Consider (analytic, resp. algebraic) map-germs, Maps((k^n,o),(k^m,o)). These germs are traditionally studied up to the right, let-right and contact equivalences. Below G is one of these groups. An important tool in this study is the Artin approximation: any formal G-equivalence of maps is approximated by ordinary (i.e. analytic, resp. algebraic) G-equivalence. We consider maps of (analytic, resp. algebraic) scheme-germs, with arbitrary singularities, Maps(X,Y), and establish stronger versions of this property (for G): the Strong Artin approximation and the Płoski approximation. As a preliminary step we study the contact equivalence for maps with singular targets. In many cases one works with multi-germs of spaces, and with their ``muti-maps". More generally, ``quivers of map-germs" occur in various applications. The needed tools are the Strong Artin approximation for quivers and the Płoski version. We establish these for directed rooted trees.
Large language model assistants (LLM-assistants) present new opportunities to transform software development. Developers are increasingly adopting these tools across tasks, including coding, testing, debugging, documentation, and design. Yet, despite growing interest, there is no synthesis of how LLM-assistants affect software developer productivity. In this paper, we present a systematic review and mapping of 39 peer-reviewed studies published between January 2014 and December 2024 that examine this impact. Our analysis reveals that the majority of studies report considerable benefits from LLM-assistants, though a notable subset identifies critical risks. Commonly reported gains include accelerated development, minimized code search, and the automation of trivial and repetitive tasks. However, studies also highlight concerns around cognitive offloading and reduced team collaboration. Our study reveals that whether LLM-based assistants improve or degrade code quality remains unresolved, as existing studies report contradictory outcomes contingent on context and evaluation criteria. While the majority of studies (90%) adopt a multi-dimensional perspective by examining at least two SPACE dimensions, reflecting increased awareness of the complexity of developer productivity, only 15% extend beyond three dimensions, indicating substantial room for more integrated evaluations. Satisfaction, Performance, and Efficiency are the most frequently investigated dimensions, whereas Communication and Activity remain underexplored. Most studies are exploratory (59%) and methodologically diverse, but lack longitudinal and team-based evaluations. This review surfaces key research gaps and provides recommendations for future research and practice. All artifacts associated with this study are publicly available at https://zenodo.org/records/18489222
We present a novel approach for enhancing robotic exploration by using generative occupancy mapping. We implement SceneSense, a diffusion model designed and trained for predicting 3D occupancy maps given partial observations. Our proposed approach probabilistically fuses these predictions into a running occupancy map in real-time, resulting in significant improvements in map quality and traversability. We deploy SceneSense on a quadruped robot and validate its performance with real-world experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model. In these experiments we show that occupancy maps enhanced with SceneSense predictions better estimate the distribution of our fully observed ground truth data ($24.44\%$ FID improvement around the robot and $75.59\%$ improvement at range). We additionally show that integrating SceneSense enhanced maps into our robotic exploration stack as a ``drop-in'' map improvement, utilizing an existing off-the-shelf planner, results in improvements in robustness and traversability time. Finally, we show results of full exploration evaluations with our proposed system in two dissimilar environments and find that locally enhanced maps provide more consistent exploration results than maps constructed only from direct sensor measurements.
Let $g\colon L\rightarrow L$ be an atoroidal, endperiodic map on an infinite type surface $L$ with no boundary and finitely many ends, each of which is accumulated by genus. By work of Landry, Minsky, and Taylor, $g$ is isotopic to a spun pseudo-Anosov map $f$. We show that spun pseudo-Anosov maps minimize the number of periodic points of period $n$ for sufficiently high $n$ over all maps in their homotopy class, strengthening a theorem of Landry, Minsky, and Taylor. We also show that the same theorem holds for atoroidal Handel--Miller maps when one only considers periodic points that lie in the intersection of the stable and unstable laminations. Furthermore, we show via example that spun-pseudo Anosov and Handel--Miller maps do not always minimize the number of periodic points of low period.
Romina Eramo, Michele Tucci, Daniele Di Pompeo
et al.
