The article provides a thorough analysis of the economic transformation of the state and law during a period of transition. It reveals the transitional period to be a regular stage of societal development combining political, legal and economic changes. The article emphasises that, for Ukraine and other post-socialist states, transition is multidimensional, involving a shift from a centralised planned economy to a market economy, from an authoritarian model to a democratic system, and from an industrial society to an information society. In the politico-legal dimension, the study examines the adaptation of institutions to the conditions of martial law, restrictions on constitutional rights, and the need to ensure a balance between security and democracy. In the economic dimension, the dynamics of wartime transformation are outlined, including a sharp decline in GDP in 2022, stabilisation measures by the government and the National Bank, the introduction of a simplified tax regime, and support for business under wartime conditions. The article concludes that the success of economic transformation directly depends on the effectiveness of the legal system and state institutions. The Ukrainian experience offers a distinctive illustration of a tripartite combination of the struggle for statehood, modernisation of the legal system, and economic renewal, thus constituting a valuable exemplar for the international community. The subject of the research is the processes of economic transformation of the state and law under conditions of transition, in particular the interrelationship between politico-legal reforms and economic changes in Ukraine during 2022-2025, determined by the war, post-war reconstruction, and integration into the European Union. The research methodology employed is founded upon the utilisation of both general scientific and special legal methods. The dialectical method was employed to elucidate the essence of transitional processes in the state and law, and to identify their interrelation with economic transformations. The comparative-legal method was utilised to analyse the experience of post-socialist and European states that underwent a similar transitional path. The systemic-structural method made it possible to examine the state, law and economy as interconnected elements of a single social mechanism, in which changes in one sphere predetermine transformations in the others. The article aims to conduct a comprehensive study of the peculiarities of state and legal transformation during periods of transition. It seeks to identify the interrelationship between political and legal reforms and economic changes in Ukraine between 2022 and 2025. Finally, it aims to determine strategic guidelines for post-war reconstruction and European integration. Research results. The study establishes that Ukraine's transitional period is multidimensional, characterised by simultaneous changes in the political, legal and economic spheres. It shows that the legal system has become more adaptable under wartime conditions. The research confirms that the success of economic transformation hinges on the effectiveness of state institutions and the rule of law, as well as the capacity to strike a balance between security requirements during wartime and democratic principles. Conclusions. The study makes it possible to draw several key general conclusions. Ukraine’s transitional period remains inherently multidimensional: economic transformations are closely intertwined with political, legal, and institutional reforms. The legal system has demonstrated a notable capacity for adaptation; even under conditions of martial law, state institutions continued to function, while legislation was adopted to protect human rights, counter collaborationism, strengthen anti-corruption measures, and advance judicial reform. The economy experienced a profound crisis; however, sustained international support combined with domestic reform efforts enabled a degree of stabilisation and gradual recovery. Progress in European integration, including the implementation of visa-free regimes and alignment with EU membership criteria, has further highlighted the strong interdependence between economic policy and legal transformation. Finally, the social dimension of the transition—encompassing demographic losses, the return of displaced persons, and the reintegration of veterans—has generated new demands on state policy. Addressing these challenges is essential to ensuring long-term sustainable development and social stability. Ukraine's experience of 2022–2025 demonstrates that, even in extraordinary circumstances, it is feasible to implement reforms, amalgamate wartime mobilisation with democratic transformations, and establish the foundations for future economic and legal advancement. Consequently, the period of transition for Ukraine represents not only a challenge, but also a significant opportunity. The convergence of economic transformation and legal modernisation is laying the foundation for the establishment of a sustainable European state, grounded in the principles of the rule of law, democracy, and a competitive market economy.
