Hasil untuk "Oils, fats, and waxes"

Hui SUN, Haibin WANG, Lei YANG et al.

ObjectiveNatural gas safety remains a critical issue for China’s energy security. A scientific assessment of China’s natural gas safety is essential for effective energy strategy development and supply security. However, a comprehensive evaluation system that integrates Chinese characteristics, industry consensus, and practical operability has yet to be established. MethodsUtilizing the CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) database as the sole data source, searches for “natural gas safety” and “natural gas risk” were conducted. Through bibliometric and content analysis, the methods for constructing China’s natural gas safety evaluation indicator system were systematically reviewed across five aspects: indicator selection, screening methods, assignment techniques, weight determination, and safety rating approaches. Current research gaps were identified, and future research directions were outlined. Results(1) China’s natural gas safety evaluation should encompass six dimensions: domestic production, resource imports, market demand, price level, infrastructure, and the economic-social environment. The first three dimensions are central to the current evaluation system, with 10 of the 14 most frequently used indicators (over 10.0％ usage) belonging to these dimensions, accounting for 71.4％. The three most widely used indicators are external dependence, natural gas consumption intensity, and reserve-production ratio, with frequencies of 60.3％, 46.6％, and 46.6％, respectively. (2) The current indicators selected for China’s natural gas safety evaluation system are generally indirect or secondary indicators. Among the 14 most frequently used indicators (over 10.0％ usage), all but per capita GDP and transport distance are indirect indicators, meaning they must be derived from other data. (3) There is a shift from subjective judgment to mathematical methods/models in indicator screening and weight determination. The entropy weight method (44.8％) and principal component analysis (24.1％) are the most frequently used. Despite progress, a widely accepted natural gas safety evaluation indicator system has not yet been established in China. ConclusionA natural gas safety evaluation system tailored to China’s national context, aligned with domestic policy, and balancing scientific rigor with operability should be developed. Dynamic monitoring and iterative adjustments are vital to support national energy security decision-making and the industry’s sustainable development.

Jason Kostrna, Ekaterina Oparina, Andres J. Rodriguez et al.

Smartwatches are widely used to estimate caloric expenditure for weight management, clinical decision making, and public health monitoring. These devices combine photoplethysmography, accelerometry, and proprietary algorithms. However, prior studies report substantial error, and the influence of moderators such as skin tone and body fat percentage (BF) remains underexamined. This study tested whether smartwatch brand, BF, and Fitzpatrick skin type (III to V) predict caloric expenditure error relative to indirect calorimetry. Fifty eight Hispanic adults completed a single laboratory visit including a ten minute recumbent cycling protocol with alternating two minute moderate and vigorous intensity intervals, bracketed by rest and recovery. Participants wore four consumer devices: Apple Watch Series 8, Fitbit Sense 2, Samsung Galaxy Watch 5, and Garmin Forerunner 955. Energy expenditure was measured using a COSMED K5 metabolic system. After device specific data quality filtering, valid participant device pairings ranged from 44 to 52 per brand. One sample tests showed significant mean bias for three devices: Apple, Garmin, and Samsung. Fitbit showed no significant overall bias, although this depended on device specific outlier removal. Mean bias varied by brand, with Garmin and Samsung showing the largest overestimations. Mixed effects models revealed significant effects of device and BF, as well as a device by BF interaction, with physical activity energy expenditure error increasing as adiposity increased. Overall, common smartwatches substantially misestimate caloric expenditure compared with indirect calorimetry. Error varies by brand and worsens with higher body fat, highlighting limitations of current consumer wearables and the need for improved accuracy across diverse body types.

Lauren Dutcher, Benjamin Baylis, John R. Dutcher et al.

When a liquid droplet completely wets a hard substrate, its spreading dynamics follow Tanner's law, with the droplet radius growing as the one-tenth power of time. Here, we investigate how these dynamics change when silicone oil droplets spread on soft silicone elastomer and gel films supported by a rigid silicon substrate. While the droplets fully wet the elastomer surface, they also simultaneously swell the elastomer film. By varying the film thickness, we observe deviations from the classical power-law scaling, which we interpret in terms of changes to the effective stiffness and the absorption potential of the system. We describe the spreading behavior using a phenomenological model that accounts for both absorption and mechanical contributions.

