Il doping viene spesso rappresentato come un fenomeno che riguarda prevalentemente “alcune mele marce” che hanno scelto di infrangere le norme. per ottenere un indebito vantaggio sugli avversari. In quest’ottica il doping è l’esito di una scelta di un attore concepito come isolato dal contesto sociale. Tuttavia, negli ultimi venti anni? la letteratura sociologica sul doping ha evidenziato come la metafora delle “mele marce” sia una semplificazione poiché le scelte individuali devono essere comprese facendo riferimento sia all’influenza più generale del contesto sociale e culturale sia a quella più specifica delle reti sociali in cui gli atleti sono collocati.
In questo saggio presentiamo i risultati di uno studio qualitativo che ha integrato una survey online sul consumo (legale e illegale) di farmaci ed integratori per migliorare le prestazioni sportive
da parte di un campione di atleti agonisti, non professionisti. Lo studio qualitativo aveva l’obiettivo di descrivere i percorsi attraverso i quali gli atleti arrivano ad utilizzare sostanze dopanti. In particolare noi eravamo interessati a comprendere se, e attraverso quali meccanismi, il doping si possa configurare come un comportamento in equilibro tra normalità e devianza. I risultati dello studio evidenziano come alcuni processi che caratterizzano la società contemporanea (quali la medicalizzazione, la farmacologizzazione, l’enfasi sulla prestazione), a cui le analisi macro-sociologiche fanno riferimento per spiegare lo sviluppo del doping nello sport moderno, plasmino anche i vocabolari motivazionali di coloro che si dopano, contribuendo a mantenere il doping in un delicato equilibro tra devianza e convenzione.
Introduction: Homelessness is one of the important issues of urban life in the last two decades..
It seems that society's concerns for the problem of homelessness and not finding a solution to solve it have led to turning to stigma: The violence against the homeless, the criminalization of homelessness, the invisibility of the homeless and using terms such as vagabond and drug addict. Media coverage plays an important role in the stigmatization and de-stigmatization of homelessness.
Method: To study the status of stigma (components, management and types of stigma) in radio programs related to homelessness, six programs were analyzed based on semiotic analysis, as one of the widely used methods in qualitative research of media texts.
Findings: The findings show that addiction and inappropriate appearance are highlighted as a "mark" and addict as a "group labeling" of homelessness. The stigma of "peril" is very prominent in the programs with the presence of informants and experts, and various types of harm, including crime and theft, the spread of addiction, disease, and identity less children, and the destruction of the spirit of society are attributed to this group. Stigma management in programs with the presence of homeless people is through "self-disclosure" and "masking", while stigma management in programs with the presence of informants and professionals is through two methods of "hiding" and "displacement".
Discussion: Despite the fact that in radio programs, the issues and problems of homelessness are not raised much, and the problem of addiction is mostly highlighted, and the issues related to poverty and the form of residence are not considered, but a space is provided for the homeless to talk about their personal experiences and for organizations to introduce their services. These conversations help to fade some stigmas and help people get to know each other more.
Jacques André Grings, Naira Kaieski, Carlos Fernando Jung
This paper presents the results of a research that aimed to understand what Educational Managers think about the professional choice of high school graduates in the Paranhana region of RS state This text uses Soares, Luck, Melo-Silva and Lisboa as the maintheoretical references. A survey was prepared and applied with a representative -director, vice-director or pedagogical advisor -from each MS school in the region. As a tool for data collection, a semi-structured interview script was used, composed of open-ended questions, the data being analyzed according to Bardin's content analysis methodology. The results demonstrate that the perception of Educational Managers about the factors that influence the professional choice do not converge with the students'demands, which point to personal fulfillment as the predominant factor in their choices. It is worthwhile to consider that, in the specialized literature, most of the studies show that the adolescent suffers from the feeling of indecision and that the family has the greatest influence on their choices. In this aspect, the thinking of Educational Managers is in line with the literature, given that most of them ratify that the adolescent is immature and undecided and, generally, the influences on the professional choice come from the family, the factors of employability and the condition economical.
