Hasil untuk "History of France"

Félix Krawatzek

Scholarship on collective memory from an explicit political science perspective has expanded over the last decade. This growth speaks to political dynamics unfolding across the world, as history has once again become part of political confrontations. The ongoing dispute about an acceptable name for Macedonia, the role of truth commissions in post-conflict societies, and the international tensions stemming from the memories of Japanese aggression on the Asian continent during the Asia-Pacific War illustrate that political science needs to include questions of collective memory in its analysis. Although political science’s focus on collective memory is new, it would be erroneous to believe that memory has started to shape politics only recently. The study of the societal significance of present-day representations of past narratives has a long history. Its intellectual forebears can be found notably in late-19th-century French sociology, and the topic has gained in prominence in the humanities and sociology since the 1980s and is now marching into the political sciences. This latter expansion also changes the methods and research strategies that scholarship on collective memory employs. Nevertheless, studying collective memory will remain an inherently interdisciplinary endeavor and uniquely integrates the social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. Given the field’s quick shifts, a number of central conceptual tools retain an elasticity less common in other branches of the discipline. Meanwhile, the number of topics that can be approached through the prism of collective memory is inexhaustible. The field is therefore held together primarily by its underlying conceptual apparatus. Conceptual clarity is thus particularly relevant for a dialogue within and across the disciplines, and also to integrate the insights related to collective memory generated in political and social theory. The state of the scholarship illustrates, however, that studies of collective memory have overwhelmingly been motivated by empirical puzzles and at times continue to analyze memory as being a tangible phenomenon. While not necessarily shortcomings, many of the empirical contributions have thereby shied away from a more thorough theoretical investigation.

Ellen Teesdale

A. Hyde

R. C. Merton

The long history of the theory of option pricing began in 1900 when the French mathematician Louis Bachelier deduced an option pricing formula based on the assumption that stock prices follow a Brownian motion with zero drift. Since that time, numerous researchers have contributed to the theory. The present paper begins by deducing a set of restrictions on option pricing formulas from the assumption that investors prefer more to less. These restrictions are necessary conditions for a formula to be consistent with a rational pricing theory. Attention is given to the problems created when dividends are paid on the underlying common stock and when the terms of the option contract can be changed explicitly by a change in exercise price or implicitly by a shift in the investment or capital structure policy of the firm. Since the deduced restrictions are not sufficient to uniquely determine an option pricing formula, additional assumptions are introduced to examine and extend the seminal Black-Scholes theory of option pricing. Explicit formulas for pricing both call and put options as well as for warrants and the new "down-and-out" option are derived. The effects of dividends and call provisions on the warrant price are examined. The possibilities for further extension of the theory to the pricing of corporate liabilities are discussed.

E. Angelantonio, S. Kaptoge, D. Wormser et al.

J. Bokina

D. North, R. Thomas

G. Spivak

V. Voloshinov

D. Baud, D. Gubler, B. Schaub et al.

J. French, P. Williamson, V. Thadani et al.

C. Fuchs, E. Giovannucci, Graham A Colditz et al.

Eva Francesca Martellotta, Eva Francesca Martellotta, Delphine Vettese et al.

Understanding the relationship between animal processing practices and stone tool use is essential for interpreting Paleolithic lifeways. These activities leave behind two key forms of archaeological evidence: butchery marks (“cut marks”) and lithic tools. While both faunal and lithic remains are critical to understanding past behaviors, they are rarely studied in an integrated framework. In particular, the characterization of cut marks produced by tools made from different raw materials remains underexplored. This study presents an experimental protocol designed to address this gap by establishing a baseline for identifying cut marks created using dacite, flint, and obsidian tools. Both retouched and unretouched edges were used in controlled cutting actions on bone. The results show that the different raw materials exhibited varying degrees of cutting performance. However, statistical analyses of the resulting cut marks revealed limited patterns that could reliably distinguish between raw material types. These findings highlight the need for more refined analytical approaches capable of linking cut mark features to specific tool types or materials. Such advancements hold significant potential for regions as the southern Caucasus, where diverse raw material use and reduction strategies complicate the interpretation of butchery practices.

J. Bockris

Valérie Olié, Richard Isnard, Françoise Pousset et al.

