Hasil untuk "Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages"

Małgorzata Dowlaszewicz

Wonderbaarlijke levens. Patronen in heiligenlevens by Ludo Jongen offers a richly illustrated and accessible exploration of medieval hagiography. Drawing on decades of research, Jongen examines recurring patterns in saints’ lives and their enduring relevance in both historical and modern contexts. The book consists of six thematic chapters, covering topics such as canonization processes, miracle narratives, literary motifs, and the reception of saints’ legends – most notably that of Saint Servatius. Jongen integrates historical, literary, and sociological perspectives, referencing a wide range of sources from medieval texts to contemporary cultural phenomena. He highlights the transnational nature of hagiography while maintaining a focus on Dutch saints. Though written in a popular-scientific style with limited academic apparatus, the study provides valuable insights and encourages further exploration. Its visual richness and interdisciplinary approach make it appealing to both general readers and those interested in cultural history and religious literature.

Olga Krysiak, Natalia Szostak

Fengmin Zhu, Andreas Zeller

Programmers regularly use strings to encode many types of data, such as Unix file paths, URLs, and email addresses, that are conceptually different. However, existing mainstream programming languages use a unified string type to represent them all. As a result, their type systems will keep quiet when a function requiring an email address is instead fed an HTML text, which may cause unexceptional failures or vulnerabilities. To let the type system distinguish such conceptually different string types, in this paper, we propose to regard \emph{formal languages as types} (FLAT), thereby restricting the set of valid strings by context-free grammars and semantic constraints if needed. To this end, email addresses and HTML text are treated as different types. We realize this idea in Python as a testing framework FLAT-PY. It contains user annotations, all directly attached to the user's code, to (1) define such \emph{language types}, (2) specify pre-/post-conditions serving as \emph{semantic oracles} or contracts for functions, and (3) fuzz functions via random string inputs generated from a \emph{language-based fuzzer}. From these annotations, FLAY-PY \emph{automatically} checks type correctness at runtime via \emph{code instrumentation}, and reports any detected type error as soon as possible, preventing bugs from flowing deeply into other parts of the code. Case studies on real Python code fragments show that FLAT-PY is enable to catch logical bugs from random inputs, requiring a reasonable amount of user annotations.

Mark Koch, Agustín Borgna, Craig Roy et al.

Linear types enforce no-cloning and no-deleting theorems in functional quantum programming. However, in imperative quantum programming, they have not gained widespread adoption. This work aims to develop a quantum type system that combines ergonomic linear typing with imperative semantics and maintains safety guarantees. All ideas presented here have been implemented in Quantinuum's Guppy programming language.

Attila Egri-Nagy

Programming languages tend to evolve over time to use more and more concepts from theoretical computer science. Still, there is a gap between programming and pure mathematics. Not all theoretical results have realized their promising applications. The algebraic decomposition of finite state automata (Krohn-Rhodes Theory) constructs an emulating hierarchical structure from simpler components for any computing device. These decompositions provide ways to understand and control computational processes, but so far the applications were limited to theoretical investigations. Here, we study how to apply algebraic decompositions to programming languages. We use recent results on generalizing the algebraic theory to the categorical level (from semigroups to semigroupoids) and work with the special class of concatenative functional programming languages. As a first application of semigroupoid decompositions, we start to design a family of programming languages with an explicit semigroupoid representation.

Maliheh Izadi, Jonathan Katzy, Tim van Dam et al.

Transformer-based language models for automatic code completion have shown great promise so far, yet the evaluation of these models rarely uses real data. This study provides both quantitative and qualitative assessments of three public code language models when completing real-world code. We first developed an open-source IDE extension, Code4Me, for the online evaluation of the models. We collected real auto-completion usage data for over a year from more than 1200 users, resulting in over 600K valid completions. These models were then evaluated using six standard metrics across twelve programming languages. Next, we conducted a qualitative study of 1690 real-world completion requests to identify the reasons behind the poor model performance. A comparative analysis of the models' performance in online and offline settings was also performed, using benchmark synthetic datasets and two masking strategies. Our findings suggest that while developers utilize code completion across various languages, the best results are achieved for mainstream languages such as Python and Java. InCoder outperformed the other models across all programming languages, highlighting the significance of training data and objectives. Our study also revealed that offline evaluations do not accurately reflect real-world scenarios. Upon qualitative analysis of the model's predictions, we found that 66.3% of failures were due to the models' limitations, 24.4% occurred due to inappropriate model usage in a development context, and 9.3% were valid requests that developers overwrote. Given these findings, we propose several strategies to overcome the current limitations. These include refining training objectives, improving resilience to typographical errors, adopting hybrid approaches, and enhancing implementations and usability.