The continuous software engineering paradigm is gaining popularity in modern development practices, where the interleaving of design and runtime activities is induced by the continuous evolution of software systems. In this context, performance assessment is not easy, but recent studies have shown that architectural models evolving with the software can support this goal. In this paper, we present a mapping study aimed at classifying existing scientific contributions that deal with the architectural support for performance-targeted continuous software engineering. We have applied the systematic mapping methodology to an initial set of 215 potentially relevant papers and selected 66 primary studies that we have analyzed to characterize and classify the current state of research. This classification helps to focus on the main aspects that are being considered in this domain and, mostly, on the emerging findings and implications for future research
With the development of Vision-Language Pre-training Models (VLPMs) represented by CLIP and ALIGN, significant breakthroughs have been achieved for association-based visual tasks such as image classification and image-text retrieval by the zero-shot capability of CLIP without fine-tuning. However, CLIP is hard to apply to generation-based tasks. This is due to the lack of decoder architecture and pre-training tasks for generation. Although previous works have created generation capacity for CLIP through additional language models, a modality gap between the CLIP representations of different modalities and the inability of CLIP to model the offset of this gap, which fails the concept to transfer across modalities. To solve the problem, we try to map images/videos to the language modality and generate captions from the language modality. In this paper, we propose the K-nearest-neighbor Cross-modality Mapping (Knight), a zero-shot method from association to generation. With text-only unsupervised training, Knight achieves State-of-the-Art performance in zero-shot methods for image captioning and video captioning. Our code is available at https://github.com/junyangwang0410/Knight.
Context: Successfully addressing stakeholder concerns that are related to software system development and operation is crucial to achieving development goals. The importance of using a systematic approach to addressing these concerns throughout the software development life cycle is growing as more and more systems are employed to handle critical tasks. Objective: The goal of this study is to provide an overview of addressing concerns across the software development life cycle. Method: A systematic mapping study was conducted using a pre-defined protocol. Four digital databases were searched for research literature and primary studies were selected after a three round selection process conducted by multiple researchers. Results: The extracted data are processed and the results are reported from different viewpoints. The results are also analyzed against our research goals. Conclusion: We show that there is a considerable variation in the use of terminologies and addressing concerns in different phases of the software development life cycle.
We study pairs of non-constant maps between two integral schemes of finite type over two (possibly different) fields of positive characteristic. When the target is quasi-affine, Tamagawa showed that the two maps are equal up to a power of Frobenius if and only if they induce the same homomorphism on their étale fundamental groups. We extend Tamagawa's result by adding a purely topological criterion for maps to agree up to a power of Frobenius.
As a large-scale irrigation and water conservancy project in ancient times, karez are common in Central Asia and arid regions with a history of thousands of years. Turpan, which is located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, has the most extensive and concentrated distribution of karez shafts in China. There are tens of thousands of shafts, some of which are in use and are living cultural heritage. According to radiocarbon (14C) dating, some karezs are over 600 years old. The karez is of great significance to the research on geology, hydrology, oasis, climate change, and development history of karez in Turpan. With the development of the population, arable land, industrialization, and urbanization, karez systems are facing the risk of abandonment. Detailed karez distribution mapping or dynamic monitoring data are important for their management or analysis; although there are related methods, due to Turpan’s large desert and “Gobi” environments, field surveys are time- and energy-consuming, and some areas are difficult to access. Precise shaft locations and distribution maps are scarce and often lack georeferencing. The distribution and preservation of karez have not yet been fully grasped. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) in automatically detecting karez in high-resolution images of the Turpan region. We propose post-processing steps to reduce the false karez identified by YOLOv5. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using YOLOv5 and post-processing techniques to detect karez automatically, and the detected results are sufficient to capture the linear alignment of karez. Target detection based on YOLOv5 and post-processing can greatly improve automatic shaft identification and is therefore useful for the fine mapping of karez. We also applied this method in Shanshan County (for which no detailed mapping data on karez has been obtained before) and successfully detected some karez that had not been archived before. The number of shafts in Turpan is 82,493. Through DBSCAN clustering, it was identified which karez line belonged to which shaft; the number of sections of karez that have been used is 5057, which have a total length of 2387.2 km. The karez line obtained was overlaid with the crop-land data, and the positional relationship between the karez line and the crop land was analyzed. The cultivated area is basically surrounded by karez. Our method can potentially be applied to construct an inventory for all karez shafts globally.