The Hindu Kush Himalayas, a region with diverse ecosystems and rich biodiversity, faces widespread illegal wildlife crime. We reviewed available literature to gain insights into the scale and patterns of illegal wildlife crime in the HKH, hotspots, transit routes, consumers, and the significant causes of wildlife trafficking. Wildlife trade and seizure data for the eight HKH countries were accessed from the trade database of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the Wildlife Trade Portal of the Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce (TRAFFIC) for the period 2001–2020. The review findings showed that each year, millions of wild plants and animals, valued at $ 8–23 billion, were traded to meet the demand for wildlife, its parts, and products worldwide. In the illegal wildlife trade, about 24 % of terrestrial birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles originated from biologically diverse tropical regions, including the HKH mountains. The illegal wildlife trade in HKH covered a range of commodities, including live individuals, their parts, and their derivatives. The primary drivers of the illicit trade and commercial exploitation of rare and unique species from the wild were the ever-increasing demand for traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicines, folk remedies, weak law enforcement, the high price of wildlife and their parts, and mountain poverty. Efforts to combat wildlife poaching, trafficking, and trade in the region were hampered by weak wildlife law enforcement, insufficient institutional capacity and resources, and a lack of practical regional networks and other mechanisms for regional cooperation. Porous borders and high mountain passes, with harsh climates and physical conditions, further restrained the vigilance of law enforcement agencies. A lack of understanding of wildlife supply chains' social, economic, and ecological dimensions hindered informed policy and legislation. Lack of awareness among communities and other stakeholders about biodiversity conservation made them partners in the wildlife trade rather than custodians. The region needs to strengthen institutional capacities for effective legislation and action, and greater regional cooperation for intra-regional law enforcement to control the illegal trade of wildlife across borders and online. Scientific studies on the scale, trend, and patterns of illicit wildlife trade are crucial for understanding the social, economic, and ecological dimensions of unlawful wildlife supply chains in HKH. Mass awareness about biodiversity conservation values will help create responsible stewards among mountain communities.
The article systematizes international approaches to the legal regulation of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in the field of renewable energy, with a particular emphasis on off-grid solutions. The authors conduct a comparative legal analysis of regulatory documents of UNECE, the European Commission (CEAP, Buying Green), as well as analytical reports by IRENA, UNDP/ETH Zurich, ESMAP/World Bank, and case studies from Africa, Asia, and Europe. Special attention is paid to PPP models (BOO/BOOM/ DBO/JV), the concepts of “Value for Money/People/Planet” and PIERS, as well as practices of scaling mini-grids (India, Kenya), establishing community energy schemes in Germany, and institutional models in Uganda and the Solomon Islands. The study highlights that the integration of UNECE standards with European approaches to Green Public Procurement (GPP) and the Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP) contributes to greater transparency, investment attractiveness, and sustainability of energy projects, especially for remote communities. Practical checklists are proposed to incorporate environmental criteria at all stages of the PPP life cycle – from planning and technical specifications to bid evaluation and contract implementation. The article also explores the Ukrainian context: current legislation in the field of PPPs and energy, strategic documents, as well as existing challenges – fragmentation of the regulatory framework, absence of sectoral by-laws, weak institutional support, and limited practice of PPP implementation in renewable energy. The authors emphasize the necessity of digitalizing processes, expanding access to international financing, and strengthening the role of local self-government. The practical value of the research lies in creating a roadmap for integrating off-grid PPP projects into Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction, with an emphasis on environmental sustainability, social justice, and economic efficiency.
The article explores the development of Christian religious philanthropy amidst the full-scale war. Its relevance stems from the fact that religious organizations in contemporary Ukraine serve as key providers of humanitarian assistance, integrating social support with practices of solidarity, mutual aid, and spiritual-moral guidance. The purpose of the study is to identify the essential components of Christian religious philanthropy as a spiritual determinant of national resilience. The methodological framework is based on systemic and comparative approaches, as well as the case-study method; the empirical basis is complemented by a questionnaire survey. The novelty of the research lies in the application of a comprehensive academic perspective to interpreting religious philanthropy as a significant factor contributing to national resilience during wartime and to the broader process of societal recovery in the post-war period. The Conclusions emphasize that Ukrainian legislation enables religious organizations to conduct humanitarian activities directly or through charitable foundations established by them, ensuring transparency, legitimacy, and an adequate level of public trust. Regulatory requirements regarding targeted use of resources and reporting procedures minimize risks of misuse and enhance institutional accountability. Under wartime conditions, religious charity becomes closely intertwined with the protection of human rights, forming an integral element of the state’s humanitarian security. Religious institutions actively support internally displaced persons, families of military personnel, the elderly, and other vulnerable groups, thereby contributing to the realization of fundamental social and humanitarian rights. The survey results confirm the high level of charitable engagement and its considerable support among the population. At the same time, the potential of these initiatives remains predominantly concentrated on one-time forms of assistance, which underscores the need to transition toward systemic philanthropy and to develop strategies for long-term recovery.
