Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Jacek Konik

Archaeological research in ​​the former Warsaw Ghetto conducted in 2021-2022 was the first scientific investigation undertaken in the area in a systematic and planned way. Non-invasive research took place in four locations, followed by excavation campaigns in two selected sites and revealed the cellars of the pre-war buildings and lots of artefacts. Especially interesting was the immediate vicinity of the so-called Anielewicz bunker, where the commander of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943, Mordechai Anielewicz, fought his last battle. Very little is known about the bunker itself and the excavations have shed new light on the issue, possibly unearthing part of the bunker's extended structure. We have to be aware that in comparison to the typical problems of urban archaeology, the archaeology of the Warsaw Ghetto faces some specific issues. The post-war buildings in the area were constructed on the rubble of the ancient city, almost completely destroyed by the Nazis during World War II. Moreover, the former residential quarter of the murdered Jews carries a huge emotional load, and any archaeological find made here acquires symbolic significance. Thus the social reception of the research is extremely important.

Zbigniew Anusik

Bohaterem prezentowanego tu tekstu jest Hieronim z Brzezia Lanckoroński h. Zadora (ok. 1627–1697), syn wojewody ruskiego i hetmana polnego koronnego Stanisława i kasztelanki lubelskiej Aleksandry Sienieńskiej h. Dębno. W artykule omówiono też dzieje życia jego rodzeństwa, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tych dzieci wojewody ruskiego, które przeżyły zmarłego w 1657 r. ojca. Byli to: Przecław (zm. 1697), który osiągnął senatorską godność kasztelana czechowskiego, Jan Kazimierz (zm. 1679), który był kanonikiem krakowskim i lwowskim, Franciszek (zm. p. 1696), który nie piastował żadnych urzędów oraz Joanna (zm. p. 1696), która została żoną Andrzeja Świętopełka-Bolestraszyckiego. Przedstawiono tu ich sytuację rodzinną, stan majątkowy oraz działalność publiczną. Najwięcej miejsca poświęcono jednak na opisanie osiągnięć tytułowego bohatera tego tekstu. Był on bez wątpienia najwybitniejszym przedstawicielem jagielnickiej linii Lanckorońskich w drugiej połowie XVII w. Poczynając od roku 1649, walczył on niemal we wszystkich wojnach toczonych przez Rzeczpospolitą aż do połowy lat osiemdziesiątych tego stulecia. W 1658 r. został podkomorzym podolskim. Był również starostą skalskim, dymirskim i zawichojskim. Pod koniec życia związał się z IV ordynatem zamojskim Marcinem Zamoyskim, a następnie z wdową po nim, Anną z Gnińskich. Dzierżawił od nich klucz gorajski ordynacji zamojskiej i pełnił rolę klienta możniejszych krewniaków. Autorowi udało się dokładnie prześledzić zarówno dokonania Hieronima Lanckorońskiego w sferze publicznej, jak też jego sytuację majątkową i poczynania w życiu prywatnym. W artykule znalazło się wiele nowych ustaleń. Dokonano też korekty znacznej liczby bałamutnych stwierdzeń dotyczących tak podkomorzego podolskiego, jak też innych dzieci wojewody ruskiego Stanisława, które funkcjonują od dawna w literaturze przedmiotu. Warto też odnotować, że pomimo dwukrotnych ożenków, Hieronim Lanckoroński zmarł bezpotomnie. W maju 1696 r. sporządził bardzo interesujący testament, który został załączony jako aneks do niniejszego opracowania.

Sławomir Kapralski

Artykuł przedstawia związek między europejskim kolonializmem, modernizacją europejskiego społeczeństwa i nazistowskimi prześladowaniami Romów jako związek przyczynowo- skutkowy, w którym rezultatem wzajemnych oddziaływań między kolonializmem i modernizacją było zjawisko „wewnętrznego kolonializmu”: przeniesienie rasistowskiej polityki kolonialnej na niektóre mniejszości funkcjonujące w ramach społeczeństw europejskich, w tym Romów. Intencją autora było zastosowanie koncepcji „efektu bumerangu” autorstwa Hannah Arendt do sytuacji Romów, koncepcji sprawdzającej się szczególnie dobrze w zastosowaniu do Niemiec, gdzie wewnętrzy kolonializm kompensował utratę zamorskich kolonii po I wojnie światowej. Za pomocą efektu bumerangu, wpisującego się w projekt nowoczesnego społeczeństwa, można lepiej zrozumieć rozmaite formy antyromskiej polityki: przymusową asymilację, wykluczenie, mechanizm kozła ofiarnego i ofiary zastępczej. Widoczne też stają się kolonialne źródła antyromskiej przemocy: od negatywnej stereotypizacji, poprzez segregację rasową, po obozy koncentracyjne i eksterminację. Autor stoi na stanowisku, że dekolonizacja studiów nad Romami wymaga głębszej refleksji nad kolonialnymi źródłami antyromskiej polityki.

