Hasil untuk "Environmental law"

Chris Höhne

Recent scholarship highlights Global South countries not only as norm-takers or localizers but also as norm-makers. Contributing to this shift, I conceptualize why these countries contest and lobby for alternative norm interpretations in international negotiations. Applying this lens to climate politics, I use triangulated data (incl. expert interviews) to identify domestic factors that explain the Indian government's behavior. By exporting domestic norm interpretations that merged with other norm interpretations from Global North and South countries, the Indian delegation successfully reshaped two international climate norms at the 2007 Bali Conference that target developing countries' mitigation efforts and climate action in forests. This increased the resonance of these two norms with the Indian government's domestic norms, political economy beliefs, international funding desire and collective identity needs. This research provides insights into the complex dynamics of international norm negotiations between proposers and counter-proposers in the context of the rise of the Global South.

Miriam Diehle, Franziska Schneider, Helena Banning et al.

Abstract Background Trifluoroacetate (TFA) is a substance of rising concern, because TFA is widespread and high TFA levels have been detected in groundwater, causing an imminent threat, e.g. to organisms in groundwater. Potential precursors of TFA contain at least one carbon-bound trifluoromethyl moiety, which includes several pesticides. However, only for few pesticides empirical evidence for TFA formation is available. This paper aims to provide an estimation of TFA emissions from pesticides used in the EU by applying two approaches. The estimation approach was based on application and crop cultivation data and was used to calculate (a) the theoretical TFA formation in g/ha for typical pesticidal uses in the EU and (b) TFA formation in t by considering crop cultivation areas in the EU. In addition, a worst-case groundwater modelling approach was developed to assume the TFA leaching potential from particular pesticide applications with the model commonly used in pesticide regulation. For the FOCUS modelling approach, we used harmonised EU endpoints for physico-chemical parameters of pesticide active substances and added TFA as metabolite, considering a worst-case formation of 100% from precursors. Results The lowest TFA formation potential in g/ha was determined for insecticides, while fungicides showed a strong variation. Taking crop production areas into account, five herbicides were identified as the most important TFA sources. The modelled TFA concentrations in groundwater were above 10 µg/L for most substances except for insecticides which predominately range from 0.1 µg/L to 10 µg/L. This is far above the legal limit of 0.1 µg/L for relevant pesticide metabolites in groundwater. Considering the results of both approaches, we prioritised nine out of 24 active substances as the most crucial ones regarding TFA leaching in the EU: diflufenican, flonicamid, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluazinam, flufenacet, fluopyram, flutolanil, picolinafen and trifloxystrobin. Conclusions Our estimated TFA emissions indicated potentially unacceptable leaching of TFA into groundwater. The most important active substances identified here can be used as priority substances to address this topic. Overall, it becomes clear that improved regulatory assessment of TFA is necessary in pesticide risk assessment.

Nicolas Hubert, Stéphanie Leyronas, Jessica Andriamasinoro et al.

In most French-speaking countries of sub-Saharan Africa, environmental conservation areas are largely the legacy of colonial occupation. For more recent protected areas, their conceptualization, establishment and management programs are almost exclusively carried out by international players, in more or less close collaboration with national authorities, and with varying degrees of consultation and integration of local communities living in or near these environmental spaces. Presented as international development projects, these protected areas are for the most part created ex nihilo, and are only weakly integrated into the territories and their socio-environmental, political and economic structures. This introduction to the thematic issue provides a non-exhaustive synthesis of the literature on protected areas, environmental conflicts and the prospects for community integration and management by and for riparian communities. It examines how, on the one hand, the endogenous environmental, social and political norms and practices of riparian communities can contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and, on the other, how their integration into the management processes of natural protected areas can help strengthen environmental conservation programs and the appropriation of the environmental services they can provide.

Bao Jiantao, Li Zhao, Zhang Xuerong et al.

