Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

عبدالرحمن بن عودة الجهني

يهدف البحث إلى تتبع قول علماء العربية: (هذا أقعد من) أو (أقعد في)، وهم يحلّلون، ويبيّنون جملة من معاني النصوص، وأفراد مكوّناتها، يريدون أنّ هذا الوجه، أو المعنى الصرفي أقعد، أو أنفذ من ذاك، أو أولى، أو أقرب، أو أوغل، أو نحو ذلك ممّا يدلّ على أنّهم يفاضلون بين معنيين صرفيين، أو أكثر. وقد اعتنى أهل العربية، وعلماؤها بعلم التصريف، وبما طرأ على بنية الكلمة من تغيّر لفظيّ، أو معنويّ، وفصّلوا في هذا الطروء، فبيّنوا مواضعه، وأنواعه، وأحكامه، ونبّهوا، في كثير من الأحيان، على ظواهر تصريفية، بينها وبين غيرها اتّفاق وقرب، أو اختلاف وبُعد، ولمّا كان معنى هذا التنبيه، غائبة حاله في مظانّ اللغة، وأفراد تصانيف أهليها النحويّة والصرفيّة، فإن هذا البحث يسعى إلى بيان هذا التنبيه، ولمّ شتيته، فناقشت، وشرحت ظواهر في الاشتقاق والتصريف، والصّحة والاعتلال، والزيادة وحروفها، والجمع، والتصغير، والنسب، وتخفيف الهمزة، والمدّ. وكان من أهم نتائج هذا البحث أنّه وقف على علل تلك الظواهر، وبيّن معانيها التصريفية، وأحكامها، ووقف على مذاهب أهل العربيّة، واتّجاهاتهم في التعليل والفسير، ولمح أنّ لقولهم: (أقعد) غير معنى، كالقرب، والأصالة، والكثرة، والأولويّة، والقوّة، والتمكّن، والرسوخ، وبيّن، كذلك، أنّ في معنى عنوانها، وتفسيره دلالة على جانب من ثراء العربيّة، وغناها في ألفاظها، وصياغة هذا الألفاظ.

محمد عبد الله المزّاح

يسعى البحث إلى الكشف عن النقد النحوي والصرفي عند الشاطبي في كتابه المقاصد الشّافية للشلوبين، وتعد مدوّنة الشاطبي "المقاصد الشافية في شرح الخلاصة الكافية" من أجلّ مدونات النحو العربي لتركيزها على العلم وفلسفته، واتبعت في بحثي المنهج المقارن، فجاء في مقدمة، وتمهيد فيه التعريف بالشاطبي وكتابه المقاصد الشافية، وبأبي علي الشلوبين، والنقد النحوي. ثم جاء المبحث الأول فسلّطت الدراسة فيه على المسائل النحوية التي خالف فيها الشاطبي الشلوبين، في حين عني المبحث الثاني بدراسة المسائل الصرفية التي وقع فيها الخلاف بينهما، وأما المبحث الثالث فوقفت فيه على أسباب مخالفة الشاطبي لآراء الشلوبين. ومن أهم النتائج التي ظهرت من خلال البحث: بروز علمية الشلوبين، وشدة تأنّيه في قبول رأي المتقدّمين، وذلك من خلال الإشكالات التي يطرحها على طلابه، إضافة إلى ارتقاء الدرس النحوي من خلال النقد العلمي الجاد عند الشاطبي، والحقيقة البحثية تشير إلى أنّ الشاطبي لم يكن متحاملًا على الشلوبين ومخالفًا له بلا برهان، بل كان يستعرض الرأي ويناقشه بالدليل. وقد تعدّدت أسباب مخالفة الشاطبي للشلوبين؛ كالاختلاف في فهم المعنى وتقديره، أو مخالفته للصنعة النحوية والصرفية، أو مخالفته الأصل الذي بُنيت عليه المسألة، وجاءت تلك الاعتراضات في صور متعددة، كالاعتراض على مخالفة الأصل الظاهر، أو الاعتراض على السماع بوصفه بالقلة والشذوذ، أو بمخالفة الدليل النقلي، أو بالاعتراض على القياس.

Artyom Tonoyan

The Caucasian Persian (Tat), being the only Southwest Iranian language, which is descended from Early New Persian and is spoken in the eastern part of Transcaucasus, is of great interest in the context of the study of the problems related to areal and historical-comparative linguistics, as well as in concern of the revision of issues related to historical contacts and interactions between Iranian languages and peoples in Transcaucasus.

