Contemporary culture is dominated by visual images, which leads to ‘oculocentrism’ and ‘clip consciousness’. Visual culture is a broad, interdisciplinary field of study. The problem of defining it remains relevant due to the insufficient clarification of the concept of ‘visual’, the lack of a clear distinction from related phenomena and established terminology.
The purpose of the study is to explicate the problem of defining visual culture in the history of cultural studies.
The historical-comparative and systematic approaches are applied to consider the problem in terminological, historical, theoretical and methodological aspects.
The results of the study: it is found that the concept of ‘visual culture’ is as broad as possible, covering artistic works, visual media, everyday practices and images. The evolution of its research field in five stages is characterized: from implicit visual studies of antiquity, through the propedeutic stage to theoretical conceptualization, structuralist orientation and the ‘pictorial’ / ‘iconic turn’. The interdisciplinary nature of visual culture is highlighted. It is noted that visual culture is faced with a lack of methodological clarity and blurred subject matter. The controversy over its disciplinary status and dependence on a limited number of theorists are highlighted.
The theoretical significance of the study lies in the explication and systematization of the problem of defining visual culture, clarifying its periodization, which contributes to the understanding of its dynamic nature and the expansion of the categorical apparatus of cultural studies. The practical significance of the study is that understanding the evolution of visual culture allows us to better navigate the oversaturated visual environment, critically reflect on its role in socio-cultural processes and its impact on world perception.
The scientific novelty lies in the systematic explication of the problem of defining visual culture through the prism of its historical evolution and the substantiation of five stages of the formation of this field.
Prospects for further research include the development of the concept of ‘visual’, the involvement of modern scientific discoveries in the field of vision and the development of research taking into account local languages and traditions.
Introduction While the principles of certainty and legal security are foundational to modern legislation, the transition to the digital age and postmodernism has necessitated the adoption of principles such as uncertainty, innovation, and flexibility in some international legal documents due to the rapid socio-economic developments driven by technological progress. The assemblage theory, informed by the philosophies of Deleuze, Guattari, and DeLanda, offers a dynamic understanding of the actions and network interactions among social actors. This framework facilitates a deeper understanding of institutional dynamics and highlights the necessity of adapting legal dynamics to specific contexts. Literature ReviewRhizome thinking, a concept developed by Gilles Deleuze, offers a critical perspective on the tradition of Western philosophy. Deleuze critiques the tree-like, vertical, and prescriptive structure of thought that is rooted in the concept of being, advocating instead for a horizontal, networked, and becoming structure as the foundation for thinking and knowledge. He employs the metaphor of the rhizome to illustrate this alternative mode of thought. Manuel DeLanda offers an alternative perspective that builds upon and modifies Deleuze and Guattari’s assemblage theory. From DeLanda’s viewpoint, entities are collections that increase in scale and complexity as components are added. He asserts that sets are the wholes whose characteristics emerge from the interactions between their parts. Given the existing literature, the assemblage theory has been applied in a limited way to explore the requirements of modern society and the social changes that encompass the civilization process in the contemporary societies of the 20th-century. Assemblage thinking has emerged at the forefront of a paradigm shift, viewing space and agency as the product of connections between humans and non-humans that create unstable wholes. This shift provides new avenues for rethinking the relationships between power, politics, and space from a more processual and socio-material perspective. In recent years, an increasing number of researchers have begun to view the state as a collection of heterogeneous elements, reconstructing the socio-material foundations of its functioning. Geographers, in particular, tend to focus on examining the spatial dimensions of state power. It appears that jurists are among the last groups of scholars to engage with the phenomenon of post-modernism while continuing to adhere to the principles of modern law. Materials and MethodsThe present study relied on a descriptive–analytical method to examine the feasibility of understanding institutional dynamics in the rule of law process, focusing on the epistemology and sociology of the assemblage theory as articulated by three key figures of this school of thought: Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and Manuel DeLanda. Results and DiscussionAccording to assemblage theory, policymaking is conceptualized within a social-material framework known as