With rapid societal development, economic growth, industry, agriculture, and human activities, large amounts of sewage rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients are produced. This causes eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs, leading to frequent algal blooms that pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystem stability and drinking water safety. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, a core indicator of algal biomass and the degree of eutrophication in water bodies, correlates positively with algal bloom outbreaks. However, Chl-a concentration variance under the influence of multiple factors displays highly nonlinear characteristics. Traditional prediction models are unsuitable for relationship analyses between environmental factors, generally producing low prediction accuracy with weak applicability. To address this challenge, we proposed a short-term chlorophyll a concentration prediction method based on multi-scene segmentation, and constructed a prediction model with enhanced adaptability by recognizing the characteristic laws of different environmental scenarios to improve the accuracy of Chl-a concentration prediction. By analyzing the laws influencing various factors, we proposed three partitioning strategies: 1) factor interaction and scene partitioning by analyzing connections between key environmental factors and adopting K-means method to partition these scenes. 2) diurnal difference scene partitioning based on diurnal cyclicity of algal physiological activities, dividing the data into two scenarios, and 3) trophic state scenarios, based on Trophic Level Index. A water body is divided into three trophic categories: anaerobic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic. Three machine learning models (Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Decison Tree, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting) using multi-scenario classification and a linear regression model were each adapted to perform short-term prediction of Chl-a concentration. The multi-scenario partitioning strategy proposed in this study substantially optimized model prediction performance. Factor interaction scenario partitioning yielded the best prediction results, with an overall RMSE(Root mean square error) prediction average of 0.004 5, improving prediction accuracy by 4.26% compared to that of the unpartitioned scenarios. Overall improvement in prediction accuracy from diurnal and nocturnal scenario partitioning was limited. Its overall RMSE prediction average was 0.004 74, improving prediction accuracy by 0.9%. In eutrophic scenario, the four prediction models (RF, GBDT, XGBoost, and linear regression) exhibited respective RMSEs of 0.003 4, 0.003 6, 0.003 5, and 0.003 9, with RF model giving the highest prediction accuracy. In summary, we propose an innovative short-term prediction model to improve the accuracy of low Chl-a concentration predictions in complex situations, providing a new paradigm for intelligent modeling and precise governance. The data obtained using a multi-scenario delineation system revealed the dynamic coupling mechanisms between the diurnal biological rhythms in a water body, nutrient grading, and the interaction of water quality factors. The idea of this study effectively solves the problem that the traditional prediction model can not meet the current prediction needs. This study can provide a systematic analysis for the prediction of cyanobacterial bloom, and can provide technical reference and theoretical support for the multi scenario prediction of Chl-a concentration.This study not only clarified the driving law of Chl-a concentration change under different scenarios, but also promoted the transformation of simplifying the analysis of complex problems of water environment, providing a new perspective for the mechanism research of complex water environment system.

Koleayo Oluwafemi Omoyajowo, Mary Adetutu Adewunmi, Kolawole Ayodeji Omoyajowo et al.

Promoting all efforts that centres around environmental sustainability is a collective responsibility. This paper recognizes the axiom that embracing green computing principles across all sectors, not just in corporations, leads to low-carbon development strategies and contributes positively to our planet. Hinged on this perspective, this study was poised to succinctly identify what drives the adoption of green computing policies, justify them, and recommend strategic policies based on the existing experience of other developed countries. The present study employed convenience sampling, a widely used non-probability sampling method, where participants are selected based on their availability and willingness to participate in the study. Limitations that hinder the adoption of green computing policies in some Nigerian organizations were examined. Primary data was collected from 52 participants, specifically top managers on the awareness, adoption, or practice of green computing policies in their affiliated organizations. Most respondents claimed awareness of green computing policies, while the use of power management features was considered the most adopted green initiative. However, when respondents were asked whether their organizations were doing enough to reduce their carbon footprint and operational cost through green computing initiatives, most respondents (61.5%) claimed their organization was not doing enough in this regard. It is important to note that this study considered several factors that are critical for the adoption of green computing, namely knowledge transfer, financing, availability of basic infrastructure (energy supply), presence of investors and the increasing number of recycling centres. Additionally, this paper reasoned that achieving a climate-resilient society, particularly through the adoption of green computing principles, necessitates ongoing and deliberate efforts focused on public awareness, green investment, and stringent corporate green policy guidelines, with a focused training approach for every member of the organization.

