Hasil untuk "Philosophy"

Margaret A. Douglas

Athanase Papadopoulos

Simone Weil is one of the most prominent 20th century French philosophers. She is the sister of Andr{é} Weil, the renowned mathematician, the father of modern algebraic geometry and the initiator of the Bourbaki group. Simone and Andr{é} Weil shared a love for literature, mathematics, science and philosophy. My aim in this article is to convey, based on their writings and their correspondence, the idea that Pythagoreanism was a central element of their thought. I will put this into context, talking first about the life and work of each of them, showing how much they were linked by essential common ideas, even though their life paths were very different, and how, ultimately, Pythagorean mathematics and philosophy became naturally part of their respective intellectual worlds. The article is the written version of a lecture I gave in October 2025, at the conference ``The Life and Contribution of Pythagoras to Mathematics, Sciences, and Philosophy'' that took place on October 3-4, 2025 at the Cyprus University of Technology in Limassol.

Şen Şenol

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, task value, and smartphone addiction. To examine the relationship between smartphone addiction and intrinsic motivation, a mediation model was developed, in which self-efficacy and task value acted as mediating variables. The Smartphone Addiction Scale and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire were administered to 534 high school students to collect data. The results revealed statistically significant negative relationships between smartphone addiction and students’ intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and task values. Additionally, self-efficacy and task value were found to be possible mediators within the model. These findings suggest that smartphone addiction may lead to a decrease in students’ intrinsic motivation by reducing their self-efficacy and task value. In conclusion, although smartphone use enhances our daily lives, it may also have negative effects on certain affective variables that play an important role in the learning process, as demonstrated in this study.

Ana Paula Giardini Pedro

RESUMO No século XV, pontífices, senhores seculares e homens de poder italianos, imbuídos do desejo de restaurar a dignidade que outrora caracterizou a antiga Roma, identificavam as virtudes de liberalitas e magnificentia como instrumentos de legitimação política. No entanto, contavam com disposição territorial e financeira tanto mais estreita que aquela de pregressos impérios. Nesse contexto, Leon Battista Alberti, vislumbrando incitar investimentos edilícios e profícuas relações de mecenato a arquitetos, identifica em valores antigos a chave para essa complexa questão: a dignificação da arquitetura e do artífice para construção de registros sempiternos do ‘bom governo’. Em seu De Re Ædifcatoria, o humanista prescreve a excelência da arte fundada na concinnitas, que perpassa a ratio mediocritatis e cinge os preceitos vitruvianos de decor e symmetria descritos no De Architectura. Assim, este artigo propõe compreender como ambos os tratadistas, cada um a seu modo, demonstram que o valor excelso da Arquitetura, alcançado pela sollertia ingenium guiada pela reflexão doutrinal, ultrapassa a preciosidade vulgar de investimentos suntuosos. Assim, conferindo auctoritas a obras que fizessem presente dignitas e honestas no reconhecimento visual, mesmo com investimentos parcimoniosos.

Lu'liyatul Mutmainah, Listia Andani, Ela Susilawati

The mosque has so far been known only as a place of worship such as prayer and recitation by Muslims. History records that during the time of the Prophet, the mosque was also the center of government, economic center, education center, and others. Some mosques are also tourist areas that provide more economic value so that they can improve people's welfare. However, tourist areas often cause problems related to waste, water use, and others. Understanding of the circular economy that can provide sustainable benefits is still not widely known and implemented, including for managing mosques. This study aims to analyze and propose an optimization model for mosque-based circular economic empowerment to achieve a sustainable economy. The research uses a qualitative approach with literature studies and in-depth interviews with related parties. The results of the study show that empowering mosques based on a circular economy will not only have a positive impact on places of worship but also the economic, social, and environmental sectors. For example, managed mosque waste can provide economic value. In addition, the use of ablution water can be reused for land irrigation and fish farming. The synergy between the government, universities, communities, and the industrial world can be carried out to implement this mosque-based circular economy. The results of this study can be used as a basis for recommendations and a pilot project for implementing mosque-based circular economic empowerment.