assemblage. In this approach, process and non-linearity serve as the main forms of policy development. Various actors—including local residents, interest groups, local institutions and authorities, the media, national governments, and sometimes international agencies—contribute to the formulation of policies and laws. The development of policy processes does not follow a linear path; it is not simply a matter of information flowing down the hierarchy from policymakers to citizens. Moreover, it does not consist of a linear sequence of activities over time, such as moving from the formulation of agenda to the approval and implementation of the law. In this sense, politics is not viewed merely as policymaking or as doing politics; rather, it is understood as the occurrence of politics within a multi-level, heterogeneous complex network. The network comprises a set of different non-linear processes, including different agencies and motives. Consequently, this approach contrasts sharply with traditional models of policymaking and legislation, defining itself as fully participatory.During the transition to the digital age, the rule of law has faced challenges due to the rapid pace of technological advancement, leading to philosophical and procedural revisions. Consequently, the law, which was once considered the foundation of political authority, is undergoing criticism and transformation in response to the emergence of new political actors and shifting rules of the game. Critics of innovation-related harms often advocate for risk-based regulation. Many scholars in law and technology agree that fostering innovation requires a gradual, reflexive, and participatory regulatory approach that incorporates rules from both the public and private sectors. However, due to the uncertainties surrounding innovation policy, some argue that the public sector must fundamentally shift its orientation toward adaptation, co-evolution, agility, and improvisation, resulting in policy recommendations that governments often find contentious. The philosophy of public law must evolve alongside the needs of governance to provide a foundation that aligns with these developments, ensuring that the public interest is not sacrificed to the rapid pace of change or the trial-and-error approaches of policymakers. In this context, the French theory of assemblage, as a postmodern school of thought, has elucidated the interaction between formal and informal institutions in society through a deconstructive approach. Based on the work of Deleuze, Guattari, and DeLanda, the assemblage theory offers a dynamic understanding of the roles and network interactions of social actors, providing a framework for understanding institutional dynamics. ConclusionBy identifying the creative interactions between social institutions, the assemblage theory paves the way for a dynamic interpretation of emerging legal situations and offers a means to overcome the institutional inertia present in legal traditions—the tradition that inherently resists change and often fails to respond timely and appropriately to institutional developments. Updating the legal doctrine to align with contemporary considerations of citizenship, good morals, and public order can yield more precise responses to emerging issues. Moreover, this proactive approach can help prevent creative compliance and the circumvention of the rule of law under the pretext of urgency and emergency situations.
The thesis that knowledge is a factive mental state plays a central role in knowledge-first epistemology, but accepting this thesis requires also accepting an unusually severe version of externalism about the mind. On this strong attitude externalism, whether S is in the mental state of knowledge can and often will rapidly change in virtue of changes in external states of reality with which S has no causal contact. It is commonly thought that this externalism requirement originates in the factivity of knowledge. However, despite a number of recent defenses of non-factive accounts of knowledge, epistemology has yet to consider whether a non-factive approach might produce a version of the mental state thesis that can avoid strong externalism. Here I do just that, exploring how three different proposals for weakening factivity might be adapted to theories of knowledge as a non-factive mental state. Contrary to what we might expect, however, none of these proposals are compatible with anything close to attitude internalism about knowledge—or even a substantially weaker externalism. All told, the widespread view that wraps up the severe externalism required for knowledge to be a mental state in factivity is mistaken. Knowledge’s external-world connection runs far deeper than the factivity constraint.
O artigo apresenta o Centro de Memória do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), sua trajetória e seu acervo. Oferece informações sobre a trajetória do conjunto documental produzido pelo CNPq, as dificuldades enfrentadas para preservá-lo e disponibilizá-lo, assim como as características da massa documental e suas possíveis utilizações na pesquisa histórica. Essa massa documental, composta de documentos textuais, iconográficos, áudio visuais e museográficos, possibilita ampla gama de pesquisas em diversas linhas de investigação no campo da história da ciência, sociologia da ciência, entre outras.
