The subject of the analysis is the evaluation of statutory changes that have taken place over a period of 30 years at the Rawicz Penitentiary. The two most important objectives of the article are: to assess the evolution of changes in the implementation of statutory tasks and to assess changes in the effectiveness of the implementation of statutory tasks. Based on the specific nature of this topic and the need to refer to a specific time period, this article oscillates within the time limits from the end of 1989, a breakthrough year for Polish history, to December 2019. Several changes that took place in this particular time period were dictated by the collapse of the communist system and, thus, a change of government. They were almost comprehensive in nature, as they included infrastructural, legal, sociological and behavioral changes at the same time. A number of trials that took place from 1989 for a period of 30 years, and most of the changes introduced in the Penitentiary in Rawicz showed a high level of efficiency in the implementation of statutory tasks.
International relations, Political science (General)
Are international relations theories, and generally theories, applicable to the Middle East, or does the Middle East still serve as an exceptional area where the theories need to make more sense? Mehmet Rakipoglu’s book Hedging Strategy in Foreign Policy: Saudi Arabia's Relations with the US, China, and Russia after the Cold War [Dış politikada korunma (Hedging) stratejisi: Soğuk Savaş sonrası Suudi Arabistan'ın ABD, Çin ve Rusya ile ilişkileri] is a case in which a theory for his case, hedging, has been applied to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s relations with the United States, China, and Russia in the post-Cold War era. By doing so, this study is yet another contribution to exceptionalizing the region and making it relevant to IR theories.
P A Robinson, Alexander McInnes, Najmeh Sajedianfard
et al.
A model of time-dependent trade of goods between spatial locations is formulated via an electric circuit analogy, in which goods are analogous to charge and price to voltage, while producers and consumers are represented by sources and sinks of goods flow, which is represented by current, located at the nodes of a trade network. The core ansatz is that the flow of goods along each network link is driven by the voltage difference across that link, opposed by resistance that represents trade friction. Market prices are then determined indirectly by internal balances of flows, subject to external constraints on supply and demand. The model yields multiple outcomes that support its validity and applicability, including price setting via emergent balance of supply and demand, price fluctuations, traditional and generalized elasticities, network structure-flow relations, competition between producers, and substitution between suppliers, between consumers, and/or between trade links. All these results prove to be consistent with observed features of trade dynamics, thereby supporting the validity of the model. The new model is then used to derive the widely used gravity model of international trade from a mechanistic basis, yielding exponents consistent with published data and leading naturally to core-periphery structure, as observed in real trade networks. The analysis also implies that trade flows self-organize to minimize trade friction in the system as a whole, an emergent global outcome from the purely local dynamics of the populations of producers, consumers, and traders. Possible generalizations and further applications are outlined, including incorporation of asymmetry and capacity limits of trade links, constraints on supply and demand, behavioral responses, and coupling to models of investment strategies.
At present, the global wine market is intense, and establishing a strong wine brand has become a key to win the competition. The eastern foothills of Helan Mountain in Ningxia has been rated as a star wine producing area in the world by the International Organization of Grape and Wine. It is the main goal of the local government in Ningxia to make the wine brand in eastern foothills of Helan Mountain famous in the world. The problems and reasons in the process of brand creation were analyzed through field investigation and visited the wine producing region in eastern foothills of Helan Mountain to understand the current situation of the producing areas. The path method of creating the wine brand of the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain in Ningxia was proposed: cultivating the wine consumption market and raising consumer awareness, reducing wine production costs; clarifying the wine products positioning, and choosing suitable brand elements. A strong eastern foothills of Helan Mountain wine brand was created by experiential marketing, relationship marketing, product strategies, channel strategies, public relations strategies, and secondary brand leverage theoretical approach.