History (General) and history of Europe, Philosophy. Psychology. Religion
This paper evidences how prostitution is a process of permanent dehumanization of women. This process is built and reproduced as one place where neoliberalism coincides with the patriarchal exploitation of female bodies. I present a feminist geopolitical analysis and explore the factors that explain the fact that Nigerian Edo women are the most prevalent victims of sex-trafficking in Europe. All this happens within the context of expansion, sophistication and technification of the sex industry together with the prostitution culture, which is ostensibly visible in the creation of hyper-real silicon sexual dolls –even childlike- and their evolution to sex robots. I draw on how the neo-colonial dynamics, the overexploitation of natural resources, the impoverishment and the forced displacement of people are the current platform that sustains part of the mechanism that operates at the core of Nigerian prostitution in the 21st century.
As a demographic and family policy measure, the parental leave system is flexible in many countries. For example, parents can take full or partial leave, choose shorter leave with higher payments or vice versa; leave can be taken by other relatives of the child. In Russia, the labor legislation regulates only one of such flexible parameters—taking full or partial parental leave by not only the mother, but also the father or other relatives of the child. To study social attitudes towards the existing system of parental leave in Russia, we surveyed 506 male and 265 female employees of different organizations with and without children. To explore barriers in the system of the parental leave regulation, we carried out a content analysis of employees’ complaints published on the онлайнинспекция.рф website and analysed five cases of breaching parental leave regulations extracted from popular Russian mass media. Our results demonstrate discrepancies between the existing system of parental leave and respondents’ attitudes to its legal regulation. To address the problem, the system should be transformed to embrace flexibility. To foster the transformation, the government may promote conscious and responsible fatherhood and integrate the social institute of the labor market in the demographic policy.
The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and methodological foundations of overcoming corruption risks in the activities of law enforcement agencies in the conditions of economic integration. Methodology. General and specific methods of knowledge were used in the research process. The dialectical method was used to study the nature of corruption at the legal and economic levels of its manifestation. The analysis created the conditions for a multifaceted study of all the characteristic features of corruption, corruption risk and corruption risk management in the context of economic integration. The synthesis created the conditions for generalising the characteristics of the above categories in the legal and economic fields. The formal legal method allowed to correctly interpret the content of normative legal acts that determine the general, special and local legal regime of corruption risk management in the activities of law enforcement agencies in the conditions of economic integration. The purpose of the article is to identify the economic and legal foundations of corruption as a socio-economic and legal phenomenon, as well as corruption risks and their management in the activities of law enforcement agencies, at a theoretical and empirical level. The results of the study showed that measures to overcome corruption risks in the activities of law enforcement agencies are components of the process of their management, which have the appropriate differentiation, organisational, legal and socio-economic basis. Conclusion. Corruption as a social, economic and legal phenomenon has a number of causes, including political, economic, legal, organisational and socio-psychological. Corruption causes corresponding negative phenomena in the development of the economy both at the national and global, international level. Taking into account the position of international and Ukrainian legislation, the study of the nature of the risk of corruption was conducted, as a result of which the categories of assessment and management of the risk of corruption were distinguished in favour of the latter. The positive results of improving the legal regulation of corruption risk management were noted. Based on the results of the study of the content of corruption risks and the process of their management, proposals for amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption" were made. It was concluded that the phenomenon of overcoming corruption risks in law enforcement bodies represents a system of appropriate measures, which can be divided into the following groups: 1) general; 2) special; 3) local. General measures are defined within the framework of the general provisions of the current international and domestic legislation, which applies to all subjects in the field of anti-corruption legal regulation, in particular to officials of state authorities. Special ones reflect the specifics of such measures within the limits of the respective law enforcement agency, which is reflected in the content of the anti-corruption programme for the respective period. Local ones appear within the framework of the relevant law enforcement body (police), which is mediated by the anti-corruption programme of this particular body.
INTRODUCTION. When it comes to regulating cross-border relations, the rules of law of a given state, foreign national laws and international legal norms are/may all be applicable. In their entirety, these norms form a sort of buffer zone between existing legal systems, i.e. create a legal phenomenon that can be called a legal frontier. It is within the framework of this frontier that numerous legal phenomena occur, with the very concept of their existence in recent years being either challenged or blatantly denied.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The provisions of international treaties, the national legislation of Russia and other states, as well as numerous works of Russian and foreign researchers were used as materials for this study. The study relies on the general scientific and special methods as its methodological foundation.RESEARCH RESULTS. The study found that foreign laws do not coincide, applying them to regulate crossborder relations leads to cases where relations of the same category are managed differently even within a single state. All known sources of law serve as the generators of norms that govern cross-border relations, which is not the case for either domestic or international interstate relations. Additionally, new sources of international legal norms have emerged and their objective is to regulate cross-border public relations not specified in Art. 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. The article states that significant changes in the theory of general international law (as well as in the general theory of law) are caused by the emergence of self-executing international legal norms designed to regulate cross-border social relations specifically.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The author comes to the conclusion that the emergence of self-executing international legal norms required a change in the very definition of international law, admitting the impossibility of the existence of any universal theory of the relationship between international and national law, as well as specifying the nature of the object and subject of an international treaty. The use of self-executing international legal norms as regulators of crossborder public relations does not transform these relations into international interstate relations and does not turn their subjects into subjects of international law. These relations remain as cross-border relations, and their subjects have an exclusively cross-border legal standing, regardless of which legal system norm was responsible for regulating them.
