Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

A. Vleeming, H. Albert, H. Östgaard et al.

Tat'yana S. Smolentseva

The article provides an overview of operations of the London office of the All-Russian Cooperative Society Limited (ARСOS Ltd.) in 1920–27. The author has analyzed the activities of the trade organization in the period from the beginning of its existence in June 1920 to the restriction of its operations because of the police raid on Arcos in May 1927. Special attention is paid to the years 1921–22, since ARСOS Ltd. had greater independence and represented the most unified structure at that time. The author has prepared diagrams showing the organizational structure of Arcos according to the data from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation. The article analyzes changes in the structure of the organization during that period, the processes of accepting orders for importing goods to Soviet Russia, and personnel policy, and also briefly describes the trading activities of the company, and enumerates some subsidiaries of Arcos. The author has come to the conclusion that the frequent change of the company’s structure is associated with a number of reasons, the simplest, most direct and working mechanism of records management in the first place. Within the framework of the organization’s personnel policy, priority was given to Soviet citizens or people ideologically loyal to Soviet Russia. From the very beginning of Arcos existence, and especially in 1923 and later, some departments that were engaged in narrowly focused work became more independent and left the company. The aspirations of the Trade Delegation to subjugate ARCOS Ltd. also played a role in the process of regular transformations in the organization’s structure. The author has concluded that despite all the differences in organizational, clerical, and personnel policy, the company achieved a significant increase in working capital and became the largest foreign trading association in the UK.

Can Chen, Xiaoxiao Liu, Danying Yan et al.

OBJECTIVES Influenza vaccination is an effective method for preventing influenza virus infection. Herein, we performed a meta-analysis to quantify global influenza vaccination rates (IVRs) and the factors influencing its uptake in the general population, individuals with chronic diseases, pregnant women, and healthcare workers. METHODS Related articles were obtained from online databases and screened according to the inclusion criteria. The pooled IVRs were calculated using the random effects model. Subgroup analyses and multivariate meta-regression were performed to determine the factors associated with influenza vaccine uptake. RESULTS We included 522 studies from 68 countries/regions. Most studies were conducted in the European region (247 studies), followed by the Western Pacific (135 studies) and American regions (100 studies). The IVRs in the general population were lower (24.96%, 23.45-26.50%) than in individuals with chronic diseases (41.65%, 40.08-43.23%), healthcare workers (36.57%, 33.74-39.44%), and pregnant women (25.92%, 23.18-28.75%). The IVRs were significantly higher in high-income countries/regions than that in middle-income countries/regions. Countries/regions with free vaccine policy, perception of influenza vaccine efficacy and disease severity, a recommendation from healthcare workers, and having a history of influenza vaccination were positive factors for vaccine uptake (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Overall, global IVRs were low, especially in the general population. The studies on the IVRs, especially for priority populations, should be strengthened in Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asian, and African regions. Free vaccine policies and the dissemination of continuous awareness campaigns are effective measures to enhance vaccination uptake.

Venher Albert

K. Adorjan, H. Stubbe

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) has caused over 668 million confirmed infections and over 6 million deaths from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide (as of January 23, 2023) [1]. A pandemic of such magnitude poses considerable challenges to health care systems. It stretches hospitals to their limits in their capacity to care for patients [2] and places health care workers as well as vulnerable populations at severe risk. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic resulted not only in acute illnesses, but also in long-term consequences. While there is an extensive increase in literature on the COVID-19 pandemic in general, the long-term consequences and their underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Thus, several new findings and aspects are highlighted in this issue of the European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. Li et al. present new insights into the long-term psychological consequences of COVID-19. They found that a high proportion of COVID-19 survivors still suffered from poor sleep quality, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and PTSD 1 year after infection [3]. Risk factors for these mental health outcomes included smoking, alcohol use, and low educational status. In addition, history of chronic disease was an independent risk factor for poor sleep quality, fatigue, depression, and PTSD. This study points to the long-term psychological impact of COVID-19 in survivors and highlights the urgent need for appropriate mental health services for psychological support. In another study, a group led by Benke and Pané-Farré examined the question of what long-term changes in mental health occurred in the general German population as a result of the pandemic in a longitudinal observational study. Their data from 1388 adults showed that depressive symptoms and loneliness increased over the course of the pandemic while life satisfaction decreased comparing baseline to 12-month follow-up. In addition, they found that particularly vulnerable groups, such as younger people or those with mental disorders, were more severely affected by psychopathological symptoms [4]. These outcomes point to a deterioration in mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring the importance of implementing targeted health interventions to prevent the onset of severe mental illness, particularly among vulnerable groups. In addition to the long-term consequences of COVID-19 disease, the psychological and psychosocial consequences of lock downand isolation measures must be considered. To date, few studies have examined the long-term psychological effects of familial confinement and exposure to SARSCoV-2 infection in adolescents. This aspect was studied by Qu and colleagues. They found that psychological resilience was a protective factor in preventing depression and anxiety symptoms among adolescents at increased risk of infection. Emotional abuse and poor parent–child relationships were risk factors. Long-term institutional care had low psychological impact on adolescents, but SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were significantly associated with adolescent depression and anxiety. Reif-Leonhard et al. investigated suicidal behavior during the pandemic. Their data showed a decrease in suicide attempts during the pandemic, while completed suicides did not change. Suicide attempts were more likely in patients who lived alone. Age, gender, occupational status, and psychiatric diagnoses did not differ during the pandemic. The rate and number of intoxications as a suicide method also increased, and more people attempted suicide in their own homes. In addition, the colleagues assumed that a high number of suicide attempts remained unnoticed because they occurred in the home environment and the methods used were associated with lower lethality [6]. * Kristina Adorjan Kristina.Adorjan@med.uni-muenchen.de