En el presente trabajo se presenta la temática de gobierno abierto partiendo desde sus orígenes a finales del siglo XX, seguido del establecimiento de sus principios y pilares fundamentales y la creación de sus instituciones promotoras hasta el desarrollo de conceptos innovadores como el open data y el open process, vistos como herramientas para transparentar la gestión pública y brindarles acceso a los ciudadanos a participar en el ejercicio de gobierno mediante la reutilización de datos públicos y el uso de la tecnología. Luego, se procede a examinar el marco jurídico de gobierno abierto del Estado de Honduras y sus portales de datos abiertos, que posibilita un análisis comparativo con algunos países de la región latinoamericana mediante una metodología cuantitativa sobre la apertura gubernamental, el acceso a la información y los niveles de transparencia a través de índices internacionales, como el índice del Estado de derecho y el índice global de libertad. Por último, se presentan estrategias comparativas para lograr el cumplimiento efectivo del gobierno abierto, como ser el desarrollo digital y tecnológico, la participación ciudadana y los objetivos estratégicos de la Alianza para el Gobierno Abierto, que incluyen la contratación pública abierta.
Political science (General), International relations
O presente artigo aborda a temática das mudanças climáticas em âmbito internacional. O problema que orienta o processo de pesquisa desenvolvido pode ser sintetizado a partir do seguinte questionamento: como promover e proteger o direito humano e fundamental a um sistema climático equilibrado na Era do Antropoceno? Com base nos dados levantados a partir de um conjunto de pesquisas realizadas sobre o tema na área do Direito e da Sociologia, refletidas na bibliografia que dá amparo ao presente estudo, torna-se possível afirmar que a concretização do direito humano e fundamental a um sistema climático equilibrado na Era do Antropoceno pressupõe uma metamorfose na forma como o indivíduo se relaciona com a natureza. Especificamente, os objetivos da pesquisa, que se refletem na sua estrutura em duas seções, são: a) apresentar o fenômeno das mudanças climáticas na Era do Antropoceno; e b) discutir a necessidade premente de concretização do direito humano e fundamental a um sistema climático equilibrado a partir de um diálogo amplo e inclusivo. Para conduzir a investigação emprega-se o método científico hipotético-dedutivo, o método de procedimento monográfico e, por fim, utiliza-se como técnica de pesquisa a documentação indireta.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, International relations
Ida Yeni Rahmawati, Betty Yulia Wulansari, Nurtina Irsad Rusdiana
et al.
Acculturation of Indonesian culture and language into Filipino education is a crucial step in expanding cross-cultural awareness and strengthening international relations between the two countries. By introducing Indonesian culture and language to Filipino educators, it can enhance cultural ties between both nations. This research aims to actualize Indonesian language and culture among educators at San Fabian Elementary School. The study employs a descriptive qualitative research approach, with data sources consisting of 10 teachers from San Fabian Elementary School. Data collection techniques include a combination of observation and documentation. Data analysis follows Miles Huberman's approach, involving data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Data validity is ensured through triangulation techniques.The findings of this research indicate that the acculturation of Indonesian language and culture into the Philippines can strengthen international relations through understanding and appreciation of each other's cultures and languages. The approach taken at San Fabian Elementary School could serve as a concrete step in building a strong foundation for cross-border educational collaboration, which in turn can contribute to broader peace and international cooperation.
Akumulasi budaya dan bahasa Indonesia ke dalam pendidik Filipina merupakan langkah penting dalam memperluas kesadaran lintas budaya dan memperkuat hubungan internasional kedua negara. Dengan mengenalkan budaya dan bahasa Indonesia kepada para pendidik Filipina dapat mempererat ikatan budaya kedua bangsa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengaktualisasikan bahasa dan budaya Indonesia di kalangan pendidik di SD San Fabian. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Sumber datanya adalah para pendidik di SD San Fabian yang berjumlah 10 orang guru. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi kombinasi observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu menggunakan Miles Huberman yang meliputi pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Keabsahan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik triangulasi data. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa akumulasi bahasa dan budaya Indonesia ke Filipina dapat memperkuat hubungan antarbangsa melalui pemahaman dan penghargaan terhadap budaya dan bahasa masing-masing. Pendekatan yang akan dilakukan di Sekolah Dasar San Fabian dapat menjadi langkah konkrit dalam membangun fondasi yang kokoh untuk kolaborasi pendidikan lintas batas, yang pada gilirannya dapat berkontribusi pada perdamaian dan kerja sama internasional secara lebih luas.
