات النظرية و الأدبيات السابقة للوصول إلى فهم أولى للخريطة الذهنية للتجربة الحسية للإدراک بمؤشراتها مع کيفيه عملها بالأماکن العمرانية الناجحة بالإضافة إلى عمل استبيان للخبراء لتحليل نتائجه للتأکيد على ما تم التوصل إليه نظريًّا فيما يخص التجربة الحسية للخروج بالارتباط بين الخريطة الذهنية للتجربة الحسية و صناعة الأماکن العمرانية الناجحة . أوضحت نتائج البحث أهمية خريطة التجربة الحسية والمساهمة الإيجابية للتجربة الحسية في صناعة مکان عمراني ناجح. Urban places vary in terms of being perceived by users; the user interacts with the successful urban places with all his/her senses. For example; the sense of sight helps to form an image of the place, the senses of hearing and touch give an identity and value to the place, the sense of taste gives meaning to the place, and the sense of smell creates memories of the place. Thus, the significance of the research is emphasized by attempting to integrate the sensory mental map with the place’s perception by studying both the perceptual systems and the successful urban places. In addition, a questionnaire with experts was utilised to investigate the relationship between place-making and sensory mental maps. The results of the research have clarified the importance of the sensory experience map and its positive contribution to create a successful urban place.