Ormai in tarda età, sembra che Verga abbia confidato la sua insofferenza rispetto al mancato riconoscimento della sua veste autoriale: «Per chi dovrei scrivere?» avrebbe detto «Di ciò che ho scritto sopravvive soltanto Cavalleria rusticana e non per virtù mia, ma di Pietro Mascagni. Le porto, quelle paginette, come un cappio al collo!». È abbastanza noto che lo scrittore siciliano uscì provato dalle disavventure giudiziarie che lo avevano visto protagonista, insieme a Mascagni, di una lunga disputa, fatta di numerose querele, denunce e processi sui ricavi conseguiti ai successi di Cavalleria e sulle proprie competenze autoriali. Si tratta di vicende che potrebbero tranquillamente rappresentare il soggetto di un film giudiziario dai toni talvolta drammatici e talvolta grotteschi. Nel corso di questo intervento, saranno sinteticamente ricostruiti i vari passaggi della lunga storia, che parte dalla scrittura dei testi (la novella, il dramma, il libretto per il melodramma) per giungere fino alle numerose riprese cinematografiche, con alcuni cenni su altri melodrammi derivati dalla novella in oggetto, ma meno conosciuti: Malapasqua di Stanislao Gastaldon e Cavalleria rusticana di Giovanni e Domenico Monleone.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Epistemology. Theory of knowledge
Jean Piaget (1896–1980) is known for his contributions to developmental psychology and educational theory. His name is associated especially with Stage Theory. That we believe him to have focused solely on cognitive development, however, is not because he did. This is instead the result of the popularization of his writings in the United States during the Cold War. (A period of crisis and subsequent education reform.) The overpowering influence of those interests blinded us to his larger framework, which he called “genetic epistemology,” and of which his stages were just a part. To address the resulting and continuing misunderstandings, this essay presents original historical scholarship—distilling over a thousand pages of archival documents (correspondence, diary entries, budgets, and reports)—to provide an insider’s look at Piaget’s research program from the perspective of the Rockefeller Foundation: genetic epistemology’s primary funding agency in the United States from the mid-1950s through the early-1960s. The result is an examination of how a group of interested Americans came to understand Piaget’s writings in French in the period just prior to their wider popularization in English, as well as of how Piaget presented himself and his ideas during the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. My goal, however, is not to summarize the whole of this misunderstood program. Instead, I aim to provide a source of archivally-grounded perspective that will allow for new insights about the Genevan School that are unrelated to American Cold War interests. In the process, we also derive new means to see how Piaget’s experimental examinations of the development of individual knowledge served to inform his team’s investigations of the evolution of science (and vice versa).
This research is focusing on the epistemological pattern of Islamic education during the Abbasid dynasty, especially during the Caliph Harun ar-Rashid. This study is library research using a historical approach. The research findings indicate that the background influencing the development of educational epistemology during the Abbasid dynasty, especially during the Caliph Harun is the translation movement, the construction of Bait al-Hikmah, the high number of Islamic educational institutions such as kuttab / maktab, low education in the palace, procurement of bookstores, the existence of Knowledge Convention, optimizing the function of mosques, madrasas for the public, and providing houses for ulema. More, the existence of scientists around the Caliph Harun promoted the progress of science, civilization, and Islamic education. In addition, the advance of political stability and economic circumstances during the Caliph Harun had also made scientific activity, Islamic education, and knowledge development becomes maximum. Moreover, Islamic education epistemology during the Caliph Harun can be mapped into three major streams of the underlying theory of knowledge, first, rational knowledge; second, sensory knowledge; and third, knowledge of Kasyaf through revelation or intuition. Several forms of knowledge developed from the epistemological style of Islamic education include the science of interpretation, the science of hadith, the science of kalam, the science of language, and the science of Tasawuf. Epistemology of Islamic education spawned many methods for scientific study such as nadzr, tadabur, tafakur, bayyinah, burhan, mulahzah, tajrib, istiqra, qiyas, tamsil, ta'wil, dzati, HISSI, khayali, aqli, syibhi, and more.