S. Sesanti

In 2003, almost a decade after South Africa’s 1994 first democratic elections, an academic debate emerged about the need to include the indigenous African philosophy of education in teacher education. Subsequently, Ubuntu philosophy has been given attention in philosophy for teacher education. However, ancient Egyptian philosophy of education, an indigenous African tradition, is absent. On their part, European and Asian philosophies of education are centred, leaving space for some philosophers of education to falsely attribute the genesis of philosophy, in general, and philosophy of education, in particular, to Europe and Asia since the two are dated. In contrast, Ubuntu philosophy of education is not dated. In this article, I argue that ancient Egyptian philosophy of education must be reclaimed and centred on teacher education not only in South Africa but wherever Africans are. Such an approach will not only expose Africans to their rich philosophical heritage but will also help to reclaim African philosophy’s space as a leader of humankind in the history of philosophy.

E. V. Molodyakova

W. Pietz

W. Gatewood, G. Fredrickson

Joan Maria Thomàs

El presente artículo reflexiona sobre las relaciones establecidas por la Alemania nazi durante la Guerra Civil española primero con el partido fascista español Falange Española de las JONS y posteriormente, desde el momento de su creación, con el partido único del régimen franquista, Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS. Analiza los orígenes y desarrollo de dichas relaciones, centrándose en las de tipo político del Estado y del partido nazis establecidas por el Encargado de Negocios y después embajador general Faupel, caracterizadas por un extremado intervencionismo, así como las de su sucesor, el diplomático profesional von Stohrer, caracterizadas por una actitud más distanciada. El artículo incluye igualmente un análisis de las relaciones económicas, militares y policiales entre el régimen nazi y el Estado franquista durante la contienda.

Anastasia Tsapanidou

In 19th-century Modern Greek life, the most common written word that means 'mirror' was 'katoptron'. It is well-known that during this period katoptron as a material object still indicated luxury and welfare. Many 19th-century Modern Greek writers, just like their colleagues in Europe, used 'katoptron' as a means of mirroring in metaphorical and symbolic ways: it mirrors the body but reflects the soul, it tells truths or lies, it reveals the future or the past, it provokes feelings and emotions, joy or despair, self-complacency or remorse. A widespread use of katoptron during the same period made the mirror equivalent to a means that provides a wide periscopic or panoramic point of view, a full inspection of an issue discussed by the writer. But it appears that there was a wider spread of the use of katoptron/mirror as a synonym of profound (and meant to be scientific) research on social and individual morality. Some of these meanings of katoptron can be found in the three-volume Modern Greek novel The King of Hades published in Constantinople in 1882, written by Konstantinos Megarefs and obviously inspired by the famous The Count of Monte Cristo (1844) by Alexandre Dumas. The present paper examines the role of the mirror in this novel in the context of the aforementioned meanings. Subsequently it focuses on a very special use of a mirror as a secret key-mechanism and invisible door/passage leading to an underground space used for escape, hiding, and punishment, and it discusses this particular use of the mirror as a constructive element in the mystery novel.