Hainan Island lies near the Red River Fault, a prominent tectonic feature produced by the India‐Asia collision. There, we carried out a geochronologic and paleomagnetic study on Cretaceous rocks in order to better understand the kinematic history of the region. U‐Pb zircon dating of tuff intercalated in red bed sedimentary rocks yielded a concordant age of 106.6 ± 0.3 Ma; a mafic dyke intruding the red beds yielded a concordant age of 104.6 ± 0.7 Ma. Stepwise demagnetization experiments on 448 sedimentary rock samples and 191 dyke samples isolate solely normal polarities. Paleomagnetic directions of the dykes cluster in two distinct populations in geographic coordinates, indicating that dyke intrusion occurred in two pulses of limited duration (secular variation was not averaged) after tilting of the sediments. Baking of the sediments from the dykes only occurred near the contacts. Together with published data, the mean directions of 104 sites most tightly group at 58.3 ± 3.2% unfolding, indicative of a synfolding remagnetization, which can be constrained to have occurred within a 2 Myr period between sedimentation and dyke intrusion. We suggest that warm (50–100°C) fluid interaction during basin development led to new mineral growth spawning chemical remagnetization. The corresponding paleomagnetic pole at 81.5°N, 145.2°E (A95 = 2.4°) is indistinguishable from the coeval Eurasian reference pole, suggesting the South China Block has remained fixed to Eurasia since 105 Ma. A contour map of paleomagnetic rotations from 115 studies in the region shows that the Red River Fault roughly demarcates rotation magnitudes/signs, suggestive of a major tectonic boundary.
Seyed A. Esmaeili, Darshan Chakrabarti, Hayley Grape
et al.
In representative democracy, a redistricting map is chosen to partition an electorate into districts which each elects a representative. A valid redistricting map must satisfy a collection of constraints such as being compact, contiguous, and of almost-equal population. However, these constraints are loose enough to enable an enormous ensemble of valid redistricting maps. This enables a partisan legislature to gerrymander by choosing a map which unfairly favors it. In this paper, we introduce an interpretable and tractable distance measure over redistricting maps which does not use election results and study its implications over the ensemble of redistricting maps. Specifically, we define a central map which may be considered "most typical" and give a rigorous justification for it by showing that it mirrors the Kemeny ranking in a scenario where we have a committee voting over a collection of redistricting maps to be drawn. We include running time and sample complexity analysis for our algorithms, including some negative results which hold using any algorithm. We further study outlier detection based on this distance measure and show that our framework can detect some gerrymandered maps. More precisely, we show some maps that are widely considered to be gerrymandered that lie very far away from our central maps in comparison to a large ensemble of valid redistricting maps. Since our distance measure does not rely on election results, this gives a significant advantage in gerrymandering detection which is lacking in all previous methods.
PurposeWith the rise in adverse impact of excessive technology use, such as smartphone; the issue of smartphone addiction has gained the attention of researchers in recent years. Therefore, this study undertakes to review the literature on smartphone addiction research by identifying the current state of research in this domain and the future avenues that need to be addressed.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted on 652 articles extracted from SCOPUS database. Publications were extracted from Scopus by performing a keyword search of “Smartphone Addiction” OR “Problematic smartphone use”. Bibliometric methods such as performance analysis and science mapping were used to perform the overview of smartphone addiction research. In addition, VOSviewer software was used to organise, analyse and present the data. This study identifies the most prolific authors, journals, documents, collaborative work, major research themes, potential research avenues in this field of research.FindingsThe result shows that the research on smartphone addiction has increased recently, the dominance of research is found in few countries only. There is preponderance of research in this domain in Asian countries, particularly South Korea and still there is a significant scope for future research in this area, which is presented in detail in this study. The research on smartphone addiction has been mainly conducted in the field of medicine and psychology; the other subjects lack behind by a significant margin in terms of research publications in this domain. The findings suggest Elhai (US) is the most influential researcher in this field, and US has shown high collaboration in smartphone addiction research with other countries as well as with authors within its domestic territory. Thematic map obtained from R software presents the evolution of themes. It shows that quality of life, social support, self-efficacy, anxiety and depression are major variables studied over the period. Respondents in most of the studies were university students, as the young generation is technology-savvy and is more attracted to gadgets such as smartphones.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides an overview of research on smartphone addiction through an exhaustive bibliometric analysis to organise the fragmented literature on smartphone addiction and provide structure for future research in the domain. This is the first study of its kind on the subject. This study has found important future research avenues in the domain, which need to be addressed. Also, it will provide guidance to stakeholders from different backgrounds like, manufacturers, marketers, regulators, policymakers, consumers and academicians to contribute in controlling this problem as a part of their social responsibility.Originality/valueThis paper is unique in the sense that it, for the first time, attempts to provides valuable insights on the current status of research on smartphone addiction and also provides guidance for potential future agenda through bibliometric and content analysis techniques.