Social Sciences, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
Governments, industry, and other actors involved in governing AI technologies around the world agree that, while AI offers tremendous promise to benefit the world, appropriate guardrails are required to mitigate risks. Global institutions, including the OECD, the G7, the G20, UNESCO, and the Council of Europe, have already started developing frameworks for ethical and responsible AI governance. While these are important initial steps, they alone fall short of addressing the need for institutionalised international processes to identify and assess potentially harmful AI capabilities. Contributing to the relevant conversation on how to address this gap, this chapter reflects on what functions an international AI safety institute could perform. Based on the analysis of both existing international governance models addressing safety considerations in adjacent policy areas and the newly established national AI safety institutes in the UK and US, the chapter identifies a list of concrete functions that could be performed at the international level. While creating a new international body is not the only way forward, understanding the structure of these bodies from a modular perspective can help us to identify the tools at our disposal. These, we suggest, can be categorised under three functional domains: a) technical research and cooperation, b) safeguards and evaluations, c) policymaking and governance support.
The author examines the peacekeeping practice in terms of new instruments of crisis response (special political and stabilization missions and operations) used by the UN, the EU and OAU. The study focuses on the problems connected with the extended use of the UN and EU's stabilization operations aimed at combating terrorism, assuring security in the crisis regions, as well as with the provision of assistance to the host countries. It is revealed that political and stabilization missions could become prospective instruments of crisis response due to their maximum adaptation to modern challenges of global and regional security and stability. High level of coordination among UN, EU and other regional organizations in planning and implementation of these operations is a necessary precondition for effectiveness of these missions and operations. Creation of a global platform for joint operative response to extraordinary and complex crisis situations comprising the UN, EU, OSCE G20 and other regional organizations could be a major step in this respect. The platform could be also used for the development of confidence-building measures providing a high degree of transparency in military activities of different states and regional organizations; for prevention of conflicts and reaching a diplomatic solution. Establishing regional platforms for regulation of local conflicts in the regions with a high probability of crisis situations like the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, Africa, Afghanistan and the Central Asia, the Far East could also contribute to global security and stability.
Renata Dana NIȚU-ANTONIE, Emőke-Szidónia FEDER, Kristina STAMENOVIC
The performed empirical study identified some factors that lead to the encouragement and stimulation of sustainable entrepreneurial intentions, by integrating the variables from the theory of planned behavior in the model of the entrepreneurial event, adapted to the context of sustainable entrepreneurship. For a sample of 170 students of the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration within the West University of Timisoara, the empirical results showed that: perceived desire and feasibility for sustainable entrepreneurship are direct antecedents of sustainable entrepreneurial intentions; the individual attitude regarding entrepreneurship, subjective norms and behavioral control determine the perceived desire and feasibility regarding sustainable entrepreneurship, under the conditions of environmental values influence. The increase of respondents’ number and the inclusion of additional variables in the research model, with moderating or mediating role, would allow the obtained results to be generalized for young people with university studies who have taken entrepreneurship courses through their academic curriculum and would guide to an expansion of research on stimulating factors of sustainable entrepreneurial intention.
Article history: Received 20 Nevember 2021; Revised 15 December 2021; Accepted 7 January 2022; Available online 30 May 2022; Available print 30 May 2022.
JEL Classification: L26, Q56.
The power of individual EU Member States has been changing over the past decades as a result of revisions to the voting systems and the enlargements of the European Union. The present article analyses the development of the voting power of individual Member States in the Council of the European Union before and after the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union. We use the calculation of the standardized Banzhaf power index to calculate the legislative power of the Member States. The calculations recorded in the table point to changes in the weights of national votes caused by Brexit. The article pays special attention to the Visegrad Group, which we define within the European Union as an informal group consisting of four Central European states - the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and the Slovak Republic. The results indicate a significant growth of the voting power in Poland and more moderate growth in the other three Visegrad Group countries which contributes to the shift in the voting equilibrium within the ordinary legislative procedure of the European Union.
