Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Instituto Brasileiro de Ciências Criminais

O editorial analisa a execução da pena de multa no sistema penal brasileiro como mecanismo de prolongamento do controle punitivo para além do cárcere. A partir da evolução jurisprudencial e legislativa, especialmente das sucessivas revisões do Tema 931 do STJ e das decisões do STF, demonstra-se como a multa passou a operar, na prática, como condição para a extinção da punibilidade, desconsiderando a hipossuficiência estrutural da população prisional. Evidenciam-se os impactos sociais, jurídicos e econômicos do inadimplemento, com destaque para a seletividade penal e os obstáculos à reintegração social. Sustenta-se, por fim, que a presunção de hipossuficiência constitui requisito mínimo de racionalidade, proporcionalidade e humanidade da justiça criminal.

Lorena Paola Muñoz-Madrid

Este artículo da a conocer la relevancia y características que posee el trabajo no remunerado y de cuidados que efectúan las mujeres en contextos de ruralidad. Para este objetivo, se desarrolló la investigación desde una perspectiva cualitativa. Para la estrategia de levantamiento de información se visitaron dos zonas rurales del norte y sur de Chile, donde fue posible recabar relatos sobre experiencias de mujeres de estas localidades, por medio de entrevistas de tipo biográfico. Los hallazgos de la investigación permitieron poner en evidencia las condiciones de vida de las mujeres en territorios rurales, para hacer frente a las tareas reproductivas y sus posibilidades de conciliación con el trabajo remunerado. Las conclusiones del estudio permiten observar la sobrecarga de trabajo que deben asumir las mujeres en contextos rurales, con escasas medidas de apoyo gubernamentales y de corresponsabilidad para los cuidados. Así también, visualizar las particularidades que poseen estos territorios para el reconocimiento de sus necesidades, problemáticas y desafíos en materia de cuidados.

Yadira Lizethe López Ramírez , Uri Yael Hernández López , Mariana Ruiz Hernández

Objetivo: Obtener el perfil genético de diferentes tejidos de dos individuos sometidos a embalsamamiento con un tiempo aproximado de ocho meses. Introducción: Las técnicas de embalsamamiento buscan la preservación temporal de los tejidos después del deceso mediante la aplicación de sustancias químicas, a través de la red de vasos sanguíneos; llenando la cavidad torácica y abdominal o directamente embebiendo partes del cuerpo. Estas sustancias ocasionan daños a la integridad del material genético, por ejemplo, el formaldehido, ampliamente utilizado en la tanatopraxia, puede llegar a causar entrecruzamiento de los ácidos nucleicos y proteínas; otro ejemplo son los colorantes, identificados como inhibidores de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (por sus siglas en inglés PCR). Obtener material genético de muestras problema para la identificación humana en términos de impartición de justicia, requiere de metodologías que optimicen el análisis en todas sus etapas; la cantidad y tipo de muestra, insumos y temporalidades. Metodología: A partir de dos individuos sometidos a embalsamamiento desde hace aproximadamente ocho meses, se seleccionaron 33 muestras de: tejido muscular visiblemente putrefacto, cartílago, hueso compacto, hueso esponjoso de la médula y la médula ósea amarilla (huesos largos), la cual fue embebida en tarjetas QIAcard FTA. Las tarjetas se lavaron con QIAcard FTA Wash Buffer, mientras que las muestras de tejido, cartílago y hueso se trataron con los reactivos de QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit y PrepFiler® BTA Forensic DNA Extraction Kit (con el equipo AutoMate Express™ Forensic DNA Extraction System). La amplificación del DNA genómico fue mediante PCR, utilizando PowerPlex® Fusion 6C System, se identificaron los alelos por electroforesis capilar en el equipo Genetic Analyzer 3500 y finalmente los datos del corrimiento se analizaron mediante el software GeneMapper ID-X. Resultados: Las muestras de médula ósea amarilla embebida en tarjeta QIAcard FTA resultaron con mayor eficiencia en la recuperación de ADN, seguidas de las muestras óseas y el tejido muscular, extraídas con perlas magnéticas y membranas de sílice, siendo el cartílago el que presenta mayor alteración del ADN debido a la exposición directa a las sustancias químicas utilizadas en el proceso de embalsamamiento. En total se obtuvieron 16 perfiles completos, 10 perfiles parciales y 7 nulos, posibilitando la identificación de ambos individuos en un periodo corto de tiempo. Discusión y conclusión: Con las metodologías utilizadas se obtuvieron perfiles genéticos de diferentes tejidos sometidos a embalsamamiento, suficiente para la identificación de los individuos. Sin embargo, la médula ósea amarilla constituida principalmente por grasa y células madre que se embebió en tarjeta QIAcard FTA permitió acelerar el proceso de extracción y purificación de ADN comparada con las muestras de tejido muscular, cartílago y óseo (compacto y esponjoso) que conllevan un proceso de muestreo y extracción con un tiempo considerablemente mayor, evidenciando que, un plan adecuado de muestreo es clave para la obtención de resultados, optimizando la estandarización de los protocolos y kits forenses del laboratorio.