Athanase Papadopoulos

This is an overview of the life and works of Pavel Florensky, an important and singular figure of the period rightly described as the \emph{Silver Age of Russian mathematics}, with a substantial overlap with the \emph{Silver Age of Russian literature, poetry and philosophy}. Florensky is certainly among the great scientists, philosophers, theologians and historians of art of the twentieth century, with a very atypical trajectory of life. He had a mathematical background and his work in philosophy, theology and history of art is imbued with mathematical ideas. Talking about his life and works is also an opportunity to reflect upon the Russian mathematical school of the first third of the twentieth century, its philosophical foundations and the conflicts it underwent. It is also an occasion for discussing poetry, literature and art during the Russian Silver Age. This article will appear as a chapter in the Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice, edited by Bharath Sriraman, published by Springer, to appear in 2023.

Matthias Gegenwart

This paper analyses, if the Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom, that was developed by the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC), can be used to expand the protection of human rights against the harms of climate change. The case of the Swiss Senior Women shows that there are jurisdictions, where the Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom could be applied to improve standing and the control standard of states’ climate change action. Within international law bodies with jurisdiction over human rights treaties there are distinctive standards of protection against the harms of climate change. A major deficit within the international human rights protection against climate change lies within the focus on the positive obligations and the corresponding wide margin of appreciation granted to the states. The Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom could provide a protection expansion in this regard, especially in the case of the European Court of Human Rights. It could also enable and legitimise present human rights concerns focused on the future actions of states following their past inaction. One considerable hurdle that is not addressed by it are procedural hurdles like the Plaumann formula applied by the European Court of Justice. The Intertemporal Guarantee of Freedom cannot solve major problems for climate change litigation like procedural hurdles. Yet, it can provide a new approach for complaints to address unambitious mitigation legislation which will lead to future human rights infringements.

Youheng Zhang

This paper reviews the historical development of AI and representative philosophical thinking from the perspective of the research paradigm. Additionally, it considers the methodology and applications of AI from a philosophical perspective and anticipates its continued advancement. In the history of AI, Symbolism and connectionism are the two main paradigms in AI research. Symbolism holds that the world can be explained by symbols and dealt with through precise, logical processes, but connectionism believes this process should be implemented through artificial neural networks. Regardless of how intelligent machines or programs should achieve their smart goals, the historical development of AI demonstrates the best answer at this time. Still, it is not the final answer of AI research.

Catriona Cunningham, Jenni Carr, Jennie Mills et al.

'Once upon a time four very different women went into the Academy. They did not share a disciplinary homeland but forged new bonds closer than kinship and worked together for teaching to triumph over research. Things change, and scattered to the four corners of the realm they vowed to remain true to their playful hearts. Through missives, they storied, imagined, and strove to sing new worlds of wonderment into being.'This paper chronicles their quest, tells of the old ways and the new, tells tales of beings and becomings, of how we make stories and stories make us.  We share our experience of academic development as inherently playful. We suggest that reflective practice, narratives of teaching philosophy and exploration of teaching identity engage academics with an exploration of their possible teaching selves. This potentiality is inherently fictional – we invite academics to dwell in imagined worlds, to imagine the possible, to exist in uncertainty, and initiate uncanny encounters. By engaging colleagues playfully, we can support them in pushing the boundaries of self and practice. This paper will embody an uncanny encounter, as we interrogated our work through letters exchanged and remixed to create imagined worlds and imaginary friends. A spirit of play brought a willingness to accept and embrace constraints, to try something difficult where success was not guaranteed. Extending playfulness into our methodology brought risk, challenge, and failure as we lost ourselves in fictional flow, until reflection-in-action restored us. We propose that this union between playful fiction and reflection can promise a happily ever after. Reader should we marry them?  

Feyza Demir Çiçek

Bu çalışma Armand Maurer'in Ortaçağ Felsefesi isimli eserinin Nicolaus Cusanus bölümü tercümesidir. Nicholas Krebs, Nicholas of Kues olarak da anılan Cusanus, Rönesans hümanizminin ilk savunucularından on beşinci yüzyıl Alman filozofu ve teoloğudur. Maurer'in adı geçen eserindeki "Nicholas of Cusa" bölümü Cusanus felsefesinin genel bir özeti mahiyetindedir.