Introduction: Scrub typhus is a mite-borne infection widespread in Southeast Asia, with clinical symptoms such as fever, chills, skin rash, eschar at the bite site, and other signs of acute febrile illness. The Rickettsia pathogen (Orientia tsutsugamushi) is always difficult to be diagnosed at an early stage by traditional clinical diagnostic methods, especially for patients without typical eschar. This greatly increases the mortality of patients with scrub typhus. A new approach should be introduced to improve its clinical diagnosis. Methods: During May 2018 to March 2021, 13 samples from 10 patients with suspected scrub typhus were collected. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and other diagnostic methods (including serology using Weil–Felix reaction and indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) for scrub typhus and respiratory tract profile IgM as well as culture for routine bacteria) were used to identify the pathogens in this study. Results: The results of mNGS were all positive, with mapped reads of O. tsutsugamushi ranging from 1 to 460. Eight patients (80%) were diagnosed as scrub typhus. The other two were diagnosed as suspected scrub typhus due to the limited number of reads of the pathogen (one and two, respectively). According to clinical evidences, nine of the 10 patients were finally diagnosed as scrub typhus, except for patient 9 (suspected scrub typhus by mNGS with one specific reads of the pathogen) diagnosed as acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For the five scrub typhus patients without typical eschar, mNGS gave all positive results (4–460 specific reads). For other methods, only Weil–Felix reaction of one patient detected the pathogen. In addition, the respiratory tract profile (IgM) detected various pathogens, but all were confirmed to be false positive. Conclusions: mNGS performed better than conventional clinical methods to early diagnose scrub typhus. This approach can be routinely carried out for early and precise diagnosis in clinical infections, especially for those hard to be identified by traditional diagnostic methods.
Paragonimiasis is caused by zoonotic trematodes of Paragonimus spp., found in Asia, the Americas and Africa, particularly in tropical regions. These parasites have a complex, multi-host life cycle, with mammalian definitive hosts and larval stages cycling through two intermediate hosts (snails and freshwater decapod crustaceans). In Africa, paragonimiasis is particularly neglected, and remains the only human parasitic disease without a fully characterised life cycle. However paragonimiasis has potentially significant impacts on public health in Africa, and prevalence has likely been underestimated through under-reporting and misdiagnosis as tuberculosis due to a similar clinical presentation. We identified the need to synthesise current knowledge and map endemic foci for African Paragonimus spp. together with Poikilorchis congolensis, a rare, taxonomically distant trematode with a similar distribution and morphology. We present the first systematic review of the literature relating to African paragonimiasis, combined with mapping of all reported occurrences of Paragonimus spp. throughout Africa, from the 1910s to the present. In human surveys, numerous reports of significant recent transmission in Southeast Nigeria were uncovered, with high prevalence and intensity of infection. Overall prevalence was significantly higher for P. uterobilateralis compared to P. africanus across studies. The potential endemicity of P. africanus in Côte d’Ivoire is also reported. In freshwater crab intermediate hosts, differences in prevalence and intensity of either P. uterobilateralis or P. africanus were evident across genera and species, suggesting differences in susceptibility. Mapping showed temporal stability of endemic foci, with the majority of known occurrences of Paragonimus found in the rainforest zone of West and Central Africa, but with several outliers elsewhere on the continent. This suggests substantial under sampling and localised infection where potential host distributions overlap. Our review highlights the urgent need for increased sampling in active disease foci in Africa, particularly using molecular analysis to fully characterise Paragonimus species and their hosts.
Abstract. This article investigates the current status of generating 3D building models across 11 countries in Southeast Asia from publicly available data, primarily volunteered geoinformation (OpenStreetMap). The following countries are analysed: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam. This cross-country study includes multiple spatial levels of analysis: country, town, and micro-level (smaller neighbourhood). The main finding is that authoritative data to generate 3D building models is almost non-existent while building completeness in OpenStreetMap is highly heterogeneous, yielding location-dependent conclusions. While in general just a fraction of mapped buildings has height information and none of the administrative areas provides sufficient information to generate 3D building models, on a micro-level some areas are fully complete, providing a high potential to generate 3D building models on a precinct scale, which may be useful for certain spatial analyses. Furthermore, some areas have high building completeness, requiring only half of the work necessary for the extrusion: the collection of building height attributes. As a part of this work, a semantic 3D building model of a selected set of buildings in Singapore has been generated and released as open data (CityJSON), and the developed code was open-sourced.
