This article examines the intellectual debate between Max Gluckman and Paul Bohannan concerning the nature of legal concepts and the methodological foundations of legal anthropology, with a particular focus on African legal systems. The emergence of legal anthropology in Africa took place under conditions of colonial and postcolonial legal pluralism, which raised fundamental questions about the possibility of interpreting non-Western legal systems through the conceptual framework of Western jurisprudence. In this context, the debate between M. Gluckman and P. Bohannan became one of the most influential theoretical discussions in the field during the mid-twentieth century. M. Gluckman’s approach was based on the assumption that, despite cultural differences in substantive legal norms, the logic of legal reasoning and argumentation is universal and can be analyzed using abstract legal categories developed within Western legal thought. Drawing on extensive fieldwork among the Lozi and other African societies, he sought to demonstrate the rationality of African legal systems and to challenge colonial assumptions about their alleged primitiveness. By contrast, P. Bohannan argued for a radical cultural relativism, maintaining that legal concepts are inseparable from the cultural contexts in which they arise and that translating indigenous legal categories into Western legal terminology inevitably distorts their meaning. His studies of Tiv law emphasized the need to analyze legal phenomena strictly in indigenous terms. The article analyzes the theoretical implications of this debate and its impact on the subsequent development of legal anthropology in Africa. It demonstrates that the Gluckman–Bohannan controversy went beyond terminological disagreements and addressed broader issues concerning the limits of comparative analysis, the epistemological status of legal anthropology, and the balance between universality and cultural specificity in the study of law. The article argues that Gluckman’s position, despite its limitations, provides a more productive framework for comparative legal anthropology, as it allows for the recognition of cultural specificity while preserving the possibility of analytical comparison. Ultimately, the debate contributed to the shift in legal anthropology from a static, norm-centered understanding of law toward a processual analysis of dispute settlement, legal reasoning, and social change in African societies. Keywords: legal anthropology, philosophy of law, sociology of law, methodology of law, legal theory, legal relativism, legal culture, legal system, legal pluralism, anthropological and legal research.
The objective of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of interest rates and usury (riba) in the Islamic banking system, with an emphasis on the prohibition of usury. This research has been carried out using an analytical–descriptive method. The data for the study were collected through a documentary–library approach, using books, articles, websites, and reputable scientific portals as research tools. The findings of the study indicate that interest, in essence, is a cost that an individual must pay in return for receiving and using financial facilities, whereas usury (riba) refers to an increase, superiority, or excess that is taken in return for a loaned sum, which is expressly forbidden in the Holy Qur’an. The relationship between riba and interest implies that riba applies to initial loans of a consumptive nature. However, in modern banking, borrowing tends to have a productive nature and contributes to profit generation. Consequently, the conclusion can be drawn that, since interest is the cost of using money in productive activities in modern industry and commerce, it is not forbidden. In this context, the borrower invests the loaned sum in new industries and commerce, generates profit, and therefore must pay a share of that profit as interest. Hence, what the Qur’an has prohibited is riba—not interest. Furthermore, the research findings underscore the importance of understanding the philosophy behind the prohibition of riba for the development of the Islamic financial system, encouraging jurists and Muslim economists to conduct extensive research on the matter. Ultimately, the study concludes that a zero interest rate is not consistent with the theory of the prohibition of riba in Islamic economics. The prohibition of riba in the Islamic economic system leads to the realization of optimal conditions in practice within Muslim societies, in contrast to capitalism, where achieving optimal conditions—defined as the realization of all possible returns—is theoretically unattainable. The mental and objective foundations of interest proposed by capitalist economists have aimed to legitimize and naturalize the demand for loan interest. However, the theory of the prohibition of riba is based on the notion that interest lacks any natural or real foundation.