This volume contains the proceedings of EXPRESS/SOS 2022: the Combined 29th International Workshop on Expressiveness in Concurrency and the 19th Workshop on Structural Operational Semantics, which was held in Warsaw, Poland, as an affiliated workshop of CONCUR 2022, the 33rd International Conference on Concurrency Theory. The EXPRESS/SOS workshop series aims at bringing together researchers interested in the formal semantics of systems and programming concepts, and in the expressiveness of computational models.
Pravo naroda na samoodređenje i nasuprot tome obveza poštovanja ustavnog poretka države pitanje je koje izaziva polemike. To je pravo na stvaranje vlastite države kako je utvrđeno u međunarodnim dokumentima. Pitanje je, je li pravo naroda na samoodređenje obvezna norma međunarodnog prava ili samo načelo. Tim više jer međunarodno pravo zabranjuje narušavanje teritorijalnoga integriteta države. Poštovanje suvereniteta, teritorijalnog integriteta i ustavnog poretka države argumenti su osnovom kojih vlast određene države ne prihvaća zahtjev naroda koji živi unutar njezina teritorija za odcjepljenjem. To potvrđuje i praksa. S tim u vezi prezentira se intencija Katalonije da proglasi neovisnost od Španjolske te ustavna situacija u vezi s uspostavom neovisne Republike Hrvatske.
This volume contains the proceedings of EXPRESS/SOS 2021: the Combined 28th International Workshop on Expressiveness in Concurrency and the 18th Workshop on Structural Operational Semantics, which was held online, as an affiliated workshop of CONCUR 2021, the 32nd International Conference on Concurrency Theory. The EXPRESS/SOS workshop series aims at bringing together researchers interested in the formal semantics of systems and programming concepts, and in the expressiveness of computational models.
Any scheme has its associated little and big Zariski toposes. These toposes support an internal mathematical language which closely resembles the usual formal language of mathematics, but is "local on the base scheme": For example, from the internal perspective, the structure sheaf looks like an ordinary local ring (instead of a sheaf of rings with local stalks) and vector bundles look like ordinary free modules (instead of sheaves of modules satisfying a local triviality condition). The translation of internal statements and proofs is facilitated by an easy mechanical procedure. We investigate how the internal language of the little Zariski topos can be exploited to give simpler definitions and more conceptual proofs of the basic notions and observations in algebraic geometry. To this end, we build a dictionary relating internal and external notions and demonstrate its utility by giving a simple proof of Grothendieck's generic freeness lemma in full generality. We also employ this framework to state a general transfer principle which relates modules with their induced quasicoherent sheaves, to study the phenomenon that some properties spread from points to open neighborhoods, and to compare general notions of spectra. We employ the big Zariski topos to set up the foundations of a synthetic account of scheme theory. This account is similar to the synthetic account of differential geometry, but has a distinct algebraic flavor. Central to the theory is the notion of synthetic quasicoherence, which has no analogue in synthetic differential geometry. We also discuss how various common subtoposes of the big Zariski topos can be described from the internal point of view and derive explicit descriptions of the geometric theories which are classified by the fppf and by the surjective topology.
This article stands at the intersection between the relational turn in International Relations (IR) and the quantum turn in the social sciences (and more recently in IR as well). The relational turn draws much-needed attention to the centrality of relations in global politics, yet its imprecise conceptualization of whole-part relations casts shadow over its relational ontological foundation. The quantum turn, meanwhile, challenges the observed–observer dichotomy as well as the classical views about causality, determinacy, and measurement. Yet, despite their common stance against the Newtonian ontology, the relational and quantum turns have largely neglected each other at least in the IR context. This article aims to bridge this gap by introducing a quantum holographic approach to relationality. Drawing on theoretical physicist David Bohm’s work on quantum theory and his key concepts about wholeness and the implicate order, the article argues that the world is being holographically (trans)formed: its parts are not only parts of the whole, but also enfold the whole, like in a hologram. This quantum holographic ontology contributes to both a clearer differentiation between internal/implicate relations and external/explicate relations and a renewed emphasis on wholeness and whole-part duality. In doing so, it not only provides new conceptual tools to rethink IR as holographic relations which involve the dynamic processes and mechanisms of enfoldment and unfoldment, but also has important policy and ethical implications for the conduct of “foreign” relations and for transforming the way we think about identity, survival, relationship, and responsibility.