Law of nations, Comparative law. International uniform law
The purpose of this article is to outline the development, use and legal perspective of mediation in Georgia and to consider that in the context of the implementation of the EU Mediation Directive 2008/52/EC among member states. It outlines the benefits/reasons for mediation legislation as provided for through the EU Mediation Directive 2008/52/EC. Article considers if Georgia would benefit from a national mediation law, and if so what such a law might include. Alternative dispute resolution development is discussed in the article starting from the historical background, including current legislation.Main research is performed for discussing the main components of EU Mediation Directive 2008/52/EC and its implementation.The article offers recommendations for the development and promotion of mediation in Georgia. The EU Mediation Directive 2008/52/EC study determines the key provisions that have to be considered while drafting the law.
Grahame J. Coleman, Paul H. Hemsworth, Lauren M. Hemsworth
et al.
Societal concerns dictate the need for animal welfare standards and legislation. The public and livestock producers often differ on their views of livestock welfare, and failure to meet public expectations may threaten the “social license to operate” increasing the cost of production and hampering the success of the industry. This study examined public and producer attitudes toward common practices and animal welfare issues in the Australian red meat industry, knowledge of these practices, and public and producer trust in people working the red meat industry using an Australia-wide survey of both the general public (n = 501) and red meat producers (n = 200). Public participants were recruited using a random digit dialing telephone survey (Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing) while the red meat producers were randomly selected within a curated database of Australian red meat producers. After controlling for gender and age, there were marked differences (p < 0.01) between public and producer respondents in 20 of the 27 attitude, trust and knowledge variables studied. Producers reported more positive beliefs in the conditions provided for sheep and beef cattle during sea and land transport, the husbandry practices used in the red meat industry, and red meat attributes regarding human health, environmental impact, animal use and animal welfare. Both public and producers reported similar levels of trust in conventional and commercial media and had similar beliefs about animal rights, prevention of animal cruelty and balancing the welfare of people and animals. The results indicate a polarization between the public and livestock producers in their attitudes toward animal welfare, knowledge of husbandry practices and trust in livestock people.
The following theses are claimed, several contrasting current climate policies and taxonomies. Analysis, based on solely carbon dioxide emission and energy budget, concludes a set of concrete solutions for mitigating climate change effects. Some of the theses violate more orthodox policy which is thus protested against in order to move forward. •Our long-term goal must be to stop using all carbon-containing fuels, including natural gas and other fossil products as well as biofuels. •We must electrify society and industry, with electricity from only non-carbon-based power including nuclear power, hydro-electric, wind and solar power. •We must prepare ourselves for changes. Even if the present emission volumes of carbon dioxide were possible to stop immediately, various lag effects are inevitable and negative development will therefore continue for considerable time. •We must count with continued melting of land ice, the complete liquifying of the Antarctica ice expected to lead to a global sea level rise by some 60 m, flooding most capitals. Among various solutions to mitigate the effects of ice melting, including lowered global temperatures, the following is proposed. •To mitigate sea level rise, stationary water reservoirs should be built around the world. With estimated melting rates it would require ca 1 million reservoirs be deployed or expanded during the next 20-40 years. •Such reservoirs could also solve the emergent problem of lack of fresh water in many places. They could also be used for local storage of hydroelectric energy by using pump storage hydroelectric (PSH) technology. •All energy production sources should be analyzed according to a Total Balanced Energy Budget (TBEB) with the main objective of minimizing the emissions of greenhouse gases. •For each region/country, a table of available or conceivable complementary electric energy sources should be made and ranked according to TBEB—the sources given priority weights depending on feasibility, significance, and environmental friendliness. Tables are presented for Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, France, Ukraine, California, Massachusetts, Maine, Peru, Australia, China and Japan. Generally, we find the following rank of priority applicable. •Solar energy from desert arid areas is given highest priority in replacing carbon-based forms of energy. Submarine electric cables may be deployed along the Australia-Singapore model, if the available power grids are insufficient for the energy transport. •Electrolysis of water producing clean hydrogen gas is given very high priorityboth for using hydrogen as fuel as well as for energy storage. Improved efficiency should be achieved by the development of electrolysis catalysts. •Hydroelectric power in combination with PSH is given high priority to mitigate both grid power fluctuations as well as source (solar and wind) intermittence. •False hope should not be seeded among society and politicians by inflating projects that are less realistic or suboptimal for technological, economic or other reasons. Here, probably most forms of “biofuels” (which although being “carbon neutral” do produce carbon dioxide) and “carbon capture” (catching carbon dioxide gas at the