Abstract Aims We aim to describe the incidence of HF hospitalization in France in the post‐pandemic era, the prevalence of HF cases and patients' characteristics, management and outcomes while focusing on sex, age and socio‐economic differences and to analyse time‐trends between 2012 and 2022. Methods and results Based on the French health care database providing medical information for almost the whole French population, patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF without history of HF in the 5 years were identified by the International Classification of Diseases – 10th revision (ICD‐10) codes. In 2022, the estimated prevalence of HF was 1.7% in France and has increased until the COVID‐19 pandemic and decreased thereafter. The incidence of acute HF decompensation reached 201.4 per 100 000 inhabitants and has decreased since 2012 (−1% per year). A significant increase of the HF incidence was found in men aged <45 years. Women aged <65 years were less likely to be admitted in a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) unit and had higher probability of one‐year mortality compared with men of the same age. One‐year mortality was significantly increased in patients from the most deprived area among extreme age group only (under 65 and ≥85 years). One‐year rehospitalization rates have decreased significantly, particularly in men aged <75 years. A decrease in ACE/ARBs deliveries was observed in both men and women. Conclusions Despite the decrease in acute HF decompensation incidence and improvements in the management, the prevalence of HF remains stable in France and prognosis remains poor.

Juan Ruesga Navarro, Vicente Palacios Galán

The purpose of this article is to formalise a hypothesis concerning the Coliseum of the Buen Retiro and to express it by means of a virtual reconstruction of the theatre itself in order to explain the functioning of the hall and its relationship with the Palace. This hypothesis is based on the survey carried out in 1712 by the architect René Carlier, preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, and other documents. The Coliseo del Buen Retiro (1640) was the first theatre in Spain to be equipped with Italian-style stage machinery, thanks to the collaboration between the architect Alonso Carbonell and the set designer Cosme Lotti. It formed part of the buildings of the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid, built during the reign of Philip IV, where important texts by Pedro Calderón de la Barca were performed and constitutes an essential piece in the history of Spanish theatre.

Jörg U. Ganzhorn, Jean-Basile Andriambeloson, Sylvia Atsalis et al.

The concept of “facilitated restoration” aims at native biodiversity reinstatement with the help of animal seed dispersers attracted by fruiting trees. Yet, large-crowned trees will have to develop in the early stages of restoration; therefore, seed dispersal provided by small generalist mammals and birds that use rapidly growing herbs, shrubs, and small trees at early stages of forest succession would accelerate biodiversity restoration. Due to the elusive lifestyle of these small animals, it is unclear what species can contribute to the early stages of this process. Using the primate genus <i>Microcebus</i> (adult body mass about 60 g) as an example, we illustrate that these small generalists are possible seed dispersers in the early stages of forest restoration, not yet used by larger frugivores. We show that <i>Microcebus</i> spp. dispersed more seeds from herbs, shrubs, and small trees than large frugivorous primate species. These plants tend to have smaller seeds than large tree species and are often pioneer species not considered in forest restoration projects. Facilitating the colonization of restoration plots by generalist small seed dispersers that use shrubby habitats may improve plant diversity by adding a more natural sequence of successional stages towards mature forests in Madagascar and elsewhere in the tropics.

Juan R. Loaiza, Miguel González-Duque

Data-driven approaches to philosophy have emerged as a valuable tool for studying the history of the discipline. However, most studies in this area have focused on a limited number of journals from specific regions and subfields. We expand the scope of this research by applying dynamic topic modelling techniques to explore the history of philosophy in Colombia and Latin America. Our study examines the Colombian philosophy journal Ideas y Valores, founded in 1951 and currently one of the most influential academic philosophy journals in the region. By analyzing the evolution of topics across the journal's history, we identify various trends and specific dynamics in philosophical discourse within the Colombian and Latin American context. Our findings reveal that the most prominent topics are value theory (including ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics), epistemology, and the philosophy of science. We also trace the evolution of articles focusing on the historical and interpretive aspects of philosophical texts, and we note a notable emphasis on German philosophers such as Kant, Husserl, and Hegel on various topics throughout the journal's lifetime. Additionally, we investigate whether articles with a historical focus have decreased over time due to editorial pressures. Our analysis suggests no significant decline in such articles. Finally, we propose ideas for extending this research to other Latin American journals and suggest improvements for natural language processing workflows in non-English languages.

Victoria H. F. Scott

Ana Cañadas, Nino Pierantonio, Hélder Araújo et al.

The ACCOBAMS Survey Initiative (ASI) is the first synoptic large-scale survey of the entire ACCOBAMS Area and as such it plays a key role in filling the current gaps in our biological and ecological knowledge of large vertebrate species occurring in the region. Data gathered during the ASI were analyzed in a distance sampling surface-modelling framework to assess the summer distribution, densities and patterns, as well as to investigate the correlates of these parameters, for large vertebrate species and taxa in the Mediterranean Basin. Static and dynamic explanatory variables, including water depth (m), distance to depth contours (km), distance to canyons and seabed slope (km), sea surface temperature (°C), mixed layer depth (m) and levels of chlorophyll-a (mg/l), were considered to predict density and compute its variance spatially at a resolution of 10x10 km. A strong longitudinal gradient from low densities in the east to high densities in the west is shared by most taxa. In addition, several taxa also showed a less marked latitudinal gradient varying in direction according to species, and finally, a few of them exhibited patchy distributions.