The idea that knowledge as an individual mental attitude with certain propositional content is not only true justified belief but a belief the truth of which does not result from any kind of luck, is widely spread in contemporary epistemology. This account is known as anti-luck epistemology. A very popular explanation of the inconsistency of that concept of knowledge with the luck-dependent nature of truth (so called veritic luck taking place when a subject’s belief could not be true if not by mere coincidence) presumes that the status of propositional knowledge crucially depends on the qualities of actions that result in the corresponding belief, or processes backing them, which reflect the socalled intellectual virtues mainly responsible for subject’s relevant competences. This account known as Virtue Epistemology presumes that if a belief is true exclusively or mainly due to its dependence on intellectual virtues, it just cannot be true by luck, hence no place for lucky knowledge. But this thesis is hard to prove given the existence of true virtuous beliefs which could nevertheless be false if not for some lucky (for the knower) accident. This led to an appearance of virtue epistemological theories aimed specifically at an assimilation of such cases. Their authors try to represent the relevant situations as such where the contribution of luck is not crucial whereas the contribution of virtues is crucial. This article provides a critical analysis of the corresponding arguments as part of a more general study of the ability of Virtue Epistemology to provide justification for the thesis of incompatibility of propositional knowledge with veritic luck. It is shown that there are good reasons to doubt that Virtue Epistemology can do this.
У статті виокремлені основні етапи становлення концептосфери політики як складової концептуальної картини світу українців в різні історичні періоди. Методологічною базою для розгляду основного теоретичного матеріалу слугував підхід, згідно з яким концептуальна картина світу (ККС) складається з концептосфер як способу організації концептів, а мовна картина світу містить у собі різні ККС. Основними запропонованими етапами розвитку концептосфери політики ідентифіковані періоди перебування українців під пануванням Австро-Угорської та Російської імперії і цей період відзначається як особливо цікавим для компаративних студій; нетривалий період української державності на початку ХХ ст. і формування радянсько-імперського дискурсу, в якому на особливу увагу заслуговує поновлення колоніального панування російського дискурсу над українським; українська діаспорська мовна картина світу, яка лишається все ще недостатньо дослідженою і яка може бути порівнена з формуванням українськими дисидентами дискурсу, альтернативного до панівного радянського; встановлено, що (пост)радянська спадщина все ще впливає на сучасну українську ККС, а відтак і на концептосферу політики в Україні, на якій також відображається тиск російської пропаганди і сучасна російська неоімперська ідеологія, що намагається зберегти тяглість з радянським минулим і при цьому є засадничо антиукраїнською. У статті встановлено, що перспективними для подальших досліджень виглядають розвідки, в яких на основі міждисциплінарного політико-лінгвістичного підходу можна буде виокремити конкретні констеляції політичних концептів, з яких складається концептосфера сучасної української політичної науки.
A. S. Binyatova, T. n. Yunasova, K. A. Sarkisyan
et al.
Relevance. The need to increase vaccination coverage in order to eliminate measles in Russia and increase public confidence in vaccination requires constant monitoring of the quality of vaccines used for measles prevention. Aim. Analysis of laboratory quality parameters of commercial series of vaccines for measles prevention produced by JSC NPO Microgen, issued from 2015 to 2020, in comparison with the series issued in the period from 2002 to 2009. Materials and methods. The object of the study was a live measles culture vaccine and a live mumps-measles culture vaccine produced by JSC «NPO «Microgen». The quality analysis of vaccines was carried out according to the consolidated production and control protocols of 422 series of measles vaccine and 855 series of mumps-measles vaccine issued in 2015-2020, and 1043 series of measles vaccine and 902 series of mumpsmeasles vaccine issued in 2002-2009. Results and discussion. It is shown that the quality of the studied vaccines is stable during 16 years of monitoring. The sensitizing properties of both vaccines significantly decreased during the last 6 years of follow-up due to a decrease in the residual content of the antibiotic in the vaccination dose to less than the detection limit, as well as due to the low content of heterogeneous protein (bovine serum albumin). Conclusion. The quality of domestic vaccines for the prevention of measles and mumps meets who requirements; it is characterized by stability over 16 years of follow-up and minimal sensitizing properties. Information about the quality of domestic vaccines for the prevention of measles is an important argument for countering the antivaccination movement, which is a global problem and is recognized by who as one of the most important threats to the health of the world's population.