Partheeswaran Parameswaran, Mohammed Shahzad Shafi

This study examines the growing concern of corporate delinquency in securities markets through an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating insights from sociological jurisprudence, criminology, and economic principles. Deploying a qualitative methodology, the research involves a comparative analysis of landmark case studies such as Enron, Wirecard, and Yes Bank, along with existing legal frameworks to identify systemic weaknesses in corporate governance and regulatory enforcement. The authors discuss theories like the Fraud Triangle, General Strain Theory, and Locke’s social contract theory inter alia, delving into the psychological and sociological factors driving white-collar crimes. The findings reveal significant gaps in accountability mechanisms, which facilitate corporate delinquency that erode societal trust in capitalism and economic stability. The authors advocate for the integration of stronger regulatory mechanisms and incorporation of technology such as blockchain, to bolster investor confidence and mitigate the socio-economic impact of corporate crimes. By following a multidisciplinary framework, the research contributes to the evolving discourse on economic criminology and corporate governance.

Sigurd M. Nordli Oppegaard, Elias Nosrati

Simonović Branslav, Popović Predrag

The research subject of this paper is the video material posted on YouTube in Bosnian and Serbian with the intention to radicalize the Muslim population from the Western Balkans. The analyzed video materials with radical messages were classified into two groups. Ones that aim at changing attitudes (cognitive radicalization) and the ones that propagate change in behaviour (engaging in violence, murder, terrorist acts, etc.). Narratives from those two basic groups were divided into subgroups within which their content was analyzed. The research in this paper showed that extreme Muslim radical messages that lead to terrorism expressed in the languages of small nations (in this case in Serbian or Bosnian) could have not only local, but a global, destructive aims, considering the global danger of Muslim radicalism.

Treah Haggerty, Nicholas A. Turiano, Tyra Turner et al.

Abstract Background Medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) includes administering medications such as buprenorphine or methadone, often with mental health services. MOUD has been shown to significantly improve outcomes and success of recovery from opioid use disorder. In WV, only 18% of providers including physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners are waivered, and 44% of non-waivered providers were not interested in free training even if compensated. This exploratory research seeks to understand intervention-related stigma in community-based primary care providers in rural West Virginia, determine whether financial incentives for training may be linked to levels of stigma, and what level of financial incentives would be required for non-adopters of MOUD services provision to obtain training. Method Survey questions were included in the West Virginia Practice-Based Research Network (WVPBRN) annual Collective Outreach & Research Engagement (CORE) Survey and delivered electronically to each practice site in WV. General demographic, staff attitudes and views on compensation for immersion training for delivering MOUD therapy in primary care offices were returned. Statistical analysis included logistic and multinomial logistic regression and an independent samples t-test. Results Data were collected from 102 participants. Perceived stigma did significantly predict having a waiver with every 1-unit increase in stigma being associated with a 65% decreased odds of possessing a waiver for buprenorphine/MOUD (OR = 0.35; 95% CI  0.16–0.78, p = 0.01). Further, t-test analyses suggested there was a statistically significant mean difference in perceived stigma (t(100) = 2.78, p = 0.006) with those possessing a waiver (M = 1.56; SD = 0.51) having a significantly lower perceived stigma than those without a waiver (M = 1.92; SD = 0.57). There was no statistically significant association of stigma on whether someone with a waiver actually prescribed MOUD or not (OR = 0.28; 95% CI  0.04–2.27, p = 0.234). Conclusion This survey of rural primary care providers demonstrates that stigmatizing beliefs related to MOUD impact the desired financial incentive to complete a one-day immersion, and that currently unwaivered providers endorse more stigmatizing beliefs about MOUD when compared to currently waivered providers. Furthermore, providers who endorse stigmatizing beliefs with respect to MOUD require higher levels of compensation to consider such training.

Lizzy Alpízar Jiménez

El presente artículo enfatiza en la dinámica de los adolescentes que son consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas en tiempos de confinamiento a raíz del SRAS-COV-2, conocido como Covid-19, especialmente los que utilizan la vía respiratoria para poder drogarse ya que es un factor de riesgo en caso de ser contagiado. Objetivo: analizar la situación de consumo de los adolescentes en la actualidad, donde se vive una experiencia atípica mundial de salud y que obliga a estar más en la casa o lugares menos conglomerados, de manera que provoca un contexto más hostil ante la necesidad y búsqueda de sustancias de consumo y hace más notorios los factores de riesgo tanto personales como sociales. Metodología: de tipo cualitativo de estudio y exploración bibliográfica, fundamentándose en fuentes estadísticas tanto nacionales como internacionales. Además, se hace una breve explicación de las reacciones en el sistema nervioso central al momento de consumo y de forma estadística. Resultados: se refleja cómo se ha ido incrementando el uso y abuso del tabaco, alcohol y marihuana en las personas jóvenes. Conclusiones: se finaliza con recomendaciones de detección del consumo, canales de prevención y búsqueda de ayuda. 