Bartosz Sawicki, Michał Śmiałek, Bartłomiej Skowron

This article explores the evolving role of programming languages in the context of artificial intelligence. It highlights the need for programming languages to ensure human understanding while eliminating unnecessary implementation details and suggests that future programs should be designed to recognize and actively support user interests. The vision includes a three-level process: using natural language for requirements, translating it into a precise system definition language, and finally optimizing the code for performance. The concept of an "Ultimate Programming Language" is introduced, emphasizing its role in maintaining human control over machines. Trust, reliability, and benevolence are identified as key elements that will enhance cooperation between humans and AI systems.

Daniel Hausmann, Mathieu Lehaut, Nir Piterman

We study how to distribute trace languages in a setting where processes communicate via reconfigurable communication channels. That is, the different processes can connect and disconnect from channels at run time. We restrict attention to communication via tree-like communication architectures. These allow channels to connect more than two processes in a way that maintains an underlying spanning tree and keeps communication continuous on the tree. We make the reconfiguration explicit in the language allowing both a centralized automaton as well as the distributed processes to share relevant information about the current communication configuration. We show that Zielonka's seminal result regarding distribution of regular languages for asynchronous automata can be generalized in this setting, incorporating both reconfiguration and more than binary tree architectures.

Kirsten Schindler, Matthias Knopp

Das Erklären stellt eine alltägliche Praxis in der Schule dar; es ist konstitutiv für die Bildungsinstitution. Erklärt wird in Schulbüchern und im Unterricht, von Lehrkräften und von Schüler*innen, gezielt, vorbereitet oder auch nebenbei und en passant, im Deutschunterricht und in allen anderen Schulfächern. In den letzten Jahren ist diese Erklärpraxis durch Erklärvideos ergänzt worden, die inner- und außerhalb von Unterricht, zur Nach- und Vorbereitung und teils auch als Ersatz von Unterricht genutzt werden. Wie aber unterscheidet sich das Erklären im Video vom Erklären im Unterricht? Inunserem Beitrag modellieren wir das Erklärvideo aus medienlinguistischer und mediendidaktischer Perspektive und bestimmen das multimodale Erklären auch im Verhältnis zum Erklären im Unterricht.   Abstract (english): Multimodal explaining in the Classroom & per video. A model for the analysis and production of explanatory videos.  Explaining is an everyday practice in schools; it is constitutive for the institution itself. Explanations are given in textbooks and in lessons, by teachers and students, purposefully, prepared or also incidentally and en passant, in German lessons and in all other school subjects. In recent years, this explanatory practice has been supplemented by explanatory videos, which are used in and outside of lessons, for follow-up and preparation and sometimes also as a substitute for lessons. But how does explaining in videos differ from explaining in class? In our article we propose a model for the explanatory video using a media-linguistic and media-didactic perspective and define the video as a specific form of multimodality also in relation to explaining in class.

Guillaume Martres

The Dependent Object Type (DOT) calculus was designed to put Scala on a sound basis, but while DOT relies on structural subtyping, Scala is a fundamentally class-based language. This impedance mismatch means that a proof of DOT soundness by itself is not enough to declare a particular subset of the language as sound. While a few examples of Scala snippets have been manually translated into DOT, no systematic compilation scheme has been presented so far. In this thesis we develop a series of calculi of increasing complexity to model Scala and present a type-preserving compilation scheme from each of these calculus into DOT. Along the way, we develop some necessary extensions to DOT.

Shreekanth M Prabhu, Abhisek Midya

The study of spoken languages comprises phonology, morphology, and grammar. The languages can be classified as root languages, inflectional languages, and stem languages. In addition, languages continually change over time and space by picking isoglosses, as speakers move from region to/through region. All these factors lead to the formation of vocabulary, which has commonality/similarity across languages as well as distinct and subtle differences among them. Comparison of vocabularies across languages and detailed analysis has led to the hypothesis of language families. In particular, in the view of Western linguists, Vedic Sanskrit is a daughter language, part of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European Language family, and Dravidian Languages belong to an entirely different family. These and such conclusions are reexamined in this paper. Based on our study and analysis, we propose an Ecosystem Model for Linguistic Development with Sanskrit at the core, in place of the widely accepted family tree model. To that end, we leverage the Paninian system of sounds to construct a phonetic map. Then we represent words across languages as state transitions on the phonetic map and construct corresponding Morphological Finite Automata (MFA) that accept groups of words. Regardless of whether the contribution of this paper is significant or minor, it is an important step in challenging policy-driven research that has plagued this field.