I. Deckers, F. Benhadou, M. Koldijk et al.

S. Darby, D. Hill, H. Deo et al.

OBJECTIVES Studies seeking direct estimates of the lung cancer risk associated with residential radon exposure lasting several decades have been conducted in many European countries. Individually these studies have not been large enough to assess moderate risks reliably. Therefore data from all 13 European studies of residential radon and lung cancer satisfying certain prespecified criteria have been brought together and analyzed. METHODS Data were available for 7148 persons with lung cancer and 14,208 controls, all with individual smoking histories and residential radon histories determined by long-term radon gas measurements. RESULTS The excess relative risk of lung cancer per 100 Bq/m3 increase in the observed radon concentration was 0.08 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.03-0.16; P=0.0007] after control for confounding. The dose-response relationship was linear with no evidence of a threshold, and it remained significant when only persons with observed radon concentrations of <200 Bq/m3 were included. There was no evidence that the excess relative risk varied with age, sex, or smoking history. Removing the bias induced by random uncertainties related to radon exposure assessment increased the excess relative risk of lung cancer to 0.16 (95% CI 0.05-0.31) per 100 Bq/m3. With this correction, estimated risks at 0, 100, and 400 Bq/m3, relative to lifelong nonsmokers with no radon exposure, were 1.0, 1.2, and 1.6 for lifelong nonsmokers and 25.8, 29.9, and 42.3 for continuing smokers of 15-24 cigarettes/day. CONCLUSIONS These data provide firm evidence that residential radon acts as a cause of lung cancer in the general population. They provide a solid basis for the formulation of policies with which to manage risk from radon and reduce deaths from the most common fatal cancer in Europe.

Concepción RODRÍGUEZ-PARADA, Núria JORNET BENITO

Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto de investigación Paisajes espirituales. Modelos de aproximación espacial a las transformaciones de la religiosidad femenina medieval en los reinos peninsulares (siglos xii-xvi) (http://www.ub.edu/proyectopaisajes/index.php). Desde este marco teórico, nuestros objetivos se centran en mostrar y analizar un libro de cofradías para descubrir el potencial de esta fuente como punto de partida para llevar a cabo una investigación centrada en la fundación y el desarrollo de hermandades devocionales en la Edad Media; y, en segundo lugar, ilustrar la relevancia del método prosopográfico para visualizar el papel activo de los laicos en la sociedad tardo-medieval, y las redes espirituales y de solidaridad que se establecen entre los hermanos, que provienen de diferentes áreas geográficas y sociales. Finalmente, la fecha temprana de la fundación de la cofradía del Rosario en el monasterio de Santa María de Montesión (Barcelona) en 1488, por iniciativa de Juana de Aragón, revela el importante papel que esta comunidad de dominicas jugó en la sociedad <br />de Barcelona de su tiempo y su ubicación en la topografía espiritual del momento.

Martha Marenales Rossi

Vasilijus Safronovas

K. Hanf, B. Soetendorp

Alessandro Breccia, Simona Salustri

L&rsquo;intervista a Mauro Moretti inquadra il tema del dossier a partire dalle fonti per la storia delle universit&agrave; italiane nel secondo Novecento. Passa poi ad indicare alcuni tra i principali aspetti da indagare anche per definire al meglio una possibile cronologia

Alessia Ruggeri

***

J. Vestbo, C. Vogelmeier, M. Small et al.

STUDY OBJECTIVES The aim of this analysis was to understand the implications of the GOLD 2011 multidimensional system for the assessment and management of COPD, using data from a real-world observational study. METHODS Data were drawn from the Adelphi Respiratory Disease Specific Programme, a cross-sectional survey of consulting patients in five European countries and in the U.S. undertaken between June and September 2011. Patients were classified using both the GOLD 2010 and revised GOLD 2011 criteria, and profiled with regards to demographics, disease characteristics and treatment patterns. RESULTS Information on 3813 COPD patients was collected. Disease characteristics showed a general tendency to worsen in parallel with worsening of symptoms. When comparing dual versus single risk criteria, the inclusion of exacerbation history resulted in an increase in the number of patients in high risk groups. The highest proportions of patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) were in group D. However, a considerable proportion of patients in low risk groups were receiving ICS/long-acting β2 agonists. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis confirmed the relationship between higher symptomatic burden, increased airflow limitation and exacerbation, and further illustrated the importance of including exacerbation history in the assessment of COPD to identify patients at high risk. As based on data from current clinical practice, this study also highlighted the frequent and potentially inappropriate use of ICS and bronchodilators in patients at low risk of experiencing exacerbations.