Kabaro Grace Neswiswa, Susanne Jacobs

Development of knowledge on how to support marriages cross-culturally is necessary to inform appropriate solutions, especially for South Africa, where practical marital challenges amongst Black African married couples who are considered to be high risk are noted. The focus of this narrative literature-informed overview is to provide an appraisal of existing and most effective national and international marriage enrichment (ME) programmes, couples theories and social work models as the basis for the possible development of a culturally-appropriate ME programme for Black African married couples. Findings reveal, among other things: 1) there are no culturally-appropriate and empirically evaluated ME programmes beneficial to Black African married couples in SA; 2) appropriate theory is necessary and available for integration; 3) theories recognise marriage as a system, and therefore acknowledgement of various societal structures is fundamental; 4) existing empirically tested and effective programmes supporting couples theories and social work models are suitable to be adapted to the specific context.

Graham Connelly

As I write this editorial in the midst of a global pandemic, it feels unreal to think how different the world was when I was writing the introduction to our February issue. All our lives have been changed utterly by COVID-19. While the virus itself appears generally to cause only mild symptoms in children, despite emerging evidence that some infected children can become seriously ill, the wider effects of COVID-19 on children and young people are likely to be tragically significant. The UN Children's Fund, UNICEF, has described the health crisis caused by COVID-19 as 'quickly becoming a child rights crisis' (UN, 2020). The problem is particularly acute in low and middle-income countries where financial and infrastructural pressures could have devastating effects on routine health provision, leading to vast numbers of deaths of young children in the absence of concerted efforts by the wealthiest countries. UNICEF also highlights potential impact on access to immunisations and the negative consequences of restrictions on normal living for mental health, education and child protection. Women and girls are likely to be particularly at increased risk of gender-based violence.

Chung-Ying Lin

Introduction: Obesity/overweight (hereafter, overweight indicates both obesity and overweight) is an important health issue that is gaining growing interest worldwide. One health issue for children with overweight is stigma. The aims of this study were (1) to detect the impact of stigma on mental health and (2) to probe the effects of positive and negative coping on the mental health of children with overweight. Methods: The author conducted a secondary data analysis using two waves of data from the Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS): the first wave in 2001 and the second wave in 2003. A group of junior high school students (in the 7th grade in the first wave; n = 2612; nmale = 1171) was used for data analysis. Items in the TEPS were categorized into the following five variables: mental health (nine items), stigma from peers (three items in relationship with peers and four items in bullying experience), stigma from parents (four items), positive coping strategies (six items in increasing social activities and two items in increasing self-study activities), and negative coping strategies (five items). Results: The overweight group experienced more peer stigma than the normal-weight group. Bullying experience, stigma from parents, and self-study activities were significantly correlated to mental health in both groups. The overweight group demonstrated stronger negative relationships between bullying events, negative strategies, and mental health than the normal-weight group; a weaker negative relationship was shown between stigma from parents and mental health. Conclusion: Stigma and negative strategies could endanger mental health among children with overweight.

Laura Horvath, Mohamed Nabieu, Melody Curtiss

The Child Rescue Centre became the first orphanage in Sierra Leone to fully transition from residential to family-based care. The decision to transition was made for many reasons, but the most unique reason is found in the story of Child Rescue Centre Director, Mohamed Nabieu. Nabieu, brought to the orphanage in 2000, and spent the majority of his childhood in the facility before returning as its Director. Following a 2016 directive from the Sierra Leonean government working with UNICEF for all orphanages to develop plans for de-institutionalization, Nabieu and Dr. Laura Horvath of Helping Children Worldwide began discussing research on the care of orphans and vulnerable children. The global research in support of de-institutionalisation was borne out by anecdotal evidence collected over 16 years at the orphanage, including Nabieu's own experiences. That ultimately led the Child Rescue Centre and Helping Children Worldwide to collaborate on a plan to close the residential centre and shift focus to family support. By the summer of 2018, they had successfully reintegrated the children into biological, kinship or foster care, closing the residential programme.

