Hasil untuk "Maps"

G. Chander, B. Markham, D. Helder

K. Frazer, D. Ballinger, D. Cox et al.

M. Peel, B. Finlayson, T. McMahon

Abstract. Although now over 100 years old, the classification of climate originally formulated by Wladimir Koppen and modified by his collaborators and successors, is still in widespread use. It is widely used in teaching school and undergraduate courses on climate. It is also still in regular use by researchers across a range of disciplines as a basis for climatic regionalisation of variables and for assessing the output of global climate models. Here we have produced a new global map of climate using the Koppen-Geiger system based on a large global data set of long-term monthly precipitation and temperature station time series. Climatic variables used in the Koppen-Geiger system were calculated at each station and interpolated between stations using a two-dimensional (latitude and longitude) thin-plate spline with tension onto a 0.1°×0.1° grid for each continent. We discuss some problems in dealing with sites that are not uniquely classified into one climate type by the Koppen-Geiger system and assess the outcomes on a continent by continent basis. Globally the most common climate type by land area is BWh (14.2%, Hot desert) followed by Aw (11.5%, Tropical savannah). The updated world Koppen-Geiger climate map is freely available electronically in the Supplementary Material Section.

M. Kanehisa, S. Goto

B. O'Connor

Z. Xia, M. Dickens, J. Raingeaud et al.

R. Davis

T. Hafting, M. Fyhn, S. Molden et al.

Lufen Chang, M. Karin

B. Voight, S. Kudaravalli, Xiaoquan Wen et al.

The identification of signals of very recent positive selection provides information about the adaptation of modern humans to local conditions. We report here on a genome-wide scan for signals of very recent positive selection in favor of variants that have not yet reached fixation. We describe a new analytical method for scanning single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for signals of recent selection, and apply this to data from the International HapMap Project. In all three continental groups we find widespread signals of recent positive selection. Most signals are region-specific, though a significant excess are shared across groups. Contrary to some earlier low resolution studies that suggested a paucity of recent selection in sub-Saharan Africans, we find that by some measures our strongest signals of selection are from the Yoruba population. Finally, since these signals indicate the existence of genetic variants that have substantially different fitnesses, they must indicate loci that are the source of significant phenotypic variation. Though the relevant phenotypes are generally not known, such loci should be of particular interest in mapping studies of complex traits. For this purpose we have developed a set of SNPs that can be used to tag the strongest ∼250 signals of recent selection in each population.

I. Graham, J. Logan, M. Harrison et al.

P. Emsley, K. Cowtan

CCP4mg is a project that aims to provide a general-purpose tool for structural biologists, providing tools for X-ray structure solution, structure comparison and analysis, and publication-quality graphics. The map-fitting tools are available as a stand-alone package, distributed as 'Coot'.

D. Botstein, R. White, M. Skolnick et al.

J. Lamb, E. Crawford, David Peck et al.

G. Lindblad

Michael Montemerlo, S. Thrun, D. Koller et al.

M. Dissanayake, P.Newman, S. Clark et al.

M. Schmid, T. Davison, Stefan R. Henz et al.

G. Pearson, Fred L Robinson, T. Gibson et al.

M. Olivier