Realism has long been criticized by global IR, but the former can contribute to the latter and thereby improve explanations of international relations. Global IR criticizes that realism supposedly applies universally, sidelines non-Western perspectives, and misunderstands much of foreign policy, grand strategy, and international affairs. Reviewing global IR’s case against realism, however, exposes avenues for realism to complement global IR. Realism can contribute to a more global understanding of international relations through its most recent variant: neoclassical realism (NCR). This newest realism allows for contextualization and historicization of drivers of state behavior. It can embrace and has already been engaging global questions and cases; global thought and concepts; and global perspectives and scholarship. Mapping 149 NCR publications produced by 96 scholars reveals a slow shift in knowledge production away from North America toward Europe and to a lesser extent Asia and Africa. Creative research designs and scholarly collaboration can put realism in fruitful conversation with global IR. This has implications for theory building and inclusive knowledge production in realism, global IR, and the wider discipline. Only when we discover new avenues for realists to travel can they contribute to a more global IR. In turn, when global IR scholars engage realism, they may be better able to address the Western versus non-Western dichotomies they challenge.
INTRODUCTION. Since there are many threats in the modern world, states consider the essence of security in its various manifestations. A rather extensive understanding of security should be noted, as this concept applies to multiple directions of our life. So-called SPS measures are one of the vectors aimed at ensuring safety (protection) of human life and health. The scientific literature covers rather extensively SPS measures, taken by states, which include mandatory sanitary, veterinary and quarantine phytosanitary requirements and procedures. The novelty of the study is that SPS measures will be analyzed in terms of their use as hidden barriers to international trade, as well as how often they are used when a particular sanitary or phytosanitary measure imposed by a state or maintained in force by a member of an international organization restrains or can potentially restrain export of its goods.MATERIALS AND METHODS. In international trade certain issues of the contemplated problem are regulated by Article XX of GATT, as well as by the Special Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). Security measures reflected in the Article XXI of GATT-94 are not considered.RESEARCH RESULTS. Th author concluded that SPS measures construe hidden barriers to international trade. However, it is possible to establish "rules of the game", to agree on this problem in concluded agreements on the rules of application of SPS measures, minimizing the possibility of their unfair use. As for the EAEU law, it affects the development of international norms in the field under consideration.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The urgency of the issues dealt with in the article is based on the fact that every resident of any state in one way or another wants to be sure of the safety of all that he consumes and that the state or a number of states within the framework of an international organization are obliged to ensure this. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is no exception, it also faces similar tasks. The article analyzes the results of activities in the sphere of decision-making on SPS measures and the framework of the international organization of regional economic integration – the EAEU.
Law of nations, Comparative law. International uniform law
In this study, the sensitivity of future lepton colliders to WIMP dark matter is evaluated assuming WIMP pair production accompanied by a photon from initial state radiation, through which the process can be identified. A full detector simulation for the International Large Detector (ILD) concept at the International Linear Collider (ILC) is performed for a \com energy of 500\,GeV. Energy scales of up to $3$\,TeV can be tested for different effective operators for WIMP masses almost up to half the \com energy. The sensitivity benefits from the polarised beams, which can reduce the main SM background from neutrino pair production substantially. In addition, systematic uncertainties are shown to be significantly reduced by combining data with several different polarisation configurations. In comparison to a previous study, the reconstruction of the forward detectors has been improved and the systematic uncertainties are fully treated. The results are also extrapolated to other \com energies, luminosities and beam polarisations. This allows to provide results for the full ILC programme, i.e.\ from 250\,GeV to 1\,TeV, as well as to give approximate results for other planned lepton colliders.