Sarah Bomba

The article is based on the analysis of the transformation of the consciousness of Polish society and the plans for reforming state-church relations contained in the programmes of the parties created ruling coalition after the elections of 15th October 2023. This transformation is comparable to the dynamics of changes in confessional politics in France in the 1880s. By presenting the historical conditions that translated into the axiology of both countries and their attitudes towards the ecclesiastical institution, the author outlines the main axes of comparison in order to demonstrate the unprecedented identity’s transformation in Polish society. This transformation leads to increasing secularisation that influence the funding of the Catholic Church from the state budget. The analysis was carried out using the literature on the development of secularism in France and Poland, as well as legal sources allowing to outline the legislative framework for the financing of religious associations (particularly the Catholic Church) in contemporary political history.

Janina Labocha

THE COMMUNITY OF ZAOLZIE (TRANS-OLZA) ACTING TO MAINTAIN ITS LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL IDENTITY The community of Zaolzie includes Polish people who, as a result of the division of the Cieszyn Silesia into the Polish and Czechoslovak parts in 1929, became a national minority outside the borders of Poland. Living among the Czech population in a linguistically and culturally foreign country, the Polish community fought to maintain its ethnic and cultural identity. The bond uniting the community was maintained by the Cieszyn dialect, i.e. colloquial speech which I call the Zaolzie dialect. Educational and cultural activities were also of great importance, referring to the tradition of the struggle for Polishness in the period from the 19th century onwards. The knowledge spread by Polish schools in Zaolzie, the teaching of Polish history and, against its background, the history of the Cieszyn region, as well as the reading of Polish books contributed to the consolidation of the knowledge of Polish literary language and to the formation of Polish linguistic and national awareness in the Czech environment. In the second part of the article, I present selected utterances of Zaolzie cultural activists published in 1950s and 1960s in the regional monthly entitled “Zwrot”. They illustrate the linguistic problems in Zaolzie which are still relevant despite the changes in the local communication system that occurred as a result of the decreasing number of Polish schools and people with a strong Polish identity.

G. Aad, B. Abbott, D.C. Abbott et al.

A measurement of the charge asymmetry in top-quark pair (tt¯) production in association with a photon is presented. The measurement is performed in the single-lepton tt¯ decay channel using proton–proton collision data collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN at a centre-of-mass-energy of 13 TeV during the years 2015–2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1. The charge asymmetry is obtained from the distribution of the difference of the absolute rapidities of the top quark and antiquark using a profile likelihood unfolding approach. It is measured to be AC=−0.003±0.029 in agreement with the Standard Model expectation.

Marta Sikorska

Środkowoeuropejski Kongres Historii Gospodarczej. Procesy modernizacyjne w «Młodej Europie»” odbył się w Rzeszowie w dniach 28–29 listopada 2022 r. Organizatorzy Kongresu postawili sobie za cel integrację środowisk naukowych zajmujących się historią gospodarczą i społeczną z krajów Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, tj. Polski, Słowacji, Czech, Rumunii, Węgier, Ukrainy oraz państw bałkańskich. Najwięcej miejsca w trakcie trwania Kongresu poświęcono na debaty dotyczące procesów modernizacyjnych, bowiem modernizacja była hasłem wiodącym tej międzynarodowej konferencji.

A. Zaręba, Krzysztof Widawski, K. Kołodziejczyk et al.

Abstract The article describes Poznan, one of the five biggest cities in Poland, which is located in Greater Poland – the region where Poland was founded a thousand years ago. Despite its rather complicated history – a reflection of the country's history – nowadays it is one of the most developed cities in Poland. This is shown in the city's functional-spatial structure, its demography and new investments. Poznan, with its demographic potential of 540,000 inhabitants, has undergone the process of significant changes in its economy and social structure which followed the change of political and economic system in Poland three decades ago. The most important elements that define contemporary Poznan are described along with the direction in which the city's development is heading. Alongside the new investments the article presents a comprehensive picture of modern Poznan.