Amalia Catagnoti

This article reconstructs an administrative text from two large fragments published in two different volumes of the ARET series: Archivi Reali di Ebla. Testi I, text 3, and Archivi Reali di Ebla. Testi XII, text 146. It offers a continuous transliteration and a translation of the text, followed by a brief commentary on significant events described in the document.

خالد بن فهد البهلال

يهدف البحث إلى الكشف عن جانب من جوانب التناص في شعر أبي إسحاق الغزي، من خلال (ديوانه، الصادر عن مركز جمعة الماجد للثقافة والتراث، دبي، 1429ه)، ويتمثل في التناص الديني، من خلال التوقف عند بعض النماذج التي تداخلت مع نصوص دينية من القرآن والسنة النبوية ببيان أشكال التناص اقتباسًا، أو إيحاء أو إحالة، وقد اعتمد البحث من أجل استكشاف ذلك المنهج التناصي للكشف عن كيفية تناص الديوان مع القرآن الكريم والسنة النبوية، ودلالته، وقد حوى البحث: مقدمة ثم تمهيدًا نظريًّا ناقش التناص في أبعاده النظرية، ومن ثم ثلاثة محاور، أولًا: التناص الاقتباسي، ثانيًا: التناص الإحالي، ثالثًا: التناص الإيحائي، ثم الخاتمة. وتوصل إلى جملة من النتائج أهمها: حضور القرآن الكريم والسنة النبوية في شعر الغزي راجع إلى تكوينه الديني وسعة ثقافته في علوم الدين؛ لذلك تنوعت طرائق استفادته وأساليب توظيفه؛ فجاء في ثلاثة أشكال هي: التناص الاقتباسي، والتناص الإحالي، والتناص الإيحائي.

Tukesheva Nazgul M., Khaidarov Eskairat E., Gizzatov Sayalbek M.

Introduction. The study analyzes a variety of newly discovered archival documents and materials for a comprehensive insight into the 1921–1922 mass famine in Uralsk Governorate. To facilitate this, the paper shall examine the causes, mitigation measures, and consequences of the famine in the designated region of present-day Kazakhstan. Materials. So, the study focuses on related documents from the State Archive of West Kazakhstan Region that have never been introduced into scientific discourse and received only fragmented attention. Results. The work provides a historiographic review on the topic under consideration, while some key research results are based on analytical insights into the archival papers. Our narrative centers around the causes and socio-demographic consequences, conditions of livestock breeding and agrarian industries, famine mitigation measures. Statistical data contained in the reports of governorate-level commissions prove most instrumental in evaluating the 1921–1922 famine’s scale and tracing negative socioeconomic dynamics. Conclusions. Uralsk Governorate happened to be a most famine-affected region of Kazakhstan, which was dramatically preceded (and paralleled) by harsh natural and climatic conditions, such as drought, crop failure, zud (jut), and livestock reduction. These were aggravated by poor agrarian development of the region and reduction of cultivated areas — only to be face the early twentieth century political cataclysms (e.g., Russian Civil War, increase of taxation, etc.). The famine’s consequences included increased mortality rates, population decline, dramatic fall of living standards, and large numbers of orphans and homeless children.

Linda Badan, Paolo Lorusso

In this paper we describe the distribution of subject clitics in nominal copular constructions in the Veneto variety of Este (Padova province). In nominal copular sentences in a pro-drop language like Italian, the copula always agrees with the subject of the small clause both in canonical (preverbal NP subject) and in inverse (postverbal NP subject) structures. Since Veneto varieties are partial pro-drop languages, on the one side, the subject NP always agrees with the copula as in Italian. On the other side, the inflectional paradigm of both verbs and subject clitics interacts with the informational structure of the sentence. Namely, the allowance for subject proclitics and overt postverbal subjects in inverse copular sentences (which is not found in other constructions involving postverbal subjects) allows us to account for the preverbal position of the predicative DP in terms of informational structure: the preverbal predicative DP is a topic intensional element that instantiates the description of the subject of the sentence. The predicative DP, as in Italian, can cliticize onto an invariant pro-predicative clitic: the resulting clustering with the subject clearly confirms the reduced structure involved by copular constructions (as in Moro 1997). The present descriptive considerations allow us to update the analysis of Moro (1997). We characterize inverse copular sentences as involving some restriction on the topic-comment structure, showing a clear morphological counterpart (the inflected subject proclitics) in the operation of AGREE in a partial pro-drop language like the variety of Este (Padova province).