Abstract The core argument in this paper is that all research schools and theoretical frameworks carry with them – and, importantly, also within them, as their inherent dimensions – particular ethical orientations (systems of values and ethical endpoints) tailored to and derivative from socio-political and ultimately, practical projects in which research uniquely gains its concreteness and meaning. These projects can be differentiated along the axis either of supporting (explicitly or implicitly) the status quo by taking it for granted and not challenging its reigning assumptions or, alternatively, aiming at transcending it through resistance and social transformation. These systems of values and orientations, or a sociopolitical ethos, indelibly color all other elements and dimensions of inquiries such as their ontologies and epistemologies, forming a unified ethico-onto-epistemology. Cultural-historical theory, under certain expansions and upgrades, is a paradigmatic case for advancing this position, with Hedegaard's works seen as sharing Vygotsky's broadly defined sociopolitical ethos which sheds light on her approach's significance and promise. To establish the centrality of ethico-onto-epistemology, a revision of the constitutional framework that could enable it, away from assumptions of passivity, accommodation, and adaptation, is required. A Transformative Activist Stance paves the way to understand knowledge production as always embedded within activist pursuits of broad social projects beyond the narrow confines of academia while embracing transformative agency grounded in political imagination and commitment to resistance and radical social transformation.
BACKGROUND Transdisciplinary research and generalist practice both face the task of integrating and discerning the value of knowledge across disciplinary and sectoral knowledge cultures. Transdisciplinarity and generalism also both offer philosophical and practical insights into the epistemology, ontology, axiology, and logic of seeing the 'whole'. Although generalism is a skill that can be used in many settings from industry to education, the focus of this paper is the literature of the primary care setting (i.e., general practice or family medicine). Generalist philosophy and practice in the family medicine setting highly values whole person care that uses integrative and interpretive wisdom to include both biomedical and biographical forms of knowledge. Generalist researchers are often caught between reductionist (positivist) biomedical measures and social science (post-positivist) constructivist theories of knowing. Neither of these approaches, even when juxtaposed in mixed-methods research, approximate the complexity of the generalist clinical encounter. A theoretically robust research methodology is needed that acknowledges the complexity of interpreting these ways of knowing in research and clinical practice. METHODS A conceptual review of literature to define the alignment between (a) the philosophy and practice of generalism in primary care and (b) both the practical (Zurich) and philosophical or methodological (Nicolescuian) schools of transdisciplinarity. RESULTS The alignment between generalism and transdisciplinarity included their broad scope, relational process, complex knowledge management, humble attitude to knowing, and real-world outcome focus. CONCLUSION The concurrence between these approaches to knowing is offered here as Transdisciplinary Generalism - a coherent epistemology for both primary care researchers and generalist clinicians to understand, enact, and research their own sophisticated craft of managing diverse forms of knowledge.
1. A Tale of Two Theories Since the publication of Gettier (1963), many accounts of knowledge have been proposed, but few have withstood the test of time. Of the various proposals, two have emerged from the fray in relatively good shape, although not entirely unscathed. One of these is a modal account. While there are different ways of developing a modal account, the most common proposal in the contemporary literature explains knowledge in terms of safety. More precisely:
Consultation is an important feature of research, and increasingly, researchers are required to work in partnership with stakeholders to improve the impact of their work. Our aim was to demonstrate what can be learned from the scholarship on, and practice of, member checking to facilitate productive knowledge exchange. Using dialogical analysis, we explored 3 member check interactions from 3 different qualitative psychology projects, focusing our analysis on difficult moments between researchers and participants conceptualized here as “sore spots”. We identified 2 major genres in these sequences: participant ambivalence and participant challenge. We then considered passages that allowed us to explore a more theoretical understanding of these 2 genres in terms of the metaphor of portraits and mirrors. Overall, we outline how implicit epistemologies and theories of subjectivity (uncomplicated, blank, and complex) may be linked to the way in which stakeholders approach research. We also provide a map regarding the theories within which member checks can be undertaken, associated research practices in terms of a range of researcher responses to stakeholder ambivalence and challenge, and implications of these moments for knowledge exchange for qualitative research but also for quantitative health and social sciences. We conclude that sore spots in the knowledge exchange process can be productive opportunities for transformational validity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)