Elżbieta Osewska, Józef Stala, Krzysztof Bochenek

Many historians and politicians acknowledge that John Paul II, along with other world-leaders of the 1980s brought about the destruction of European Communism. One could also say that connection between religion and culture inspired Poles to refuse co-operation with the Communism. According to Karol Wojtyła it is impossible without Christianity to understand the history of the Polish nation and culture. Being the son of Polish nation which has been condemned to death several times, by its neighbors, but which has survived and kept national identity, Pope John Paul II understood very well the important role of religion and culture. On the basis of his experience Slavic Pope laid out a vision for relationship between Christianity and culture as the ‘priority’ of the civilization of love. He pointed out a number of reasons for this, which will be presented in this article. First, religion does not exist in vacuum, but in a certain context. Second, religion played a decisive role in the construction of States and nations. Third, Christianity is a creator of culture in its very foundation, and deep transformation of culture starts when Christianity and culture are linked together. Fourth, Christianity is incomplete if it is not lived out in a culture. Fifth, Polish culture and society has been deeply animated by religious piety. Sixth, culture provides a medium for dialogue between believers and nonbelievers. Seventh, the goal of the engagement of culture in accordance with Christianity is the creating of a civilization of love, which enables the human being to live freely in the truth. The research aim of this article is to present the strong relationship between Christianity and national culture in Poland, to identify the core of the Polish national culture, the ways Polish culture has been growing and communicating in connection with Roman Catholicism in the light of Pope John Paul II’s teaching.

Łukasz Peszek, Mateusz Rybak, Horst Lange-Bertalot et al.

Background Rapa Nui (Easter Island = Isla de Pasqua) is of volcanic origin, best known for about 900 man-made stone statues known as moai. It is one of the most isolated inhabited islands on Earth and studies on the diatoms of Rapa Nui are very few. Methods Light (LM) and electron microscopic (SEM) observations of a single sample collected from Rapa Nui are presented. The samples (mix of soil and organic detritus) were collected from ground of cave entrance. Results The samples were characterized by low diatom diversity and strongly dominated by terrestrial (soil) forms. Among the taxa present in the material studied were cosmopolitan forms of the genera Humidophila, Nitzschia, Angusticopula, Orthoseira, Tryblionella and Luticola. Whereas most of taxa of the enumerated genera were identifiable, only one among four Luticola species distinguished in the samples studied was identified. This taxon was L. ectorii, a cosmopolitan species known previously from South America (Brazil) and Asia (China). The three remaining species could not be assigned to any established species. Therefore, based on external and internal morphological features from light and scanning electron microscopic analysis, we describe here three species new to science, including: L. georgzizkae, L. rapanuiensis and L. moaiorum. All three taxa new to science are compared to established Luticola species and their significance for the global distribution of the genus is discussed.

Karolina Goławska-Stachowiak

Stanisław Przybyszewski’s oeuvre is not “pop”. This paper scrutinizes a catalogue of determinants that encouraged the writer’s initial renown and then led to his ultimate decline in popularity. Was Przybyszewski’s “fall from grace” justifiable? In my analysis, I refer to three different approaches to the concept of “pop”. In the first approach, “pop” is understood as a contrast between high and low culture. In the second, it is interpreted in relation to the institutions that indirectly affirm and popularize one’s literary input. The third one is associated with source literary text editing. Using these three categories is not supposed to present the author himself, but rather a certain phenomenon in European literary culture. Przybyszewski, the so-called “meteor of the Young Poland period”, is a particularly poignant example of how initial fascination with an avant-garde artist could change into oblivion and absence in reading culture. The comments formulated in this article are directed primarily to the reader who does not know the history of Polish literature, and the method of reaching the reader is to focus on a selected example showing a repeatable sequence in careers of many other authors of the period.

Wojciech Górecki

This article outlines the question of politics of memory in independent Georgia (since the collapse of the USSR). The author argues that Georgia is not yet conducting such a policy, but we may nevertheless discuss a sum of activities which during the rules of Zviad Gamsakhurdia (1990–1992) and Eduard Shevardnadze (1992–2003) were sporadic and intuitive, but since the Rose Revolution and the government of Mikheil Saakashvili (2004–2013) have become more thoughtful and methodical (the Museum of Soviet Occupation was opened in Tbilisi during this time). The actions taken were influenced by the political situation – the civil war, the wars in South Ossetia and Abkhazia in the 1990s, and the Russian-Georgian war of 2008 – as well as the regional diversity of the country, its multi-ethnicity, and its position in the South Caucasus (which in Soviet times was known as Transcaucasia). This article discusses the most important topics that appear in Georgian narratives about the past, highlighting the historical ties between it and the West (the aim is to prove that in cultural-axiological terms Georgia belongs to Europe, and thus to justify Tbilisi’s aspirations to integration with the EU and NATO), and depicting Georgia as the victim of the Russian and Soviet empires (and whose successor is contemporary Russia). However, the Georgian message is hindered by the existence of the Joseph Stalin State Museum, which glorifies the Soviet dictator.