The year 1948 witnessed the historic moment of the birth of classic information theory (CIT). Guided by CIT, modern communication techniques have approached the theoretic limitations, such as, entropy function $H(U)$, channel capacity $C=\max_{p(x)}I(X;Y)$ and rate-distortion function $R(D)=\min_{p(\hat{x}|x):\mathbb{E}d(x,\hat{x})\leq D} I(X;\hat{X})$. Semantic communication paves a new direction for future communication techniques whereas the guided theory is missed. In this paper, we try to establish a systematic framework of semantic information theory (SIT). We investigate the behavior of semantic communication and find that synonym is the basic feature so we define the synonymous mapping between semantic information and syntactic information. Stemming from this core concept, synonymous mapping $f$, we introduce the measures of semantic information, such as semantic entropy $H_s(\tilde{U})$, up/down semantic mutual information $I^s(\tilde{X};\tilde{Y})$ $(I_s(\tilde{X};\tilde{Y}))$, semantic capacity $C_s=\max_{f_{xy}}\max_{p(x)}I^s(\tilde{X};\tilde{Y})$, and semantic rate-distortion function $R_s(D)=\min_{\{f_x,f_{\hat{x}}\}}\min_{p(\hat{x}|x):\mathbb{E}d_s(\tilde{x},\hat{\tilde{x}})\leq D}I_s(\tilde{X};\hat{\tilde{X}})$. Furthermore, we prove three coding theorems of SIT by using random coding and (jointly) typical decoding/encoding, that is, the semantic source coding theorem, semantic channel coding theorem, and semantic rate-distortion coding theorem. We find that the limits of SIT are extended by using synonymous mapping, that is, $H_s(\tilde{U})\leq H(U)$, $C_s\geq C$ and $R_s(D)\leq R(D)$. All these works composite the basis of semantic information theory. In addition, we discuss the semantic information measures in the continuous case. For the band-limited Gaussian channel, we obtain a new channel capacity formula, $C_s=B\log\left[S^4\left(1+\frac{P}{N_0B}\right)\right]$.
This paper delves into the intricate legal and ethical issues surrounding duty to rescue laws, scrutinizing their implications through the lens of legal philosophy. By examining the theoretical foundation of utilitarianism and the social construction of norms, it elucidates the moral imperative and societal benefits of mandating assistance in emergency situations. Drawing upon seminal works in ethical theory and jurisprudence, such as Peter Singer’s renowned thought experiment and the concept of the collective action problem, the paper navigates the intricate balance between individual autonomy and communal wellbeing. Moreover, it engages with practical considerations regarding the enforceability and efficacy of such laws, addressing concerns regarding personal autonomy and potential unintended consequences. Through thorough analysis and argumentation, this paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding the legal and ethical contours of duty to rescue laws, shedding light on both their merits and potential limitations in promoting a more just and compassionate society, finally coming to the conclusion that the arguments for the implementation of duty to rescue laws outweigh the arguments against.
The threat to human existence determines the need for an anthropological turn in the philosophy of law based on a modern interpretation of humanism principles. Perhaps in the very nature of homo there is a drive towards self-destruction, and the relatively short historical cultivation of homo juridicus, as an ideal legal subject which follows the law and respects the rights of others, could not put obstacles to the tendency. The aim of the study is to identify a genuine, i.e. preserving the identity of a human being, synthesis harmonizing the dialectics of alternative philosophical and legal views on his legal nature. The dialectic of homo juridicus is recognized through the solution of the problems outlined in the alternative answers to the questions: what is the disclosure of the nature of a human being as a legal phenomenon in the interpretation of religious-philosophical traditionalism (thesis); from the position of socio-philosophical scientism (antithesis); from the point of view of socio-cultural relativism (false synthesis). The research methodology includes generalization of views on the legal nature of man; abstraction from the diversity of legal statuses of subjects of legal relations; idealization of “legal man” as a philosophical and legal image and others. The dialectic of homo juridicus within the framework of alternative philosophical and legal approaches to understanding its nature is revealed through: the pursuit of the metaphysical (idealistic trends of jurisprudence); the appeal to rational knowledge within the framework of scientism (positivist-sociological theories of law); the context of relativistic disillusionment with the otherworldly and the empirical (legal postmodernism). The dialectic of homo juridicus indicates the dynamic stability of its legal nature; the transformation/ evolution of dimensions and characteristics of the human as a legal phenomenon prove his adaptability to the increasingly complex world, which requires not shaky relativism, but beneficial harmonization — a true synthesis embodying the principles of modern humanism — the transcendent (ideal) and this-worldly (material) in the nature of homo juridicus. True harmonization does not deny the innate legal characteristics of man, creatively developing the rational rules of his being (positive law) while striving for the metaphysical (legal ideal), its prerequisite is the preservation of homo and its uniqueness in future generations.