Ali Yeganeh, Ahmad Kamrani Far, Mohammad Reza Gholi Zadeh

Abstract:Although by the end of the first century AD the Mediterranean Sea had become a purely Roman sea, in later periods following the rise of the Sassanid, as they sought to reclaim the lands of their ancestors, this empire's confrontation with Byzantium became inevitable. By developing and consolidating their dominance over the political-commercial sphere of the Persian Gulf, Sassanid held an important part of the main transportation and trade axes of the ancient world. This was while on the borders of the other two areas, namely from Mesopotami to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and the general area of the Caucasus, with their aggressive policy, they had a serious competition with the Byzantines, which was to get the main home, the conflicting ligaments.This research intends to deal with the main causes and factors of the Iran-Byzantine conflict between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf by descriptive-analytical method. In order to answer this question, the geopolitical and commercial-economic importance of the disputed areas is discussed. It will also show how the geopolitical position of these lands led the two great powers of that time into a series of land and sea battles.

Young Niki

Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) is a contemporary form of realism concerned with the investigation of “objects” broadly construed. It may be characterised in terms of a metaphysical pluralism to the extent that it recognises infinitely many different kinds of emergent entities, and this fact in turn leads to a number of questions concerning the nature of objects and emergence in OOO: what is the precise meaning of an emergent entity in OOO? How has emergence been denied throughout the history of Western thought? Is there a specific object-oriented account of emergence? What is the causal mechanism which provides the conditions of possibility for the generation of emergent entities? In this article, I aim to answer all these questions by constructing the first extensive account of real emergence in the context of Object-Oriented Ontology, and I also seek to tie this analysis to the notion of “vicarious” or indirect causation.

Alexander S. Blum

It is described how quantum field theory went from a theory for calculating the properties of stationary states, in the mold of quantum mechanics, to the scattering-focused theory we know today. This development is located as originating in the 1930s and 40s, primarily in the attempts by Werner Heisenberg and Richard Feynman to find a new theory of relativistic quantum mechanics that gets rid of the notion of state entirely. It is then shown how these attempts formed the conceptual inspiration and the provided the formal tools for the formulation of modern, scattering-based QFT in the late 1940s, in particular by Freeman Dyson (and, to some extent, by E.C.G. Stueckelberg). This transformation of quantum field theory is interpreted as a paradigm shift in a weak sense, where the foundations of the theory remain the same, while the paradigmatic problem to be calculated changes (in this case from energy levels to scattering amplitudes).

J. Butterfield, H. Gomes

This is the first of four papers prompted by a recent literature about a doctrine dubbed spacetime functionalism. This paper gives our general framework for discussing functionalism. Following Lewis, we take it as a species of reduction. We start by expounding reduction in a broadly Nagelian sense. Then we argue that Lewis's functionalism is an improvement on Nagelian reduction. This paper thereby sets the scene for the other papers, which will apply our framework to theories of space and time. Overall, we come to praise spacetime functionalism, not to bury it. But we criticize the recent philosophical literature for failing to stress: (i) functionalism's being a species of reduction (in particular: reduction of chrono-geometry to the physics of matter and radiation); (ii) functionalism's idea of specifying several concepts simultaneously by their roles; (iii) functionalism's providing bridge laws that are mandatory, not optional: they are statements of identity (or co-extension) that are conclusions of a deductive argument; and once we infer them, we have a reduction in a Nagelian sense. On the other hand, some of the older philosophical literature, and the mathematical physics literature, is faithful to these ideas (i) to (iii). In various papers, falling under various research programmes, the unique definability of a chrono-geometric concept (or concepts) in terms of matter and radiation, and a corresponding bridge law and reduction, is secured by a precise theorem. Hence our desire to celebrate these results as rigorous renditions of spacetime functionalism.

David Fernández-García, María Del Carmen Giménez-Espert, Elena Castellano-Rioja et al.