Ristivojević Branislav

Starting from the unbreakable bond that exists between human trafficking and prostitution, the author explores in the paper the issue of the influence of value judgments about the existence of free will in prostitution on shaping criminal justice responses to human trafficking. Two possible answers to this question also create two models of criminal-political responses to human trafficking. The author criticizes the first one, which does not recognize the freedom of will, because besides the incrimination of human trafficking as a way of preparing for the sexual exploitation of another person, it fails to incriminate the exploitation itself. This is criminally-politically unacceptable because it is against the logic of the institute of ideal fictitious joinder of offences that exists between several stages of possibility of the existence of free will is admitted) that it would have to be consistent with the idea on which it is based up on and that is the freedom of will. If the person is found to be in the mechanism of human trafficking based on its freely expressed will, in this case there shall not be a criminal offense and human trafficking should be decriminalized in the same way that one should not penalize prostitution under persons own free will. In case when there is no free will, human trafficking should be treated as a preparation for or an attempted rape, as well as the sexual intercourse in which there is no freedom should be treated as rape. In both cases, the need for a criminal offense of human trafficking does not exist.

Sandra Lisbeth Ramírez-Tapia

La sistematización de experiencias es un proceso que permite realizar un ejercicio reflexivo de las prácticas académicas, que se configura como una actividad importante para los estudiantes que están en procesos formativos como profesionales de trabajo social; en este sentido se rescatan los procesos de sistematización de experiencias como aquellos que permiten construir desde la acción, los conocimientos y las metodologías que logran hacer aportes a nuevas experiencias relacionadas. El presente artículo intenta invitar al lector a acercarse a dilucidar lo que implicó un ejercicio de práctica académica en programas de intervención social desde un enfoque de derecho con niños, niñas, adolescentes y sus familias en situación de vida en calle, en contextos de la ciudad llamados marginales, específicamente en la denominada Zona de Ladera. De lo anterior se espera entonces que estas líneas generen reflexión entre los estudiantes en formación y en los profesionales en las áreas de las ciencias sociales, alrededor de la manera como logran acercarse a estas relaciones y dinámicas sociales que afrontan a diario los niños, las niñas y los adolescentes de nuestro país, teniendo en cuenta que los programas de restitución de los derechos deberían contemplar visiones más amplias de los significados de ser hombre y mujer, pues ello propiciaría espacios de equidad y desarrollo social.

Deborah García Magna

Françoise Hickel

Timothy Donais

This paper explores the dynamics of security sector reform (SSR), a term used to refer to efforts made to reform the security structures of states emerging from conflict or authoritarianism. While "local ownership" is increasingly viewed as a necessary element of any sustainable SSR strategy, there remains a significant gap between international policy and practice in this area. In practice, the SSR agenda continues to be driven largely by international actors, with minimal input, let alone ownership, on the part of either governments or civil society within reforming states. Indeed, the notion of local ownership has come to serve as much as a disciplining mechanism as a tool to overcome exclusion in the making and execution of security policy, and the effectiveness and sustainability of SSR programming have suffered as a result. In light of this, the paper will explore both the potential for, and the limits of, rehabilitating the notion of local ownership to enable more participatory forms of SSR, and argues that any practical local ownership strategy requires a dual policy of negotiating with state actors and engaging with non-state actors.

Virginia L. Tannar

Ashraf Kagee

Ever since it achieved respectability as a modality of healing, the practice of psychotherapy has been subjected to considerable discussion, debate and criticism. Often the therapist is attributed the status of an emotional saviour, a personal champion or a benevolent confidant. Despite the fact that counselling and psychological treatment feature prominently in modern health care, the internal mechanisms of the therapeutic process are sometimes shrouded in mystery. Hence, the professional and ethical imperative is to lay bare the inner workings of therapist-client dynamics that lead to emotional healing and client change. This paper is an articulation of a process of psychotherapy and is aimed at identifying the sometimes hidden change processes that effect mental and emotional healing.

Ramiro Martínez, Matthew T. Lee

La relación entre la inmigración y la delincuencia es uno de los temas más controvertidos en la sociedad contemporánea. Estas discusiones no son nuevas, los debates se remontan a más de 100 años. Un punto general sobre el que tanto escritores a favor de la inmigración como los que se manifiestan en contra es que, a medida que entramos en un nuevo milenio, la última ola de inmigraciones probablemente tendrá un impacto más importante sobre la sociedad que cualquier otra cuestión social. En este ensayo revisamos el amplio cuerpo de trabajos teóricos y empíricos sobre la relación entre inmigración y delincuencia en la América del siglo XX. En esta revisión incluimos trabajos más recientes, así como estudios más antiguos a veces olvidados. Presentaremos las tres perspectivas teóricas más importantes que han servido para explicar el vínculo entre inmigración y delincuencia: la estructura de oportunidades, los enfoques culturales, y la desorganización social. También examinaremos estudios empíricos sobre la participación de inmigrantes en la delincuencia. Concluiremos con una evaluación de la opinión pública sobre los inmigrantes, especialmente en lo que concierne a inmigrantes y delincuencia, y presentaremos datos originales sobre la conexión entre opinión pública y la delincuencia de los inmigrantes.