This paper explores the multifaceted implications of the philosophy and thoughts of Al-Mawardi, a seminal figure in Islamic jurisprudence and political theory, for contemporary global issues and development. Al-Mawardi’s extensive work in the 11th century laid down foundational principles of governance, ethics, and social welfare within an Islamic framework, offering insights into justice, leadership, and the role of the state. The paper, entitled “100 Implications of Philosophy and Thoughts of Al-Mawardi for the Current World and Development,” does not literally enumerate one hundred implications but employs ‘100’ symbolically to represent the vast, multidisciplinary impact of Al-Mawardi’s ideas across various fields including political governance, international relations, social justice, economic policies, environmental stewardship, education, and digital ethics among others. In an era marked by rapid globalization, digital transformation, and complex socio-political challenges, Al-Mawardi’s principles on ethical governance, adaptability of Islamic law, and community welfare provide crucial insights for contemporary discourse. This paper examines how Al-Mawardi’s thought can inform current debates on democratic values, human rights, global cooperation, and the sustainability of development efforts. It delves into the relevance of his work in promoting religious pluralism, enhancing international diplomacy, and addressing the ethical challenges posed by technological advancements. Furthermore, this analysis extends to exploring Al-Mawardi’s contributions to understanding the dynamics of globalization, the importance of education in the knowledge economy, and strategies for conflict resolution and peacebuilding in today’s interconnected world. By drawing parallels between Al-Mawardi’s philosophical underpinnings and modern developmental goals, the paper aims to highlight the enduring relevance of his thought in guiding ethical governance, fostering social cohesion, and promoting a just and equitable global society. Through a comprehensive review of Al-Mawardi’s legacy, this paper contributes to the ongoing scholarly engagement with Islamic political thought, emphasizing its potential to address contemporary issues and support sustainable development across cultures and civilizations. The multidisciplinary implications of Al-Mawardi’s philosophy underscore the timeless value of integrating ethical principles with practical governance to navigate the complexities of the 21st century.
Perkawinan paksa oleh kepala desa telah menetapkan pasal 26 dalam Undang-undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa yang kedua bahwa Kepala Desa tidak berwenang memaksakan perkawinan dan ayat keenam dalam butir pertama Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. yang melarang kawin paksa dan harus mendapat persetujuan dari calon mempelai. Namun praktik ini sudah dilakukan sejak lama dan didukung oleh masyarakat Katol Barat. Penelitian ini tergolong penelitian lapangan. Data yang digunakan adalah yang utama. Proses pengumpulan data menggunakan metode wawancara. Data dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Pengecekan keabsahan data menggunakan teknik triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) dalam perspektif hukum progresif, kawin paksa dalam kasus rek serek sesuai dengan prinsip hukum progresif, (2) dalam perspektif sadd al-dhari>'ah, pernikahan paksa dalam rek serek kasus sebagai mediasi untuk perilaku yang bermanfaat. Oleh karena itu, realisasinya harus didukung, dan (3) perbandingan antara hukum progresif dan sadd al-dhari>'ah meliputi persamaan dan perbedaannya. Hukum progresif dan sadd al-dhari>'ah memiliki persamaan untuk memunculkan kemaslahatan bagi umat dan mematikan arus utama hukum. Pembedaan keduanya pada dasarnya terletak pada bidang Ontologi, Epistimologi, dan Aksiologi.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Islamic law
Olena Pavlova, Iryna Kuchynska, Volodymyr Gorbalinskiy
et al.