Because an oceanic plate colliding with a continental plate will usually be subducted and recycled into the deep mantle, a fossil oceanic plate after the closure of an ancient ocean has rarely been imaged in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. This has led to a long-standing debate about the fate of subducted ocean plates. The problem can be addressed by imaging the lithosphere in a continental accretion zone with past ocean subduction. We present a study using long-period magnetotelluric data that reveals a large shallow-mantle conductor in a Phanerozoic accretion area in northwestern Xinjiang, China. This conductor extends >300 km laterally at depths from 120 to 220 km and resembles a segment of a fossil oceanic plate. The reduced resistivity is ascribed to the volatile-bearing metasomatic minerals, based on its relatively fertile nature and low temperature. Our results demonstrate that an oceanic plate can be trapped in continental lithosphere, underscoring the significance of oceanic plate subduction to continental accretion, and shedding new light on our understanding of continental formation and evolution. INTRODUCTION Geophysical imaging studies have shown some relics of subduction zones in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM; Boerner et al., 1999; Chen et al., 2009). However, no such study has unambiguously revealed a complete fossil oceanic plate in the SCLM, which may be due to the fact that ancient oceanic plates are seldomly preserved in the lithospheric mantle, and, even if they are, they are difficult to image. This hinders our understanding of the fate of subducted oceanic plates, and requires the estimation of mass of recycled oceanic plates in the upper mantle to heavily rely on geochemical data (Meibom and Anderson, 2003). Imaging resistivity of modern subduction zones helps us to study the subduction processes because resistivity is very sensitive to phases such as fluids and melts (e.g., Soyer and Unsworth, 2006; Wannamaker et al., 2009). Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in imaging resistivity of the SCLM in the study of craton evolution, by tracing relatively conductive compositions associated with ancient suture zones, metamorphism, and/or magmatic metasomatism (e.g., Jones et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2009; Evans et al., 2011). The western Junggar region in northwestern Xinjiang (Fig. 1), China, is located in the southwestern part of the Central Asian orogenic belt (CAOB). Recent studies based on magnetotelluric (MT) and seismic data (Xu et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2019) suggested that remnants of a fossil intraoceanic subduction zone are preserved in this region. However, these studies only imaged the crustal structures of the region, due to the limited spatial coverage and bandwidth of seismic and MT data. Here, we used MT data from a long-period array to image the possible trapped oceanic plate in the upper mantle of the western Junggar region, which may shed new light on the fate of the subducted oceanic plate and the evolution of continental lithosphere. METHODS We used six GMS07e systems (Metronix Geophysics, Germany) and deployed an array of 101 long-period MT stations, with site spacing ranging from 25 to 45 km, across the western Junggar region and Chinese northwestern Tianshan (Fig. 1). The MT data from stations in desert regions were collected for more than 20 d, and other stations recorded data for at least 1 wk. The data were recorded on two electrical channels and three magnetic channels. The impedances (Z) and tippers (T) were estimated in a band of 392 Hz to 10,000 s by the remote referencing technique of Gamble et al. (1979) and/or the robust single-station method of Egbert and Livelybrooks (1996). The impedance estimation scheme strongly depends on the coherence between one horizontal electrical field and its orthogonally horizontal magnetic field, and the pattern of electromagnetic noise. We used the ModEM program (Kelbert et al., 2014; Egbert and Kelbert, 2012) to simultaneously invert the measured Z and T data from 101 stations at 29 periods, from 2.1 s to 10,000 s for Z, and from 2.1 s to 8000 s for T. To balance the data fit across all periods, we assigned an error floor of 5% of |Zxy| for Zxy and Zxx, and 5% of |Zyx| for Zyx and Zyy and 0.03 for T. We used an initial model of three layers: from the surface to 410 km with a resistivity of 100 Ω·m, from 410 km to 660 km with a resistivity of 10 Ω·m, and below 660 km with a resistivity of 3 Ω·m. *E-mail: xyxian@zju.edu.cn Published online 6 February 2020 †These authors contributed equally to this work. Downloaded from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-pdf/48/4/385/4972188/385.pdf by Macquarie University user on 12 June 2020 386 www.gsapubs.org | Volume 48 | Number 4 | GEOLOGY | Geological Society of America We discretized the model using a horizontal grid with nodes at 8 km spacing in the core, surrounded by seven layers of nodes with the size increasing exponentially outward by a factor of 1.2. We also divided the model from the surface to 1500 km depth into six