combustion site, compressing it to liquid and depositing it in salt mines or empty oil fields) are considered less significant compared to other more direct solutions. Both biofuels and carbon capture may be associated with social and environmental issues. •Political legislation and instruments (“taxonomy”) invented with the original objective of mitigating negative climate change effects should be reanalyzed and changed if not functional. The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)—a market for outlet rights, for example, is a local initiative which despite its valuable ambition might be suboptimal with respect to goal of efficient decrease of carbon dioxide emission globally. Similarly, “climate taxonomy” can create loopholes bypassing a sound TBEB. •Science-based targets (SBT) to decarbonize the private sector as part of global efforts to achieve the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement should be further encouraged. •Solve economic and political challenges allowing and promoting establishment of required international energy collaborations (e.g., for solar energy cross-continental transport programs).
Carlos Alberto Ochoa Fletes, Cesar Augusto Banegas Ávila, Yessica Turcios Hernández
et al.
Introducción: en la obstetricia se realizan algunas prácticas que producen daños significativos a la madre o a su bebé, aunque no siempre se admite su ejecución. Un ejemplo es la maniobra de Kristeller, cuya aplicación es controvertida. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia con que se realizó la maniobra de Kristeller en una muestra de mujeres atendidas en la maternidad del Hospital San Felipe de Tegucigalpa. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, que se realizó en el período comprendido entre los meses de marzo a mayo del 2018. Se incluyeron un total de 376 pacientes. Las variables estudiadas fueron: hora del parto, paridad, profesional que atendió y supervisó el parto, profesional que realizó la maniobra de Kristeller, complicaciones maternas y neonatales observadas. Resultados: se encontró una frecuencia de maniobra de Kristeller de 12.2 % (46/376). ser primigesta incrementó el riesgo de que se le aplicara la maniobra Kristeller (OR: 3.11, IC:95%, p=0.0002), dentro de los factores protectores se encontraron ser multípara (OR:0.25, IC:95%, p=0.00004) y, haber sido atendida por una licenciada en enfermería (OR: 0.34, IC:95%, p=0.0097). Conclusiones: la maniobra de Kristeller aumentó el riesgo de complicaciones maternas en 12.5 veces (OR: 17.6, IC:95%, p=0.0000000019) y 6.5 veces en el neonato (OR: 7.7 IC:95%, p=0.0000578).
Around the world, people with visual impairments suffer from a shortage of print and cultural materials in accessible formats. To solve the problem of the so-called «global book famine» in 2013 by the Diplomatic Conference of the World Intellectual Pro- perty Organization (WIPO) in Marrakech, several dozen countries had signed the treaty. The detailed analysis of «Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled» and its norms are given. It is specially noted that the norms of the Marrakesh Treaty should be incorporated into the legislation of each of the coming countries, with its implementation at national level. Much attention is given to copyright restrictions and exceptions which must be incorporated into each country’s national legislation. The list of bodies that may be qualified as authorized bodies under the Marrakesh Treaty proposes to include libra- ries providing services on a non-commercial basis. The role of libraries has been proved in achieving the goal of the Marrakesh Treaty. Ukraine’s accession to the Marrakesh Treaty with a view to ensuring the rights of persons with visual impairments to intellectual, creative development is considered. Circumstances that cannot be sufficiently guaranteed to create the most accessible and comfortable environment and to provide conditions for equal and free access to information for the visually handicapped are examined. It is reported that the situation with access to books for people with limited ability to perceive printed information in Ukraine is critical one. Information on providing books for people with vision problems to Ukrainian libraries is presented. Ukraine’s ratification of the Marrakesh Treaty will allow libraries to expand access to books, magazines and educational materials for persons with disabilities and provide them with equal access to the cultural and social life of society, an opportunity to exchange copies of works created in accessible formats internationally is proposed.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
The issue of the existing agricultural land improvement effectiveness in the course of land reform is scrutinized in the article. The research relevance is predefined by the need for the fragmented land ownerships and tenures optimization as a constituent of the sustainable land tenure in Ukraine. Land plots exchange approaches substantiation in the course of the existing agricultural land tenure improvement under current social and economic conditions is the goal of the research. Key aspects of land exchange aiming at land tenure optimization within the agricultural land mass in accordance to the legislation in effect have been exemplified. Sources of the existing agricultural land tenures and land ownerships drawbacks have been singled out. Land tenure areas of agricultural enterprises situated in Ukraine and Kyiv Region have been analyzed. Land plots exchange based on a set of qualitative, spatial and technological characteristics has been carried out on the example of an agricultural enterprise in Kyiv Region. As the result, the improvement of the agricultural enterprise land tenure spatial characteristics including furrow length has been achieved. The research results can be used at the existing land tenure and land ownership improvement in accordance to the legislation, the land consolidation strategy development in Ukraine, land owners and land users private efforts and the scientific researches in the future.