常大伟，曹佳怡，姚芊，任娜，王虎玄，孙玉姣，沈文 CHANG Dawei,CAO Jiayi, YAO Qian, REN Na, WANG Huxuan, SUN Yujiao, SHEN Wen

旨在提高二氢杨梅素（DMY）的生物利用度，制备了二氢杨梅素自微乳（DMY-SMES），通过DMY在辅料（油相、乳化剂和助乳化剂）中的溶解度及各辅料的相容性确定油相、乳化剂和助乳化剂，通过伪三元相图确定三者在自微乳中的比例，在此基础上，以粒径、多分散指数（PDI）和载药量为指标，通过单纯形网格法优化DMY-SMES的配方，并对最佳配方制备的DMY-SMES进行表征。结果表明：以中链甘油三酯（MCT）、吐温80和聚乙二醇400分别为油相、乳化剂和助乳化剂,DMY-SMES的最佳配方为10%MCT、60%吐温80、30%聚乙二醇400，在此条件下DMY-SMES的液滴平均粒径为14.46 nm，PDI为0.138，载药量为29.84 mg/g，包封率可达 85.26%；最佳配方所得DMY-SMES为浅黄色澄清液体，乳滴呈类球形、粒径小、表面光滑，无团聚现象，为O/W型，自微乳及其稀释液的稳定性均较优；DMY-SMES的浊点为70 ℃；DMY-SMES在水、pH 1.2 HCl、pH 6.8 磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）中及在30 d的储藏期内（4 ℃），其液滴粒径和分布均无明显变化；DMY-SMES在水、pH 1.2 HCl、pH 6.8 PBS 中的释放量明显高于游离DMY；在一定质量浓度下，DMY-SMES的DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力强于游离DMY。综上，自微乳可提高DMY的溶解度，使其具有良好的生物相容性和稳定性，在食品工业和医药领域具有广阔的发展前景。 In order to improve the bioavailability of dihydromyricetin (DMY), dihydromyricetin self-microemulsifying system (DMY-SMES) was prepared. The solubility of DMY in excipients (oil phase, emulsifier, and co-emulsifier) and the compatibility of each excipient were investigated to determine the oil phase, emulsifier, and co-emulsifier. The proportions of these components in the self-microemulsifying system were determined based on the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Then, the formulation of DMY-SMES was optimized by the simplex lattice method using particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and drug loading as indicators. The DMY-SMES prepared with the optimal formulation was characterized. The results showed that with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), Tween-80, and polyethylene glycol 400 as oil phase, emulsifier and co-emulsifier, respectively, the optimal formulation of DMY-SMES was 10% MCT, 60% Tween-80, and 30% polyethylene glycol 400. Under these conditions, the average particle size of DMY-SMES was 14.46 nm, the PDI was 0.138, and the drug loading was 29.84 mg/g, with an encapsulation efficiency of 85.26%. The DMY-SMES obtained from the optimal formulation was a light yellow, clear liquid with spherical-like droplets, small particle size, smooth surface, and no aggregation, forming an O/W type. Both the self-microemulsifying system and its diluted solutions exhibited excellent stability. The cloud point of DMY-SMES was 70 ℃. The particle size and distribution of DMY-SMES in water, pH 1.2 HCl, and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution (PBS) showed no significant changes during the 30 d storage period (4 ℃). The release amount of DMY-SMES in water, pH 1.2 HCl, and pH 6.8 PBS was significantly higher than that of free DMY. At a certain mass concentration, the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging abilities of DMY-SMES were stronger than those of free DMY. In conclusion, the self-microemulsion system can improve the solubility of DMY, giving DMY good biocompatibility and stability, and it has broad prospects for development in the food industry and pharmaceutical field.

Shunsuke Nakaya, Jun Matsushima

Net energy - the energy obtained from a resource after accounting for the energy expended in its acquisition - fundamentally determines the capacity of societies to sustain and expand. The extended Energy Return on Investment (EROIext) incorporates not only extraction and refining but also transport and end-use infrastructure, yet its long-term dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we apply a Single-Cycle Lotka-Volterra (SCLV) model to the global petroleum system, calibrated with historical data from 1965-2012. The model projects trajectories of production, capital, and EROIext to 2100, and integrates an entropy-based indicator to evaluate the system's ability to maintain social order. Results show that oil production peaks around 2041, while EROIext declines continuously and falls below unity by 2081. This marks the point at which oil no longer delivers net energy, coinciding with the peak of capital stock, suggesting unsustainable investment in a diminishing resource. The rising entropy ratio signals declining systemic resilience. These findings underscore the importance of evaluating energy systems not only by quantity or cost but also by thermodynamic quality, with direct implications for balancing short-term energy security and long-term sustainability in policy design.