Rozaliya R. Bayazitova

Introduction. In traditional culture, proxemic behavior is of great importance. The article is based on the results of the research on the structuring of the dwelling and the observance of ethno-etiquette norms within the framework of the traditional living space of the Bashkirs. The aim was to study the structure of the living space, interiors, and the stylistics of behavior in the traditional dwelling. Materials and methods. The main research sources were the author’s unpublished field materials, as well as published folklore texts, reports of the participants of academic expeditions of the 18th century, which contain valuable information about the temporary and permanent dwellings of Bashkirs. Methods used for the analysis were comparative-historical, typological, structural-semantic, and descriptive. The chronological framework of the study covers the period between the 18th and early 20th centuries. Results. The research shows that the structuring of living space is closely related to ancient beliefs, religion, and the ethnic history of the people. Vertical and horizontal divisions of the dwelling and analysis of space distribution inside the yurt indicate that the dwelling was perceived as a model of the world. The horizontal structuring of the inner space was associated with the ancient knowledge of the Bashkirs about the cardinal points, later enriched with Muslim teachings. In their behavior in the interiors, the Bashkirs were guided by the structural-semantic model of the dwelling, the entire developed space. In this aspect, gender, age, and social status were important factors of the traditional etiquette. The dwelling represented a cultivated, protected space, separating “one’s own” space from “other’s”, according to the structure of the internal space, and creating conditions for variable behavior; family members and guests followed binary oppositions, such as left versus right, male versus female, honorable versus less honorable, the parts for guests and household activities, top and bottom, center and periphery.

Mehmet Ali Kılay Araz

Tarihsel süreçte nesir türündeki farklı ürünleriyle belirli birtelif geleneğine sahip olan Arap edebiyatı, modern dönemle birlikte roman,tiyatro ve kısa öykü gibi edebi türlerde ürün vermeye başlamıştır. Bu süre zarfında, özellikle kısa öykü Cezayiredebiyatının önemli edebi türlerinden biri haline gelmiştir.Kısa öykü, modern Cezayir edebiyatı edebi türleri arasındayaygınlık bakımından ilk sırada gelmektedir. Cezayirli edebiyatçıların,özellikle de bağımsızlık savaşı esnası ve sonrası dönemde, yazdıkları kısaöykülerinde, doğrudan Cezayir insanının hayatını konu edindikleri, onun sosyalve medeni bakımdan ilerleyişini ve fikri gelişimini tasvir etmeye ve geniş birportresini çizmeye çalıştıkları, aynı şekilde Cezayirlilerin iç dünyasına ışıktutarak, bütün çekişme ve çelişkileriyleyaşanan gerçek hayatı yansıtmayı amaçladıkları görülmektedir. Cezayir edebiyatında kısa öykünün ele alındığı bu çalışmada,öykünün ortaya çıkışı, ortaya çıkışının gecikmesindeki din, dil, gelenekler,halk hikâyeleri vb. etkenler değerlendirilmiştir. Bunun yanında Cezayir’dehikâyeciliğin ortaya çıkışı, kültür ve geleneğin yeniden canlandırılmasındakirolü, Cezayir’in Doğu ve Batı ile iletişimi, Cezayir devriminin rolüincelenmiştir. Çalışmanın son kısmında Cezayir Edebiyatında kısa hikâyeningelişimi üzerinde durulmuştur.