Special aspects of education, Labor. Work. Working class
Minna Toivanen, Marja Känsälä, Tiina Kalliomäki-Levanto
Työssä voi kohdata monenlaisia yhteensattumia. Toisinaan nuo sattumukset ovat todellisia onnenpotkuja, toisinaan niiden merkitys on pienempi, mutta ne voivat silti olla hyödyllisiä tai merkityksellisiä. Nämä onnekkaat sattumat eli sattumalöydökset ovat serendipisyyskokemuksia. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää 1) millaisia sattumanvaraisia havaintoja asiantuntija työssä kohdataan, 2) missä sattumanvaraisia havaintoja tehdään, 3) missä määrin nämä havainnot tapahtuvat digitaalisessa ympäristössä ja 4) millaisia arvokkaita asioita syntyy sattuman seurauksena. Tutkimuksen teoreettisena viitekehyksenä toimii serendipisyyteen kohdistuva tutkimustraditio. Tutkimus
pohjautuu kolmentyyppiseen keväällä 2019 kerättyyn laadulliseen aineistoon: haastattelut, työpajaaineisto ja kyselyn avovastaukset. Kaikkiaan aineistoista tunnistettiin 437 sattumaesimerkkiä. Sosiaalinen vuorovaikutus ja ihmisten kasvokkainen kohtaaminen omalla työpaikalla osoittautuivat keskeisimmiksi serendipisyyskokemusten paikoiksi asiantuntijatyössä. Onnekkaitten löytöjen kautta syntyi sekä pieniä oivalluksia omaan työhön, kuten ohjelman tai sovelluksen uusia käyttötapoja, että merkittäviä tiedettä tai oman työpaikan toimintaa edistäviä havaintoja tai ratkaisuja. Tutkimus osoitti, että serendipisyys ei ole harvinainen ilmiö vaan ennemminkin luonnollinen ja olennainen osa asiantuntijatyötä.
Paola Tubaro, Clément Le Ludec, Antonio A. Casilli
<p class="first" id="d221934e93">‘Micro-work’ consists of fragmented data tasks that myriad providers execute on online
platforms. While crucial to the development of data-based technologies, this poorly
visible and geographically spread activity is particularly difficult to measure. To
fill this gap, we combined qualitative and quantitative methods (online surveys, in-depth
interviews, capture-recapture techniques and web traffic analytics) to count micro-workers
in a single country, France. On the basis of this analysis, we estimate that approximately
260,000 people are registered with micro-work platforms. Of these, some 50,000 are
‘regular’ workers who do micro-tasks at least monthly and we speculate that using
a more restrictive measure of ‘very active’ workers decreases this figure to 15,000.
This analysis contributes to research on platform labour and the labour in the digital
economy that lies behind artificial intelligence.
</p>
AbstractShivaji Nagar in the Deonar suburb of Mumbai is popularly known as “Bombay's Gas Chamber.” Located between one of Asia's largest garbage dumps and Mumbai's largest municipal slaughterhouse, this neighborhood is environmentally vulnerable, situated at the crossroads of clusters of heavy and petrochemical industries, and a network of the city's busiest highways. In popular, official, and scholarly narratives, this neighborhood has been constructed as a place of failure, waste, and death. The residents of Shivaji Nagar, well aware of these narratives, use the demonstration of “failure” to their advantage to stake claims of belonging to the neighborhood, and demand state assistance, albeit often with punitive consequences. They contend that in doing so, “failure” becomes not merely a judgment conferred upon the neighborhood, its residents, and their way of life, but rather a medium of exchange for and a condition of possibility of their futures, and thus elicits an additional amount of labor. The article will focus on these labors performed by the waste workers who live and work in the neighborhood.
Elivaldo Serrão Custódio, Piedade Lino Videira, Fábio José do Espírito Santo Souza
et al.
Neste artigo, abordaremos a benzeção, uma prática comum na Amazônia e em várias comunidades tradicionais do Estado do Amapá. As mulheres denominadas benzendeiras/curandeiras e/ou parteiras exercem um papel sociocultural e espiritual fundamental em suas comunidades. O presente texto trata-se de um trabalho reflexivo de cunho qualitativo que utilizou a pesquisa bibliográfica, a análise documental, a observação direta e a entrevista como forma de investigação. A pesquisa revelou que o conhecimento das benzendeiras/curandeiras e parteiras está ameaçado de extinção no Amapá porque as gerações atuais não demonstram interesse em aprender essa prática de cura. Outra ameaça consiste na mudança de religião de algumas dessas mulheres e/ou familiares que, ao ingressarem nas igrejas evangélicas neopentecostais, abandonam seu ofício/dom espiritual por ser considerado prática demoníaca nesses ambientes.