Jhessyca Castro do Nascimento, Rogéria Costa Pereira

Construir possibilidades de circulação das informações é essencial para qualquer área do conhecimento e quando se trata de uma área específica da Linguística, como a Linguística Contrastiva, par de língua Português e Alemão, torna-se imprescindível para o reconhecimento e a consolidação da área. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa se propõe a buscar a literatura produzida na área, ampliando levantamento anterior (SIPRIANO, SOUZA e PEREIRA 2021) para áreas intra- e extralinguísticas (TEKIN 2012). O intento é concentrar os dados bibliográficos em locus acessível a toda comunidade científica. A partir das produções encontradas, traçamos análise quantiqualitativa no que diz respeito ao número de produções, à concentração de trabalhos por área e por periódico científico. Os dados encontrados possibilitaram, ainda, uma reflexão a respeito da política de classificação dos periódicos científicos e seus impactos na comunidade científica e na sociedade.

Mikhail Moshkov

In this paper, we study arbitrary subword-closed languages over the alphabet $\{0,1\}$ (binary subword-closed languages). For the set of words $L(n)$ of the length $n$ belonging to a binary subword-closed language $L$, we investigate the depth of decision trees solving the recognition and the membership problems deterministically and nondeterministically. In the case of recognition problem, for a given word from $L(n)$, we should recognize it using queries each of which, for some $i\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}$, returns the $i$th letter of the word. In the case of membership problem, for a given word over the alphabet $\{0,1\}$ of the length $n$, we should recognize if it belongs to the set $L(n)$ using the same queries. With the growth of $n$, the minimum depth of decision trees solving the problem of recognition deterministically is either bounded from above by a constant, or grows as a logarithm, or linearly. For other types of trees and problems (decision trees solving the problem of recognition nondeterministically, and decision trees solving the membership problem deterministically and nondeterministically), with the growth of $n$, the minimum depth of decision trees is either bounded from above by a constant or grows linearly. We study joint behavior of minimum depths of the considered four types of decision trees and describe five complexity classes of binary subword-closed languages.

Carolin Führer

Der Beitrag konkretisiert anhand der Analyse schriftlicher Anschlusskommunikationen von Lernenden zu Drei Wege von Julia Zejn die Frage nach den Leistungen grafischen Erzählens für literarästhetisches Lernen in den Sekundarstufen. Der heuristische Blick wird dabei auf eine zentrale literaturdidaktische Zielvorstellung -„subjektive Involviertheit und genaue Textwahrnehmung miteinander ins Spiel bringen“- gelenkt um nicht zuletzt dessen bisher fehlende medienspezifische Präzisierung zu markieren. In der Auswertung der Daten wird deutlich, dass der Bezugsrahmen der ‚Involvierung‘ in ästhetikfähige Medien im Unterricht möglicherweise vieldimensional(er) und -stimmiger sein kann als das bisher literaturdidaktisch konzeptioniert war. Darüber hinaus scheinen Graphic Novels in der Verknüpfung von emotionalen und ästhetischen Lese- und Schreibprozessen, z.B. in Form einer Bewusstseinsbildung über Emotionslenkung und -wirkung in multimodalen Zeichensystemen, besonderes Aktivierungspotential zu entfalten.   Abstract (english): Graphic storytelling between individual involvement and text-picture perception. Reconstructing the challenges of multimodal reception in writing lessons at secondary schools This article points out the possible benefits of graphic storytelling in view of literary-aesthetic learning in secondary schools by analyzing, in written form, students’ follow-up communication regarding Drei Wege by Julia Zejn. The heuristic view is directed towards a central objective of the didactics of literature – to bring subjective involvement and exact perception of a text into play – in order to highlight the lack of media-specific accuracy in this area. The evaluation of the data shows that ‘involvement’ as the frame of reference in ‘aesthetically capable’ media in the classroom is likely to be more multi-dimensional and polyphonic than previously conceptualised within the didactics of literature. Furthermore, graphic novels seem to activate a high potential for combining emotional and aesthetic reading and writing processes, for instance by raising awareness of the steering and effects of emotions in multimodal sign systems.