M. T. Satanar

In the Yakut mythological system, associative thinking prevails which forms a basis for the formation of more ordered and holistic representations. In the worldview of ancestors, the awareness of the world in integrity and unity is depicted through imaginative systems built on the basis of similarities and analogies with concepts of the animal and plant worlds. It is important that in this context of ethnic awareness, the definition and position of the person in the universe also occurs. The analyzed epic formula ‘үс саха үөскүү илигинэ, түөрт саха төрүү илигинэ’ / ‘üs sakha üӧsküü iligine, tüӧrt sakha tӧrüü iligine’ (liter. ‘when the three Yakuts were not yet born, and the four Yakuts have not yet appeared’) in the Yakut tradition is not only sustainable but is also a universal element that transforms to penetrate into other genres and literature. The problem of understanding folklore texts — indivisibly connected to language semantics — on the basis of which cultural meanings are built still remains a most understudied topic in folklore studies. The structure and nature of information systems preserved and brought till nowadays by epic formulas have not been studied enough. The work aims to identify and describe the deep semantic structures of the epic formula ‘üs sakha üӧsküü iligine, tüӧrt sakha tӧrüü iligine’. The research approach is determined, firstly, by the mythological attitudes of primitive consciousness, and, secondly, by ethnic peculiarities of thinking. To achieve the goal of the study, methods of review, comparison, hermeneutics, extrapolation, and structural semantic analysis are involved. The use of the method of empathy based on the idea of ‘Yakut thinking or interpretation’ in the reconstruction of the meta-language of the studied formula makes it possible to view and evaluate the concept from inside, which certainly reflects the essence of research ethics. During the stage-by-stage analysis the study reveals that the stability of the term ‘Sakha’ supported by the review of historical materials of different eras and confirmed by the internal laws of the language is essentially archaic. The information encoded in the word ‘Sakha’ is represented as ‘санаалаах харамай’ / ‘sanaalaakh kharamai’ which means ‘a thinking living creature’, i.e., ‘person’. The root of the name kharamai ‘khara’ attracts special attention since the semantic meaning of the former in ancient and modern Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchurian languages is interpreted as ‘person’. The archived internal organization of the structure of the epic formula ‘üs sakha üӧsküü iligine, tüӧrt sakha tӧrüü iligine’ conveys the message ‘when person-man and person-woman were not yet born’ (‘when all mankind had not yet appeared’), containing echoes of ancient worldviews. The article — without coming into conflict with the concept of the multi-component Sakha ethnos — puts forward the hypothesis of fixing the central element, i.e., a common core ethnic substrate of the Sakha community which offers new opportunities for understanding the peripheral branches of origins of many ethnonyms. Such a positioning of the expressive content of the meta-language of the formula refers to the idea of reassessing mythological representations that occur in the depths of the Olonkho. The conclusion deals with times when not only one ethnos but the whole of humanity had been endowed with the name Sakha, which is the key one, and this thesis can serve as a starting research point in various areas in future. Oriental StudieS. 2019. Is. 1 136 Богатый метафорический язык древнего олонхо — это слаженная структурная и лексико-семантическая система, где нет ничего лишнего и случайного. Известно, что в языке фольклорных текстов наблюдается обильное употребление стереотипных, типовых формульных элементов [Слепцов 1990: 209]. В этих устойчивых элементах текста — формульных конструкциях, представляющих собой структурно-семантические единицы, спрессована многовековая память народа в виде сакральной информации, внутренняя организация которой подлежит расшифровке. Ключевые слова ёмки, и благодаря этому эпическая формула предстает как мощное средство компрессии сообщения. Заметим, что в якутской фольклористике эти компактные информационные структуры, транслирующие важные сообщения, продолжают оставаться малоизученными. Между тем исследователи отмечают, что семантическая особенность слова в текстах эпических произведений должна пониматься следующим образом: лексическое толкование слова есть внешний слой, и слово должно восприниматься как ярлык некоторого сообщения, представляющего собой суть более высокого уровня [Цивьян 1975: 209]. При этом нельзя игнорировать то, что этот семантический язык, или метаязык, определяющий глубинные смысловые структуры текста, связан с первобытной логикой, основанной на синкретическом, целостном чувственном мировосприятии. Данный вопрос был полем изучения многих ученых. Отправной точкой настоящей работы служат: концепция синтеза наук В. С. Степина; теоретические разработки структурализма К. Леви-Стросса; семантика алгебраической символики в мифах В. В. Иванова [Иванов 1978] и В. Н. Топорова [Топоров 1980]. Исследование опирается на символическом подходе к языку и мифу В. Я. Проппа, где символы порождают в свою очередь поэтические тропы, в отношении изучения которых еще Е. М. Мелетинским подмечено, что они «никоим образом не должны рассматриваться в качестве простых „украшений“ поэтической речи» [Мелетинский 1976: 123]; на культурную семантику устной коллективной памяти, где язык указывается Ю. М. Лотманом в качестве мощного источника структурности — того организующего центра, откуда берет начало семиотический язык культуры [Лотман 2000: 254]. При изучении олонхо своеобразными ориентирами являются исследования по семантической структуре космогонических воззрений: С. К. Колодезникова [Колодезников 1991], А. И. Гоголева [Гоголев 2002], Р. И. Бравиной [Бравина 2005], Л. Л. Габышевой [Габышева 1988], Е. И. Избековой [Избекова 2014], А. С. Поповой [Попова 1996] и др. Итак, нас интересует не узко лексическое значение слова эпической формулы, а его «двойная природа», где слово репрезентируется как закодированное сообщение, характеризующееся своей внутренней структурой. Эпическая формула үс саха үөскүү илигинэ, түөрт саха төрүү илигинэ ‘когда три якута еще не явились на свет, четыре якута еще не родились’ [Тимофеев-Теплоухов 2014: 8; 286], представляя собой основную идею мифологического эпоса, обращенную к «первоначальным временам», привлекает к себе внимание не только как элемент, повторяющийся в различных текстах с особым постоянством, но и встречающий