Na Wei, Wen-Jie Xie, Wei-Xing Zhou

With the frequent occurrence of black swan events, global energy security situation has become increasingly complex and severe. Assessing the resilience of the international oil trade network (iOTN) is crucial for evaluating its ability to withstand extreme shocks and recover thereafter, ensuring energy security. We overcomes the limitations of discrete historical data by developing a simulation model for extreme event shock-recovery in the iOTNs. We introduce network efficiency indicator to measure oil resource allocation efficiency and evaluate network performance. Then, construct a resilience index to explore the resilience of the iOTNs from dimensions of resistance and recoverability. Our findings indicate that extreme events can lead to sharp declines in performance of the iOTNs, especially when economies with significant trading positions and relations suffer shocks. The upward trend in recoverability and resilience reflects the self-organizing nature of the iOTNs, demonstrating its capacity for optimizing its own structure and functionality. Unlike traditional energy security research based solely on discrete historical data or resistance indicators, our model evaluates resilience from multiple dimensions, offering insights for global energy governance systems while providing diverse perspectives for various economies to mitigate risks and uphold energy security.

Sheng Chen, Zihao Tang, Dongnan Liu et al.

Precise thigh muscle volumes are crucial to monitor the motor functionality of patients with diseases that may result in various degrees of thigh muscle loss. T1-weighted MRI is the default surrogate to obtain thigh muscle masks due to its contrast between muscle and fat signals. Deep learning approaches have recently been widely used to obtain these masks through segmentation. However, due to the insufficient amount of precise annotations, thigh muscle masks generated by deep learning approaches tend to misclassify intra-muscular fat (IMF) as muscle impacting the analysis of muscle volumetrics. As IMF is infiltrated inside the muscle, human annotations require expertise and time. Thus, precise muscle masks where IMF is excluded are limited in practice. To alleviate this, we propose a few-shot segmentation framework to generate thigh muscle masks excluding IMF. In our framework, we design a novel pseudo-label correction and evaluation scheme, together with a new noise robust loss for exploiting high certainty areas. The proposed framework only takes $1\%$ of the fine-annotated training dataset, and achieves comparable performance with fully supervised methods according to the experimental results.

Theodore A. Grosson, Andrei Nomerotski, The LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration

Cosmic rays are particles from the upper atmosphere which often leave bright spots and trails in images from telescope CCDs. We investigate so-called ``fat" cosmic rays seen in images from Vera C. Rubin Observatory and the Subaru Telescope. These tracks are much wider and brighter than typical cosmic ray tracks, and therefore are more capable of obscuring data in science images. By understanding the origins of these tracks, we can better ensure that they do not interfere with on-sky data. We compare the properties of these tracks to simulated and theoretical models in order to identify both the particles causing these tracks as well as the reason for their excess spread. We propose that the origin of these tracks is cosmic ray protons, which deposit much greater charge in the CCDs than typical cosmic rays due to their lower velocities. The generated charges then repel each other while drifting through the detector, resulting in a track which is much wider than typical tracks.

Prokhorov V.L., Alekseeva I.B.

The article is devoted to the results of exploration activity to search for hydrocarbon accumulations, carried out in the 2009-2020 period in the Kaliningrad onshore area. The effectiveness of exploration activity and the replenishment of oil reserves are considered. Proposals are presented for changing the prospecting methodology, licensing of subsoil plots, as well as the direction of further exploration activity in the southeastern part of this region.

闫茂里1，鲍春辉1，高同贺1，秦忠凯1，赵树超2，李庆卓3YAN Maoli1, BAO Chunhui1,GAO Tonghe1,QIN Zhongkai1,ZHAO Shuchao2,LI Qingzhuo3

植物油厂精炼车间有许多电气设备和自控仪表，电气设备是精炼车间重要的动力来源，自控仪表监测生产过程中温度、压力、流量等生产参数，因此针对电气设备和自控仪表的控制显得尤其重要。以西门子S7-1500 PLC为下位机，WINCC V7.4为上位机构建精炼车间自动控制系统是当今较为先进的一种控制系统。对精炼车间自动控制系统设计过程中的主要部分包括自动控制系统硬件组态、自动控制系统程序、WINCC V7.4上位机监控系统等设计过程进行介绍。该自动控制系统可以提高精炼车间电气设备运行效率，优化生产参数，保障生产顺利进行。 There are many electrical equipment and automatic control instruments in the refining workshop. Electrical equipment is an important power source in the refining workshop of vegetable oil factory. Automatic control instruments can monitor production parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rate in the production process,so the control of electrical equipment and automatic control instruments is particularly important. With Siemens S7-1500 PLC as lower computer, WINCC V7.4 as upper computer to build automatic control system for refinining workshop is a relatively advanced control system today. The main parts of the design process of automatic control system in refining workshop were introduced, including control system hardware configuration,automatic control system programming, WINCC V7.4 upper computer monitoring system. The automatic control system can improve the operation efficiency of electrical equipment in refining workshop, optimize production parameters and ensure smooth production.