F. Martinho

Ingunn Ásdísardóttir

saga book. stephen a mitchell online shopping for. sites of memory in the irish landscape approaching ogham. minni and muninn brepols. minni and muninn memory in medieval nordic culture. staff professor stefan brink phd frse. ways to explore undergraduate advising resources and support. professor dr stefan brink dependency and slavery. scripta islandica 66 2015 diva portal. stephen mitchell department of germanic languages. stephen mitchell harvard university ma harvard. learning from the past to understand the present 536 ad. department of anglo saxon norse and celtic. gateway courses sample department suggested and or. a global history of literature and the environment edited. agnes arnorsdottir forskning aarhus universitet. jan alexander van nahl scripta islandica 66 2015. history research output the university of aberdeen. emeritus professor margaret clunies ross. pensum læringskrav vms2102 høst 2019 universitetet i. minnunga mæn the usage of old knowledgeable men in. core. landnámabók og kristnisaga manuscript handrit is. hugin and munin norse mythology for smart people. miðlun og minnisrannsóknir arnastofnun. skald definition of skald by medical dictionary. pdf the icelandic sagas and saga landscapes writing. skalds definition of skalds by the free dictionary. stephen mitchell the standing mittee on medieval studies. minni and muninn acta scandinavica. memory imagery and visuality in old norse literature. constructing the past jstor. john lindow professor emeritus department of scandinavian. terry gunnell scripta islandica 66 2015. pdf minni and muninn memory in medieval nordic culture. minni and muninn memory in medieval nordic culture book. minnis meaning and origin of the name minnis nameaning net. introduction minni and muninn memory in medieval nordic. kennings in mind and memory duo. recension av minni and muninn memory in medieval nordic. hiller diana gendered perceptions of florentine last. the fluidity of tradition place names travelogues and. prof drkate heslop. old norse stephen mitchell. eddic article about eddic by the free dictionary. minni and muninn memory in medieval nordic culture ed by. stephen a mitchell co uk. harald fairhair. memory and old norse mythology minni and muninn

D. Nielsen, L. Abdulkadir, Camilla Lynnerup et al.

BACKGROUND As an alternative to a professional interpreter, children or relatives often act as so-called 'language brokers' in the healthcare sector. Litterature have demonstrated that the cultural context is significant for the potential outcome for child language brokers. For individuals from a collectivistic family pattern, it becomes natural and is often regarded as respectful, to assist older relatives day and night. AIM Very little is known about young people providing informal translation services in a Scandinavian context. We therefore aimed to capture the lived experiences of bilingual health professionals, students and postgraduates who have experienced interpreting for family members in a healthcare setting. By interviewing bilingual health professionals, we aimed to obtain two perspectives, the translators and the professionals, in one interview. RESULTS Analysing the conditions, meanings and reasoning, it became possible for us to understand the young translators' situations and how their life conditions affected their reasons for action in certain ways and in certain conditions. The analysis revealed four main themes: (i) the importance of social relations and cultural conditions; (ii) the hidden burden of consequences for participants' health conditions due to the focus on health-related consequences and emotionally difficult situations experienced by the participants; (iii) participants experienced limitations in language skills as a challenge; and (iv) being 'in between' in the encounter with the professional system. CONCLUSION When family members interpret for the family, the family interpreter is at risk of being excluded by the family or being exposed to and involved in highly sensitive dilemmas that may forever impair normal family relations: health professionals should be aware of this and take professional responsibility.

Li-hong Han

English is clarified as a Germanic language, and it began in what is now the British-Isles. After years of development, English language has many varieties in different parts of the world. Different varieties differ in accent, vocabulary, grammar, discourse, sociolinguistics, and have its respective characteristics in pronunciation, tone, intonation, spelling and so on. Therefore, it is important for English language learners to observe the differences in language use. The present paper is an attempt to explore the regional characteristics of the two most commonly used varieties of the English Language–British English and American English. It is concluded that there will be intercommunications which will make the regional differences mild and easily understood. However, some differences may disappear, the others will remain so.

Elizabeth A. Cowper, Bronwyn M. Bjorkman, D. C. Hall et al.

Gallmann Peter