Salahuddin Saddar, Junaid Baloch, Memoona Sami et al.

With the continuous advancement in technology, web technologies have reached to a new height. Enterprise applications are meant to be the basic need of today’s world which aims to produce results that are highly reliable, portable and adaptable. With these enormous features, they needed the storage mechanism which could handle and store the data effectively. The storage system thus required was a database management system but again technical knowledge was required to make things work appropriately. However, this approach was the traditional one which requires data to be stored in tabular format whereas Object oriented architecture has taken the programming language to a whole new technical phase for which the traditional RDBMS will not efficiently accomplish the expected job. To fulfill this gap in the literature, Object Relational Mapping is emerged as a solution to provide which provide comparative technical features effortlessly. These characteristics simplify and make the mapping of objects in object-oriented programming languages more flexible, efficient and easy to use.Therefore, we propose in this paper that Object relational Modeling (ORM) relates each object of object oriented languages to corresponding rows in the table.

Aleksey A. Burykin

The article represents new facts concerning the problem of ancient language communications and facts confirming the interaction of Turkic languages with Mongolic and Tungus-Manchu ones. The paper shows that the words representing cultural lexicon of Turkic languages were repeatedly borrowed into both the Mongolic and Tungus-Manchu languages and dialects, and those were Turkic languages - many of them extinct nowadays - that were sources of such diverse loans. The materials under consideration constitute a new episode in studies of the mentioned interlingual relations. And when it comes to the description of lexical structure of Altaic languages in the historical and areal perspectives, the presented facts prove interesting both in terms of theory and practice. The paper concludes that all revealed patterns of the kind are characterized by some features as follows: 1) the words to be compared are beyond the systems of correspondences inherent to the comparative and historical phonetics of Tungus-Manchu languages, but match the Turkic system of correspondences exactly for the specific consonants - δ, š, z, j - and are somewhat congruent with the uncommon transformations of vowels typical, e.g., for the Chuvash language; 2) the vast majority of patterns revealed during the search of correspondences for the targeted Turkic roots show no significant semantic differences, otherwise their semantic divergences match the divergence processes to be witnessed in Turkic languages as such, etc. Together with the similar facts in these languages there are such forms of words which help us reconstruct the lexical units as elements of common Altaic lexicon. The article concludes that the goals of further studies of areal relations between Turkic, Mongolic and Tungus-Manchu languages should comprise systemization and linguo-geographic analysis of the facts mirroring elements of such extinct languages dated 3 000 years back (when the Tungus-Manchu group split up resulting in the divergence of the Turkic languages that were in contact with diffusing dialects of the Common Tungus-Manchu parent language), and, thus, deepening the prospects of Turkic studies by 1 700 years from the period of the earliest Turkic written monuments.

Serpil Yıldırım

Kadınyazarlar, eserlerinde genellikle kadın sorunlarını ele alarak kadınlara veonların toplumdaki yerlerine ve önemlerine dair görüş ve düşüncelerini herfırsatta dile getirmişlerdir. Feriba Vefi de, bütün çabasını holistik biryaklaşımla modern kadınların sorunlarını dile getirmeye, sade ve içten birdille onların iç dünyasını tasvir etmeye çalışan çağdaş İran edebiyatınınrealist yazarlardan birisidir. Özellikle toplumun orta sınıfından seçilenkadınların hayatlarından kesitler sunarak okuyucunun gözünde bu kadınları adetaete kemiğe büründürmektedir. Vefi, Uçup Giden Bir Kuş romanında bir kadınınkimlik arayışını ve bu sancılı arayışta onun yaşadığı kimlik buhranını tümçıplaklığıyla gözler önüne sermektedir. Buromanda kadın, olanca bedensel ve düşünsel gücünü, ev işlerine yetişmek vecinsiyet rolünün klişelerini yerine getirmekte kullanır. Bu karaktere ait,okuyucunun gözünde somutlaşan en önemli şey, ev hanımı, ebeveyn ve birey olmakgibi çeşitli görevler içeren eş, anne ve evlat rolüdür. Romandaki kadın süreklikendisine biçilen bu rolleri yerine getirmekle görevlidir ve evin dışında birhayatın kendisi için mümkün olmadığının farkındadır.Buçalışmada, yukarıda adı geçen romanda, bütün vaktini evde geçiren, kendinisadece aile birliğini korumada ve kadınlık görevini yerine getirmede sorumlugören kadının herkesten bağımsız bireysel kimlik arayışı ve yaşadığı kimlikbuhranı ele alınacaktır.