layers: 0–1 km, 1–20 km, 20–100 km, 100–410 km, 410–660 km, and 660–1500 km. We then divided each layer into a number of logarithmically equidistant thin sublayers (7, 19, 15, 12, 3, and 3 from the top to the bottom). The fine topmost layer was used to accommodate the near-surface distortion in the observed data. The parameterization resulted in a total of 65 × 80 × 54 nodes, plus an additional seven air layers above the surface. The final model after 140 NLCG (nonlinear conjugate gradient) iteration yielded a normalized root mean square misfit (nRMS) of 2.0. The tests on the sensitivity and resolution of the MT data, as well as the reliability of the results, are provided in the GSA Data Repository1. RESULTS Three-Dimensional (3-D) Resistivity Model The resistivity model from MT data, using the scheme described above, is shown in Figure 2. All conductors with resistivity 60 Ω·m through a relatively lower-resistivity zone of 25–60 Ω·m at depths of 60–120 km (Fig. 2D). Constraints from the Thermochemical Nature of the SCLM The bulk magnesium number (Mg#) of the lithospheric mantle is defined as 100 × MgO / (MgO + FeO), and it is a diagnostic indicator of the depleted or fertile nature of the mantle. Globally, the Mg# of highly depleted Archean SCLM is 93.1, while that of fertile (primitive) upper mantle is ∼89.3 (Griffin et al., 2009). The Mg# across the entire region imaged in our study is <90.5 (Zhang et al., 2019), suggesting typical Phanerozoic SCLM (Griffin et al., 2009). The imaged SCLM conductor corresponds to a relatively fertile zone with Mg# varying from 89.1 to 89.7, and a cold geotherm with the temperature ranging from ∼850 °C to 1250 °C (Zhang et al., 2019, their figure 6). The conductor begins at a temperature transition associated with electrical conduction from H-dominated to F-dominated (H—hydrogen ion and hydroxyl, F—fluoride ion), as illustrated by Li et al. (2017, their figure 7), and ends at a temperature approaching the incipient melting point for peridotites (Sifré et al., 2014). DISCUSSION Origin of the Large Conductor in the Shallow Upper Mantle There are different origins for low resistivity in the SCLM in different geodynamic settings, such as ponded melt in a hotspot, concentration of conductive minerals or water, and relics of metasomatism beneath stable continents. We can rule out the hotpot origin based on the tectonic history of the region, and we discuss the other two possible origins here. Partial Melting and Water We do not think that the SCLM conductor can be attributed to partial melting because the temperature profile is lower than the water-saturated solidus (Fig. 3A; Katz et al., 2003; Green, 2015). To evaluate the contribution of water to the SCLM conductor, we used the bulk resistivity from the MT data and the main oxides from multiple observables (Zhang et al., 2019), as well as the calibrated relationship between resistivity and water content from laboratory data (Table DR1). The estimated water content is plotted in Figure 3A. If the low resistivity were totally due to water, the required minimum water content would be at the maximum of the blue-shaded area in the Figure 3A, varying from more than 4000 ppmw at 60 km depth to less than dozens of parts per million at 220 km depth, a range that is substantially larger than the water storage capacity of nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs; Férot and Bolfan-Casanova, 2012) at depths <160 km. It is thus implausible for water alone to explain the observed resistivity. Furthermore, eclogitization in a water-rich environment would be greatly promoted for a basaltic oceanic crust trapped in the shallow mantle (e.g., Griffin et al., 2009), which would result in foundering of 1GSA Data Repository item 2020108, supplementary information on methods of MT imaging and the calculations of electrical conductivity, with supplementary figures and Table DR1, is available online at http://www.geosociety.org/datarepository/2020/, or on request from editing@geosociety.org. A B C Figure 1. Locations of the research area and deployed magnetotelluric (MT) sites in the western Junggar region in northwestern Xinjiang, China. (A) Simplified tectonic f
This article first answers to questions about connectedness of a new family of graphs on unicellular maps. Answering these questions goes through a description of the mapping class group as surgeries on unicellular maps. We also show how unicellular maps encode subgroups of the mapping group and provide filtrations of the mapping class group. These facts add a layer on the ubiquitous character of unicellular maps.
The utilisation of blockchain has moved beyond digital currency to other fields such as health, the Internet of Things, and education. In this paper, we present a systematic mapping study to collect and analyse relevant research on blockchain technology related to the higher education field. The paper concentrates on two main themes. First, it examines state of the art in blockchain-based applications that have been developed for educational purposes. Second, it summarises the challenges and research gaps that need to be addressed in future studies.