One of the main instruments for local development is the regulatory legal framework of the so-called Social Economy, a term and concept that is yet to be fully defined. The society’s approach to the generation of wealth encompasses different concepts, movements, approaches, and ways of acting, all of which pose a challenge to the determination of a precise definition. Within the European Union (E.U.), a common legislative base has been developed, although the specific legislation developed by each Member State has been uneven. The legislation may have started from the same common principles, but each country has adopted different legal forms. This work aims to outline the diverse ways of legislating on a concept that is still under construction and within similar legal frameworks, illustrating the lack of harmony between European states that, despite the sharing of borders and having common legislative foundations, distance themselves in the final legislation, a situation that does not benefit the economic unity of entrepreneurs with social principles.
Nayara Bueno Porfírio, Alysson Rodrigo Fonseca, Ana Paula Fonseca
ABSTRACT This study sought to evaluate the environmental awareness of small rural producers in the municipality of Divinópolis, MG, Brazil, regarding Legal Reserves – LR and Permanent Preservation Areas – PPA, referencing the state’s current forest legislation, known as the Forest Code of Minas Gerais (Law 20.922/2013). For this purpose, a qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews, with the sample defined by the saturation criterion, and issues considered using Bardin content analysis. The results showed that, in general, rural landowners define both evaluated terms incorrectly and/or incompletely. All of them reported not having knowledge of the environmental legislation and the majority declared not having been informed about the question and presented no record of LR notarization or registration at the Rural Environmental Registry - RER. This finding showed the need for the involvement of public and social institutions, and companies operating in the region to create guidance and training programs for landowners regarding environmental legislation, as well as encouraging the creation and maintenance of protected areas and supporting the environmental compliance of the properties.
ATIN PRABANDARI, PUTRI RAKHMADHANI NUR RIMBAWATI, DEDI DINARTO
et al.
This research aims to compare the advocacy model of Children Living with HIV/AIDS (CLWH) informal-- non-professional and formal--non-professional network, represented by Lentera Anak Surakarta (LAS) and Lentera Anak Pelangi Jakarta (LAP) respectively. The characterization of the network was adapted from Lhawang Ugyel conceptual framework on four types of social network based on their personnel types and formality. Meanwhile, the comparison was made under the metric of 3 advocacy channels; legislation, political and mobilization process. This research found out that LAS informal—non-professional advocacy model reflected a more dominant usage of law and political channel compared to LAP formal—non-professional model since LAS was rising from marginalized society hence they need well lobbying politically and involving in legal drafting. Meanwhile, LAP had shown a more systematic maneuver on the socialization and mobilization channel of advocacy. This was because LAP was formally driven by academia spectrum that could establish methodical movements of CLWH advocacy; thus the engagement with policymaker was less prioritized, even though it was still an essential element of its advocacy.
Political science, Political institutions and public administration (General)
The regulation of an intimate family relationship to control and prevent violence against women in the domestic space is analysed as an instance of interference by the state to regulate and monitor a hitherto ‘private’ space. This article explores to what extent can the interference of law help suppressed women to use law as a tool to change situations of familial violence and thereby enhance their capacity to engage with the ‘male space’ of courtrooms? The ‘result’ from the whole legal and judicial process may not give a solution to the ‘violence’ they have undergone but the courtroom and client counselling experience reveals that it does provoke the woman to think in terms of emancipation. The everyday practice of domestic violence law in the lower courts of Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala has been analysed in this article.