Yuan You, Na Zhou, Yongdong Wang

Desertification is a transnational, cross-regional, and global eco-environmental problem that seriously restricts sustainable socioeconomic development. As Mongolia is a typical arid and semi-arid region, the evolution of desertification in the country is closely related to major global issues such as climate change, global carbon cycling, and biodiversity. In this article, we analyze the background, development process, limitations, and other aspects of Mongolia’s desertification prevention and control policies and regulations and conclude that Mongolia needs to formulate a “Desertification Prevention and Control Law.” In particular, it needs to clarify the responsibility subjects, beneficiaries, interest compensation subjects, and illegal punishment subjects for prevention and control, as well as the responsibilities and obligations of relevant legal subjects. The research results show that it is important to form a solution mechanism in legal research on the joint prevention and control of desertification between Mongolia and China. We propose a concept of best future practice, highlighting the urgent need to establish a framework for the joint prevention and control of desertification via a cooperative mechanism between Mongolia and China and for the two countries to jointly promote global cooperation in combating this important environmental issue.

Manuel Molina-Fernández, Manuel Mota-Medina

This research focuses on biological systems with sexual reproduction in which female and male individuals coexist together, forming female–male couples with the purpose of procreation. The couples can originate new females and males according to a certain probability law. Consequently, in this type of biological systems, two biological phases are involved: a mating phase in which the couples are formed, and a reproduction phase in which the couples, independently of the others, originate new offspring of both sexes. Due to several environmental factors of a random nature, these phases usually develop over time in a non-predictable (random) environment, frequently influenced by the numbers of females and males in the population and by the number of couples participating in the reproduction phase. In order to investigate the probabilistic evolution of these biological systems, in previous papers, by using a methodology based on branching processes, we had introduced a new class of two-sex mathematical models. Some probabilistic properties and limiting results were then established. Additionally, under a non-parametric statistical framework, namely, not assuming to have known the functional form of the offspring law, estimates for the main parameters affecting the reproduction phase were determined. We now continue this research line focusing the attention on the estimation of such reproductive parameters under a parametric statistical setting. In fact, we consider offspring probability laws belonging to the family of bivariate power series distributions. This general family includes the main probability distributions used to describe the offspring dynamic in biological populations with sexual reproduction. Under this parametric context, we propose accurate estimates for the parameters involved in the reproduction phase. With the aim of assessing the quality of the proposed estimates, we also determined optimal credibility intervals. For these purposes, we apply the Bayesian estimation methodology. As an illustration of the methodology developed, we present a simulated study about the demographic dynamics of Labord’s chameleon populations, where a sensitivity analysis on the prior density is included.

Laure Gosselin

Zhixiang Fang, Xiaofan Wang, Ying Zhuang et al.

ABSTRACTElectric Taxis (ETs) are the most favored alternatives to Gasoline Taxis (GTs) in cities that aim to reduce environmental pollution. How to develop a reasonable scale on which GTs are substituted by ETs remains a challenge to governments due to the dynamics and complexity of the taxi system. To address this challenge, this paper develops a discrete-event-based simulation framework to simulate participants in the system and estimate the results under different substitution scales, which are helpful to understanding the status changing law of entities under different substitution scales, such as the operating indices of ETs, the unsatisfied travel requirements of passengers, and the usage state of charging facilities. The framework abstracts the behavioral process of ETs into three elements, namely, entity, behavior, and event. The entities are constructed from the information derived from the trajectory data. The behaviors are defined by rules following behavioral logic under anxiety psychology, which is caused by the limited range of ETs. The events are triggered based on rules from reality. With the help of this framework, a multi-objective optimization model is developed to obtain the optimal substitution scale of GTs in the case study area of Zhengzhou City. Overall, the approach could provide a practical tool to address this challenge, which could support further studies of the effect of ETs on urban taxis.