The war that Russia started against Ukraine in 2022 shook the whole world. However, it is worth noting that the conflict has been going on since 2014, when Russia annexed Crimea and supported terrorist groups in eastern Ukraine. The study of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict is relevant for several reasons. Firstly, it is an acute political problem that affects the state of affairs in the region and relations between the two states. It not only threatens the stability in Europe, but also threatens to destroy the entire modern system of international law. Secondly, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict has deep historical roots that need to be understood in order to find ways to resolve it. Studying the history and culture of these two nations, as well as their relationship, can help us understand the causes of the conflict and how to hold Russia accountable. Thirdly, the Russian-Ukrainian conflict is an example of the relationship between two states with different political, economic, and cultural systems. The study of the conflict can help to better understand these systems and their interactions. The study of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict is a relevant and important task for politicians, scholars, and the public, as it can help find ways to achieve Ukraineâs victory, punish Russia, establish stability in the region, and prevent future conflicts. The purpose of the article is to analyze the historical retrospective of the development of Russian-Ukrainian relations and Russiaâs oppression of the Ukrainian people. In addition, the author examines the current preconditions of the conflict. The article also reveals the reaction of the international community to the current conflict and all the illegal acts committed by Russia. The article also aims to suggest ways to overcome the civilizational conflict between the countries.
El concepto de «injusticia epistémica» fue formalizado y teorizado por Miranda Fricker en 2007. No obstante, no fue la primera vez que se denunciaron y estudiaron fenómenos similares a los que aborda la autora. Problemáticas cercanas a la de la injusticia epistémica ya habían sido tratadas bajo denominaciones tales como «violencia epistémica» o «colonialismo intelectual». Una de ellas es el concepto de «epistemicidio», elaborado por Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Este trabajo trata de relacionar las teorías de la injusticia epistémica y del epistemicidio, intentando encontrar similitudes y diferencias relevantes, así como establecer posibles conexiones entre ellas.
Se examina la teoría realista del derecho de Leon Petrazycki y las críticas iusnaturalistas de John Finnis al concepto de emociones jurídicas. A principios del siglo XX, Leon Petrazycki desarrolló la teoría psicológica del derecho. La teoría de Petrazycki tuvo una influencia sustancial en la formación de la versión original del realismo jurídico, aparte del realismo jurídico estadounidense y escandinavo. La teoría de Petrazycki se basa en su concepto de emociones jurídicas, que consideraba pertenecientes a una clase más amplia de emociones éticas. Inicialmente, se analiza el enfoque de Petrazycki y sus seguidores, que se centra en la idea de que las emociones jurídicas son a la vez místicas y autoritarias y, en cierta medida, se perciben como restricciones internas de nuestra libertad. Se presta especial atención al análisis del carácter autoritativo de las emociones jurídicas. El autor ofrece una interpretación de la autoridad de las emociones jurídicas dentro del realismo jurídico. El autor postula que este término debe interpretarse como resultado de procesos mentales asociados con experimentar emociones, i.a. (inter alia) razonamiento intuitivo. En la segunda parte, el autor analiza el enfoque propuesto por John Finnis, quien sostiene que las emociones jurídicas tienen la autoridad de la verdad. En la sección final, el autor analiza las investigaciones más recientes en el campo de la filosofía jurídica, incluidos los resultados de la neurociencia cognitiva relacionados con las emociones y el razonamiento intuitivo.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
В статье проведен анализ статистических данных, раскрывающих состояние преступности в сфере информатизации и связи в Республике Казахстан в период с 2018 по 2021 г. Особое вниманиеуделено правонарушениям, связанным с интернет-мошенничеством. Проанализированы основныепоказатели, формирующие представление о состоянии киберпреступности в стране. Наряду с количеством зарегистрированных правонарушений в сфере кибернетической преступности также проведен анализ количества уголовных дел, находящихся в производстве; уголовных дел, направленных в суд; прекращённых досудебных расследований. На основе анализа полученных данных сделанвывод об эффективности деятельности по профилактике отдельных видов преступлений в даннойсфере, но выявлена отрицательная тенденция в предупреждении и пресечении интернет-мошенничества. В этой связи предлагается усилить меры по совершенствованию деятельности правоохранительных органов и судебной системы в вопросах противодействия преступности в сфере информатизации и связи.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Iftinaity Shaumi Rahma, Eliza July Hasiana, Sian Lie Cantika
et al.