Clinical practices are considered one of the cornerstones in nurses' education. This study provides a framework to determine how factors in the academic environment, influence nursing student's satisfaction with their practices. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in a convenience sample of 574 nursing students at a private university in Valencia, during the 2016/2017 academic year, 79% (456) were women. Two statistical methodologies were used for data analysis: hierarchical regression models (HRM) and fuzzy sets qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The HRM indicate that the students' mean score influences all dimensions of satisfaction. Furthermore, in the fsQCA, the type of service and center, as well as the type of management, the preference in the choice of the practice center and the number of students per period per clinical educator influence satisfaction with clinical practices. These results could be used to understand how academic factors influence nursing students' satisfaction with their clinical practices and to create intervention programmes that improve it. This will help prepare students to be the future nursing workforce.

Yves Krumenacker

Mariangela Dias Alves, Paloma Alinne A. Rodrigues

Este artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa que teve o objetivo de investigar os obstáculos relacionados ao processo de inclusão educacional de alunos com Deficiência Intelectual (DI), na disciplina de Física, em uma escola regular. A investigação possuía uma abordagem qualitativa e configurava-se como um estudo de caso. Para a coleta dos dados foram realizadas duas entrevistas, uma com o professor do ensino regular e outra com a professora de apoio. Os dados revelaram que, devido à lacuna na formação do professor do ensino regular, os alunos não possuíam a oportunidade de construir conhecimentos relacionados aos conteúdos de Física. Além disso, os dois profissionais não desenvolviam, de forma efetiva, um trabalho colaborativo. Para finalizar, observou-se a existência de barreiras atitudinais, preconceitos e estigmas por parte de um dos docentes.

Cato Wittusen

Sammendrag Denne artikkelen diskuterer Alejandro González Iñárritus installasjon Carne y Arena (Virtually present, Physically invisible) fra 2017 i lys av Stanley Cavells ontologiske undersøkelser av filmmediet. Installasjonens VR-sekvens reiser filosofiske spørsmål når det gjelder våre forestillinger om nærvær og fravær. Cavells filosofiske undersøkelser, som tok utgangspunkt i filmen som et analogt medium, er relevante for å undersøke opplevelser muliggjort av nye digitale audiovisuelle teknologier.

Atrisha Sarkar

The analytic philosophy of Robert Brandom, based on the ideas of pragmatism, paints a picture of sapience, through inferentialism. In this paper, we present a theory, that utilizes essential elements of Brandom's philosophy, towards the objective of achieving strong-AI. We do this by connecting the constitutive elements of reinforcement learning and the Game Of Giving and Asking For Reasons. Further, following Brandom's prescriptive thoughts, we restructure the popular reinforcement learning algorithm A3C, and show that RL algorithms can be tuned towards the objective of strong-AI.

Erik Curiel

The question of the existence of gravitational stress-energy in general relativity has exercised investigators in the field since the inception of the theory. Folklore has it that no adequate definition of a localized gravitational stress-energetic quantity can be given. Most arguments to that effect invoke one version or another of the Principle of Equivalence. I argue that not only are such arguments of necessity vague and hand-waving but, worse, are beside the point and do not address the heart of the issue. Based on a novel analysis of what it may mean for one tensor to depend in the proper way on another, which, \emph{en passant}, provides a precise characterization of the idea of a `geometric object', I prove that, under certain natural conditions, there can be no tensor whose interpretation could be that it represents gravitational stress-energy in general relativity. It follows that gravitational energy, such as it is in general relativity, is necessarily non-local. Along the way, I prove a result of some interest in own right about the structure of the associated jet bundles of the bundle of Lorentz metrics over spacetime. I conclude by showing that my results also imply that, under a few natural conditions, the Einstein field equation is the unique equation relating gravitational phenomena to spatiotemporal structure, and discuss how this relates to the non-localizability of gravitational stress-energy. The main theorem proven underlying all the arguments is considerably stronger than the standard result in the literature used for the same purposes (Lovelock's theorem of 1972): it holds in all dimensions (not only in four); it does not require an assumption about the differential order of the desired concomitant of the metric; and it has a more natural physical interpretation.