Saiyad Ashanujjaman, Debajyoti Choudhury, Kirtiman Ghosh

Exotic leptons in large gauge multiplets, appearing in many scenarios beyond the Standard Model (SM), can be produced at the LHC in pairs or association. Owing to their large masses, their eventual decay products -- SM leptons and bosons -- tend to be highly boosted, with the jets stemming from the SM bosons more likely to manifest themselves as a single fat-jet rather than two resolved ones. With the corresponding SM backgrounds being suppressed, final states with two or three leptons and one or two fat-jets are expected to be sensitive in probing exotic fermions much heavier than 1 TeV, and we propose and investigate an appropriate search strategy. To concentrate on the essential, we consider extensions of the SM by leptonic multiplets of a single kind (triplets, quadruplets or quintuplets), bearing in mind that such simplified models typically arise as low-energy limits of more ambitious scenarios addressing various lacunae of the SM. Performing a systematic and comprehensive study of nine such scenarios at the 13 TeV LHC, we find that the corresponding $5σ$ discovery reaches a range from 985 GeV to 1650 GeV (1345 GeV to 2020 GeV) for 300 (3000) fb$^{-1}$.

Meisin Lee, Lay-Ki Soon, Eu-Gene Siew

One of the challenges in event extraction via traditional supervised learning paradigm is the need for a sizeable annotated dataset to achieve satisfactory model performance. It is even more challenging when it comes to event extraction in the finance and economics domain, a domain with considerably fewer resources. This paper presents a complete framework for extracting and processing crude oil-related events found in CrudeOilNews corpus, addressing the issue of annotation scarcity and class imbalance by leveraging on the effectiveness of transfer learning. Apart from event extraction, we place special emphasis on event properties (Polarity, Modality, and Intensity) classification to determine the factual certainty of each event. We build baseline models first by supervised learning and then exploit Transfer Learning methods to boost event extraction model performance despite the limited amount of annotated data and severe class imbalance. This is done via methods within the transfer learning framework such as Domain Adaptive Pre-training, Multi-task Learning and Sequential Transfer Learning. Based on experiment results, we are able to improve all event extraction sub-task models both in F1 and MCC1-score as compared to baseline models trained via the standard supervised learning. Accurate and holistic event extraction from crude oil news is very useful for downstream tasks such as understanding event chains and learning event-event relations, which can be used for other downstream tasks such as commodity price prediction, summarisation, etc. to support a wide range of business decision making.

Th. Larsen, A. L. Søbye, J. R. Royer et al.

We study the role of filler concentration and microphysics on the rheology of polydisperse flake-graphite particles suspended in Newtonian mineral oil. Under steady shear, our samples exhibit shear thinning and yielding behaviour is observed for volume fractions $φ> 0.18$. Time-temperature superposition was observed using an Arrhenius-type horizontal shift factor, giving a flow activation energy that is dependent on the graphite volume fraction, suggesting concentration-dependent contributions to relaxation processes in the suspensions. The flow curves are fitted by a constraint-based model, indicating that the flow behaviour is controlled by frictional and adhesive contacts, with the model suggesting that the adhesive stress is temperature dependent.

Wang Jiangshuai, Li Jun, Liu Gonghui et al.

Managed pressure drilling technology is an effective method to solve the problem of drilling in narrow safe density window formation. In order to accurately design the managed pressure drilling parameters and improve the rationality of the design method, based on the wellbore hydraulics and heat transfer theory, after having fully considered the influence of wellbore temperature and back pressure control range, the design method of drilling fluid density and back pressure was established, the design principle of managed pressure drilling was formulated, and the optimization design of managed pressure drilling parameters was carried out for a well in Ledong block. The study results show that after having considered the influence of wellbore temperature, the design value of drilling fluid density is lower; after having considered the influence of back pressure control range, the optimal drilling fluid density can be obtained, which effectively increases the design depth of managed pressure drilling and simplifies the casing layers; and the increase of displacement will lead to the increase of bottomhole pressure, thus narrowing the optional range of drilling fluid density in the design of managed pressure drilling parameters. The study results provide theoretical guidance for the application of managed pressure drilling technology in narrow safe density window formation.

Sabine Krist

Sabine Krist

Qing SHU, Xiaoqin XIONG, Jun ZENG et al.