Currently, internet development grows rapidly which facilitates and eases various economic activities, especially e-commerce transactions, on a global scale. In 1996, the UNCITRAL regulated the e-commerce transactions, including e-contracts. The e-contract is one of the most relevant matters in e-commerce transactions, especially it is of importance for the consumers to avoid any unwanted situations. However, several problems arise for consumers in conducting e-commerce transactions, such as the asymmetrical bargaining power of the parties involved. In this sense, there is an urgency for the legal protections for consumers. The objective of this article is to understand the connection between consumers’ legal protection and e-contracts validity in e-commerce transactions. The research method used is the legal descriptive analysis through statutory and conceptual approach. This study analyzes the legal relationship between the legislations related to the e-contracts within e-commerce transaction in Indonesia, which are the Indonesian Civil Code, Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, and Law Number 19 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions. Through a systematic appraisal, it argues that the current legal framework does not fully guarantee legal certainty for consumers in e-commerce transactions, such as on the obligations of producers and distributors to customers in the e-commerce transactions.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
This series simultaneously investigates the laws of philosophy and the philosophies of law: their formations, histories, ideas and intersections. Each volume challenges traditional systemic approaches, expanding the legal mind’s imagination in today’s rapidly changing intellectual and legal landscape. how law and ethics influence and regulate technology Arts and popular culture play a complex role in mediating between law and technology. They can express the enthusiasm or unease a society feels about technological development, shaping demand for legislative intervention. They give us the creative space to think about how societies governed by new laws may look. And they can explain complex technological or legal issues to the layperson. At the same time, they can distort legal and technological constraints, mislead the public through misguided expectations and create demand for unnecessary legislative intervention. to the ability of to A Critical History of Property, Protest and Spatial Justice With a global reach, this innovative series critically reimagines the interdisciplinary relationship between legal and literary (or other aesthetic) texts. Books in the series draw on the most advanced conceptual frameworks and interpretive methods of contemporary theory available in the humanities and jurisprudence.
Este artículo pretende ser una réplica a alguno de los planteamientos críticos que ha desarrollado Ermanno Vitale contra las teorías de los bienes comunes, especialmente contra las teorías benecomunistas que han florecido en el debate político y académico italiano. En particular, pretende responder a una conferencia pronunciada por el filósofo italiano en diciembre de 2020 –cuyo texto se reproduce en este mismo número de la revista–, en la que propuso rechazar las doctrinas de los comunes, en favor de la clásica noción del bien común. Aquí se sostendrá que, en realidad, las teorías de los comunes constituyen la única estrategia interesante para replantear el concepto de bien común en la actualidad. Además, el enfoque de los bienes comunes implica una aproximación materialista a la problemática del bonum commune.