Alexander L. Kleitman

The article presents the analytical review of “Troubled Times in Russia in the Early 17th and Early 20th Centuries: Nature and Lessons” conference, dedicated to the jubilee of I.O. Tumentsev, which was held in Volgograd in October 2018. The aims of the conference were to conduct a comparative study of the two turning points in the history of the Russian state and society, to identify the patterns of systemic sociopolitical crises emergence and occurrence, to determine causes, factors, directions and boundaries of socio-cultural, economic and political changes that took place in Russia during the Time of Troubles of the early 17th century and the revolution and Civil War of 1917–1922. The conference takes an opportunity to analyze a wide circle of issues related to internal and external factors of the appearance of the Troubled Times in Russia, the specifics of social elevators functioning in the conditions of the system social crisis, the interaction between the elite and ordinary people in revolutionary times, the transformation of the state apparatus and service in the Time of Troubles, and the role of the Russian Orthodox Church at crucial moments in the Russian history. Scientists from Russia, England, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and the USA: historians, political scientists, economists, leading experts in these fields attended the conference. The article describes the content of the reports that were presented at the conference, analyzes the course of discussions, and presents the decisions that were made based on the results of its work. The scientific results obtained during the conference can be used in research on the history of Russia in the 17th and 20th centuries, the history of the national state and law, and in the analysis of contemporary social and political phenomena and processes.

J. Kocsis, K. Major

Mariusz W. Majewski

The article discusses the issues of implementation of important achievements in the field of metallurgy (including armored weapons, fortifications and the navy), under the supervision of prof. Jan Czochralski, who played an important role in the development of the armed forces of the Second Polish Republic. At the same time, it has been noted that the activities of the institutes were conditioned by the poor development of non-ferrous metallurgy, which contributed to delays in the development of technical thinking in the field of aviation and combustion engines, an important element of the armed forces.

Tomasz Czarnota

<p>Similarities between totalitarian state Oceania ruled by the Party in Nineteen Eighty-Four to communist rule in Europe and outside of it provoke comparisons. They enable to obtain additional knowledge not only about the book, but also about the system; so it is in the case of my article. In this article I concentrated on the issue of archives and, partly, past and history, illustrated by information from the G. Orwell’s book and archival materials of the Polish United Workers' Party. In Oceania the past was a changing category as a result of full control of all elements linking it to the present (press, books, documents etc.), which led to strengthening the Party’s rule. Documents stored in archives were constantly swapped, so they conform what the Party was claiming at the time. In that situation access to the fabricated studies and sources must have been free. But objective historiography could not exist, even if “historical” books were published. In turn, for the PUWP that ruled in Poland, accomplishments of the party and its predecessors were important for the ideology and legitimizing its authority. The party discerned the<br />benefits of initiating historical research (not necessarily fully objective) and preserving authentic documents in its archives, which could be used in the research and propaganda. But the holdings of the party’s archives were not accessible for everyone. For example, documents depicting “not progressive” phenomena were rationed. Comparing approach to this issue of the Oceanian Party and of the PUWP shows, that they actually had completely different visions and ways of acting. It leads to a conclusion, that the PUWP hardly resembled similar strands described by G. Orwell, looking on the archival issues.</p>

Janusz Smołucha

The article discusses the little-known (in historiography) history ofdiplomatic relations between Christian Europe and Uzun Hassan (1423–1478), the ruler of Persia. The capital of the country was located in Tabriz, currently in north-western Iran. Uzun Hassan provided military support to Ottoman Turkey’s enemies and sought to establish diplomatic relations with Christian states. The author briefly describes the history of Persia’s diplomatic missions, which were usually aimed at Venice and Rome. In 1472, one of them also visited Krakow, the capital of the Kingdom of Poland. Aside from brief references in contemporary chronicles and diplomatic and diplomatic documents, we know little about details of those first political contacts with Persia. The main part of the article refers to an exceptionally well-documented, in terms of sources, journey of Venetian envoy Ambrogio Contarini to Uzun Hassan’s court in Tabriz. He embarked on the diplomatic mission from Venice in February 1474. As Turks at that time were blocking the crossing from Cyprus to Asia Minor, the Venetian envoy decided to travel by land across Germany, the Kingdom of Poland and Ruthenia. His descriptions of obscure regions at Dnieper, including in Kiev itself, are extremely valuable. He also gave a detailed account of his adventurous journey to Caffa on the shore of the Dead Sea. From there, bypassing the Turkish territory and the mountains of the Caucasus, avoiding many dangers, Contarini made it to Persia.

Łukasz Biały

Katarzyna Kącka

R. Pinheiro, Dominik Antonowicz