Social Sciences, Labor in politics. Political activity of the working class
Alongside the explosion of digital platforms, we are also facing the rise of worker’s unionism, especially for what concerns food delivery sector. An unexpected phenomenon which is not only challenging the difficulties that such an environment presents to organizing processes, but also long term de-unionization tendencies. However, more than traditional unionism, it is a sort of urban based informal unionism that it is rising in this sector, experimenting new and effective practices. This paper will try to better understand this phenomenon by focusing the case of Riders Union Bologna, which became one of the most popular of such experiences after signing Bologna’s Bill of rights of digital workers in urban context. Thus, after presenting the factors which have facilitated the rise of digital platform in food delivery sector, the paper will provide an empirical study by analyzing organizing practices, claims, struggling strategies and the results which characterized the struggle of Riders Union Bologna.
Ione dos Santos Rocha Cabral, José Rubens Mascarenhas de Almeida
RESUMO:
Este artigo propõe-se a analisar o espaço como produção social com base na teoria lefebvriana, destacando as contradições e a dinâmica que é própria à produção do espaço geográfico numa perspectiva crítica e dialética. Trata-se de parte da discussão das questões teóricas da tese de doutoramento intitulada: “Entre “esquinas esquisitas” e “nuanças de paredes”: reprodução do espaço e memória na cidade de Vitória da Conquista – BA (2000 – 2016)" com a persecução das relações entre memória e espaço com base nas práticas dos sujeitos sociais referidos por Harvey (1980) enfatizando as classes sociais e verificando a forma como estes se tornam constituintes de memória e como a utilizam como forma de legitimação e dominação social. O estudo observou a importância de pensar o espaço como produção humana fundamentada principalmente em Lefebvre (2006) para com isso identificar o papel da memória na práxis social e na prática espacial não apenas como narrativa do passado, mas como mediação da realidade presente e como forma de apropriação da história pelos sujeitos sociais.
Neste texto elabora-se um resgate acerca da origem da educação e a sua relação com a educação profissional, relativa à construção do ser humano e segundo uma intencionalidade que remete à instituição caracterizada por uma dualidade educacional pelo fato de estar inserida numa sociedade de classes. Desenvolve-se um resgate histórico sobre a ação normativa de conselheiros do Conselho Nacional de Educação sobre a educação profissional, que a estratifica com vistas a atender determinados interesses de determinados segmentos sociais. Apresenta-se, ainda, uma reflexão sobre os encantos e desenganos promovidos pela ação de vários sujeitos sociais, com vistas a manter a educação profissional e tecnológica numa perspectiva redentora, incutindo a ilusão de que o Estado brasileiro age a fim de superar a lógica desumanizadora do capital.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Reading the uberization of work configures the most emblematic example to analyze all the legal considerations about on demand work’s phenomenology. The digital work archetype, through the Uber’s platform, stood out thanks to an innovative planning of the traditional job’s performances organization. On closer inspection, the productive, technological and digital decentralization and the “de-materialization” of the employer, have produced new views on the subjugation to the employer’s powers. It’s possible to find, in these labour relations, a substantial relation of subordination as it is provided in Article 2094 of the Civil Code. There are valuable and appreciable signs that are important to correctly qualify this labour relation. These signs derive from the activities of the Italian Legislator and the Italian Judges. They used and analyzed specific factors, such as the society’s role conformation, the exercise of a “power of command” that includes detailed indication to follow, or the feedbacks’ mechanism which is expressed through the power of control and the disciplinary sanctions that can be inflicted to the drivers that did not follow the directives imposed by the app.
AbstractRecent scholarship highlights the global expansion of precarious layers of the working class. This article examines the growth and collective struggles of such precarious layers in two very different places: California, United States and Gauteng, South Africa. The comparison challenges and extends existing research in two ways. First, it shows that the spread of insecurity is far from uniform, taking different forms in different places. Lack of citizenship is more crucial for workers in California, whereas underemployment is more crucial for workers in Gauteng. Second, it shows that insecure segments of the working class are capable of developing collective agency. This agency may be rooted in identities that extend beyond precarious employment, and will reflect the particular forms of insecurity that are prevalent in the given context. Such diversity is illustrated by examining May Day protests in California and community protests around service delivery in Gauteng.
AbstractThis article explores the changing modes of political practices in the mill neighborhoods of Ahmedabad, through an investigation of the figure of the political intermediary. By focusing primarily on local municipal politics in the mill areas it charts the electoral fortunes of the main union, the Textile Labour Association, and the techniques of political control it exercised. Through an examination of the circulation of local power, I seek to understand the ambiguous but critical position occupied by the intermediary. I use both archival material and oral narratives to investigate the intersections and overlaps between two figures of local importance—the union representative and the neighborhood tough.