While American Law: A Comparative Primer is not intended to exhaustively cover all the practical and theoretical components of U.S. laws, it offers a concise and approachable introduction to American legal history, philosophy, and practice. As noted in the preface, American Law is “a comparative law book in which American law receives 60% of the attention.” Throughout the book, De Geest offers relevant comparisons and contrasts between U.S. jurisprudence and legal traditions in European countries, which help to solidify his descriptions of U.S. legal concepts. De Geest begins by outlining the general differences between common law and civil law systems, with a brief reference to the Islamic legal tradition. Topics covered include the impact of precedent on future rulings, reliance on statutes or codes, and judicial independence. The introduction posits that the U.S. is the “archetypical common law country” based on the preponderance of judge-made law, its legal realism philosophy, and America’s recognition of law-making as a political activity, all of which are discussed in greater detail throughout the book. After the introduction, this primer is divided into three parts, with the first section outlining the American case method. De Geest moves through characteristics of American courts that are unique to U.S. legal culture, such as the significance of judicial interpretation and the constitutional right to a jury trial in civil and criminal cases. Summaries of federal statutes and landmark court decisions helpfully demonstrate the practical effects of judgemade law. The last few chapters in this section shift to a description of U.S. law school programs. De Geest appears to target international students who wish to study American law by explaining how to read court opinions and recommending strategies to prepare for American law school classes and exams. Part 2 discusses American legal culture, with an eye toward how common law and civil law systems differ philosophically. De Geest briefly reviews opposing schools of thought in this regard, such as universalism versus particularism, corporate cultural differences across jurisdictions, and religion and the law. The discussion on each of these topics takes up only a few pages, and De Geest offers background on these ideas in easy-to-understand terms, with limited legal jargon, which will be helpful to readers who are new to these theories. One chapter in this section describes examples of legal realism and scholastic thinking in common law and civil law structures, respectively. De Geest demonstrates that although courts in both systems effectively create new laws and legal standards, jurists in civil law countries “camouflage” the policy decisions behind their rulings by searching for justifications in the underlying code after deciding how they want the law to change. De Geest persuasively uses court decisions in France and the U.S. to show how rulings in these jurisdictions differ in practice. Other topics in Part 2 include a summary of German legal philosophy and parental legal systems.
E. A. Apolski, Апольский Евгений Александрович, Andrei Yu. Mordovtsev
et al.
The article considers the Soviet dissertation theoretical and legal doctrines as a scientific category with a set of specific features. The author draws attention to the fact that the massive layer of legal theoretical knowledge known as Soviet jurisprudence and the legal teachings reflecting the evolution of Soviet law are insufficiently studied in ontological and epistemological terms. In specific, the role, place, and significance of Soviet dissertation legal theoretical teachings are lacking in the literature. Moreover, the Marxist methodology of legal knowledge, which should be used in modern educational and scientific space, lacks clear assessment. The author analyzes the most important thesis on the theory of law, which reflect the ontological and methodological foundations of the Soviet law and legal theory presented in the theses. This article lays the basis and the vector of further development of Soviet jurisprudence. These dissertation doctrines are analyzed to further use them in the scientific research of laws and trends in the development of Soviet legal thought. The results of these analyses are crucial for the history of political and legal doctrines, general theory of law, and philosophy of law and can be used in other areas of legal (including industry) science, considering their interdisciplinary heuristic potential.
This article brings the insights produced by comparative legal analysis to bear on comparative legal discourse itself, in order instructively to recontextualize enduring methodological debates taken to concern the “philosophy” of comparative law. It grounds several such methodological arguments in fundamental positions of legal theory and philosophy, reflecting in doing so on the broader philosophical consequences of specific positions, and emphasizing the resulting problems of incommensurable positionality. It challenges the unvoiced but widely exhibited assumption within comparative law that sufficient reflection, abstraction and care can avoid the privileged reification of contingent legal concepts and categories. It explores the inevitable positionality of all comparative inquiry particularly in connection with the comparatist’s status as both product and reconstituter of legal facts and ideation. It introduces a focus on relative perspective, urging increased attention to how the axioms of general jurisprudence which ground methodological positions within comparative law express a system of law’s relative position within the legal historical process.