Density is an important indicator in production and sales of crude oil. According to the density of oil products, crude oil can be divided into light oil, medium-Ⅰ oil, medium-Ⅱ oil and heavy oil, and the prices of different oils vary greatly.Through the density testing of various oil products at different mix ratio and with reference to the calculation model of theviscosity, freezing point and yield value of mixed crude oil, calculation model of crude oil density was put forward based onthe massive experimental data. Comparing the measured density with the predicted density of the model, it is found that themaximum error is 0.001 584 g/cm3, and the average error is less than 0.000 6 g/cm3, which meets the error standard of thenational density test. Therefore, the prediction result of the model is relatively accurate and could provide a reference for onsiteblending.

Jun Peng, Haodong Han, Qingsong Xia et al.

Using the fractal geometry method, the microscopic pore structures of tight sandstone reservoirs in Kalpintag Formation of Shuntuoguole area in Tarim Basin were conducted fractal characterization on the base of test analysis data such as physical property, cast thin section, scanning electron microscope and mercury injection, and the genetic mechanism of pore structure heterogeneity was investigated. The storage spaces are dominated by intergranular dissolved pore, intragranular dissolved pore and residual intergranular pore, and the throat type consists of the necking throat, lamellar throat, curved lamellar throat and tube-shaped throat. The microscopic structure type includes Type I (fractal dimension≤2.350), Type II (2.350<fractal dimension<2.580), Type III (fractal dimension≥2.580) and fracture type. The most favorable reservoirs with Type-I microscopic pore structure are mainly distributed in the Upper Member of Kalpintag Formation, while the reservoirs with Type-II and Type-III microscopic pore structures are mainly in the Lower Member of Kalpintag Formation. The sedimentation controls the heterogeneity of microscopic pore structure, and the differences on composition and particle size of sandstone lead to differentiation of microscopic pore structures. The Lower Member of the Kalpintag Formation experiences stronger compaction and cementation but weaker dissolution than the Upper Member of the Kalpingtag Formation, and thus the microscopic pore structure of Upper Member of the Kalpintag Formation is significantly worse that of the Lower Member o the Kalpingtag Formation. The Upper Member of the Kalpintag Formation with high content of brittle mineral develops microscopic fractures due to tectonic rupture, thus the permeability is improved and the heterogeneity of microscopic pore structures is enhanced; but the Lower Member of Kalpintag Formation is characterized by attrition crushing of particles and strong compaction. Keywords: Pore throat, Fractal dimension, Heterogeneity of microscopic pore structure, Tight sandstone of Kalpintag Formation, Tarim Basin

Bing Wei, Tao Song, Yan Gao et al.

To address the fast productivity decline of the horizontal wells and low oil recovery during natural depletion in Baikouquan formation, the approach of solution gas re-injection was proposed with the primary objective of further developing this formation. Herein, a field-scale numerical compositional reservoir model was built up based on the formation properties and then the effects of permeability, fractures and formation stress on the production dynamics were thoroughly investigated. A sensitivity analysis, which can correlate the oil recovery with these parameters, was also performed. The results showed that the re-injection of solution gas could remarkably retard the production depletion of the horizontal wells thereby improving the oil production. The oil recovery rate increased with permeability, fracture half-length, fracture conductivity, and formation dip. With regard to the fracture distribution, it was found that the interlaced fracture outperformed the aligned fracture for the solution gas re-injection. The influence of the formation stress should be carefully considered in the production process. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the formation dip was the paramount parameter, and the permeability, fracture half-length, and fracture conductivity also played central roles. The results of this study supplement earlier observations and provide constructive envision for enhanced oil recovery of tight reservoirs.

Rongda Zhang, Guanghui Yang, Kang Ma et al.

Abstract Worldwide, for older fields that are in the late stages of production period, production wells that lose production value due to high water cut are usually shut down. In this situation, the remaining oil in the reservoir will be re-enriched under the influence of gravity differentiation and capillary forces. Production practices find when the production well is closed for a long time and then opened for restarting production, the water cut drops dramatically and the output rise sharply. In order to anticipate the effects of enrichment of remaining oil in the reservoir, this paper analyzes 10 influencing factors respectively. Secondly, change of water cut before and after shut-in is used as the evaluation index of residual oil enrichment effect. Numerical simulation method is used to simulate the influence of different factors on the effect of external migrations of remaining oil at different levels. Grey correlation analysis is utilized to rank the correlation of 10 factors on residual oil enrichment and then we can get the main controlling factors affecting residual oil enrichment. Finally, the response surface analysis method is used to establish a 5-factor 3-level model, and the corresponding prediction results are obtained through numerical simulation experiments. The main control factors are fitted to obtain the prediction formula of the remaining oil enrichment effect. As a result, we can use the prediction formula to forecast the enrichment effect of remaining oil under different reservoir parameters.