D. Vinokurova

The article analyzes influence of territorial mobility on family and kinship ties and on migratory intentions of the population on the example of opinions of the respondents living at the time of poll in Lensk, Mirnyi, Yakutsk.

E. Bembeev, A. Butaeva, G. Daljueva

Since the Kalmyk Language belongs to the agglutinative type of languages, one should take into account some peculiarities when modeling structural schemes of a sentence. First, unlike Russian, the Kalmyk language lacks an indefinite (unconjugated) form of a verb, i.e. the infinitive. Secondly, as for the syntax, it is strongly fixed and left-branching. Thirdly, verbs and nouns can join personal-predicate particles (in terms of modern terminology, i.e. predictability of affixes). Additionally, researchers present the following preliminary schematic structures of a simple sentence in the Kalmyk language: 1) One compound scheme structures with nominal or verbal predicate (usually presented in spoken language); 2) Two compound schematic structures both with a nominal and verbal predicate; 3) More complicated scheme structures both with a nominal and verbal predicate. By focusing on one of the components it is possible to identify a nominal and verbal two compound scheme structures, whereas the character of the predicate nucleus scheme structures allows to identify two different scheme structures: verbal and linking respectively. The research considers two scheme structures: S1 + N + (COPf) and S1 + ADJ + (COPf). The predicate of the first two compound model is the noun in the nominative, genitive or joint case, coordinated with the subject; case affects the semantics of the scheme. The second model is made up of the subject which may function either as a noun lexeme (N) or as a quantitative or any other attributive noun phrase dependent on the subject; substantive pronoun (PRON), substantivized participle or adjective or any other substantivized part of speech and predicate adjective, accompanied by linking verbs, as well as different particles. The semantics of the following scheme structure S + ADJ + (COPf) is to express “the relationship between the subject and its predicate feature - property or quality”. The models of a simple sentence in the Kalmyk language are considered to be used in a very natural and regular way.

Asyifa Ulam, Emzir Emzir, Nuruddin Nuruddin

The purpose of this study was to describe (1) the compliances and deviations of the principle of cooperation in the speech of Arabian humorous story “Nawadir Juha Li Al-Athfal”, (2) the speech context in the story. This research used descriptive methods with qualitative approach. The focus of this study was the speech of compliances and deviations of cooperation principle which was used in Arabian humorous story by using methods and techniques to collect the data. In the provision of data, note and record technique was used, namely selecting the text and recording data that contained speech of compliance and deviation toward the principles of cooperation. The result of this research showed the speech of Arabian humorous story “Nawadir Juha Li Al-Athfal” contained elements of compliance and deviation toward the principles of cooperation with all of four maxims: maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner.

Fatihunnada Anis, Ade Supriadi, Mohammad Ayyub

Bobryk, Roman

R. Umi Baroroh, M. Jakfar Shodik, Tony Fransiska

The factor of failure in Arabic language learning in Indonesia is the lack of activities in language learning. One of language learning activities is identifying meaning or word meaning and phrase in dictionary. However, word and phrase index developed based on teaching materials at madrasah non-pesantren was not developed yet. Therefore, Research and Development is needed to apply. After having collected the word and phrase index that were collected from teaching materials of Arabic language at MI non-pesantren in Indonesia, then it was tested at MIN Malang. The result showed that: there was a development in Arabic language learning through word and phrase index; that was students’ competence to identify meaning and collaboration in understanding text and context in a sentence. After having applied the experiment, students’ average score increased from 52 with 19 failed students to 81,26 with 5 failed students. DOI: 10.24865/ajas.v1i2.6