Syafrizal Syafrizal, Meyniar Albina, Indrawati Indrawati et al.

This research aims to reveal the change and continuity of environmental education in the Indigenous people of the jungle Jambi Province, Indonesia. The method used was qualitative research method with the type of phenomenological research. The subjects of this study were the indigenous people of the jungle, namely: Temenggung, Tengganai, traditional leaders, and traditional youth. Data was collected by participatory observation and in-depth interviews using an unstructured interview draft. Data analysis was carried out using techniques: data reduction, display, and verification. The results of this study were (1) Changes in Environmental Education in the Indigenous people of the jungle Indigenous Peoples of Jambi Province referring to a sociological perspective could be categorized as social dynamics. Changes in the local jungle community have a social statistics category. The category is most of the jungle population which recognizes the oneness of gods who take good care of nature without any destruction from humans. It aims to sustain a prosperous life in the eyes of the jungle tribe (2) The continuity of environmental education in the jungle community was based on historical facts that were easily refuted. The sustainability of this environmental education was based on the community's awareness, solidarity, and survival. Indigenous people of the jungle believe that the forest is their home. The continuity of Indigenous people of the jungle environmental education occurs in two areas, structural or customary law and cultural education within the family.

LI Kunfang1,2,3;FENG Jie1,2,*;WANG Haichuan1,2;LI Yudong1,2,*;WEN Lin1,2;LI Zhenzhe4;GUO Qi1,2

The γ-rays are widely and abundantly present in strong nuclear radiation environments, and when they act on the camera equipment used to obtain environmental visual information on nuclear robots, radiation effects will occur, which will degrade the performance of the camera system, reduce the imaging quality, and even cause catastrophic consequences. Color reducibility is an important index for evaluating the imaging quality of color camera, but its degradation mechanism in a nuclear radiation environment is still unclear. In this paper, the γ-ray irradiation experiments of CMOS cameras were carried out to analyse the degradation law of the camera’s color reducibility with cumulative irradiation and reveal the degradation mechanism of the color information of the CMOS camera under γ-ray irradiation. The results show that the spectral response of CMOS image sensor (CIS) and the spectral transmittance of lens after irradiation affect the values of a* and b* in the LAB color model. While the full well capacity (FWC) of CIS and transmittance of lens affect the value of L* in the LAB color model, thus increase color difference and reduce brightness, the combined effect of color difference and brightness degradation will reduce the color reducibility of CMOS cameras. Therefore, the degradation of the color information of the CMOS camera after γ-ray irradiation mainly comes from the changes in the FWC and spectral response of CIS, and the spectral transmittance of lens.

Odera Chukwumaijem Okafor, Chima Njoku, Anselem Nwabuaku Akwuebu

Abstract Background The insatiable demand for rock supplies has enticed numerous building and construction enterprises to participate in stone quarrying. However, this has had an environmental impact on air quality. This paper examines the environmental impact of quarrying on air quality in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. To achieve the main aim of the study, an objective was set to detect air pollutants at the quarry sites. A total of 220 air samples were measured from six points around the quarry locations and recorded in situ for analysis. The samples were measured three times a day (morning, afternoon, and evening) for three days. Gas monitors were used to monitor air pollutants. The generated data were subjected to completely random design (CRD) sampling techniques. The separation of means and tests was performed using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (FLSD) at a significance probability level of 5%. Results Based on statistical analysis, the findings detected significantly higher concentration levels of particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, chlorine, volatile organic compounds, ammonia, and hydrogen cyanide in the quarry areas than the value detected in the control area. The findings also confirmed higher noise levels in the locations. It was also observed that the concentration levels of the parameters differed from point to point and at different times of the day. This really means the occurrence of a high rate of air pollution in the study locations. Conclusions Based on the above findings, it is highly recommended that, (i) if situation is not timely addressed, it will lead to a severe environmental disaster or hazard, as nobody selects the air he or she breathes; (ii) air pollution control equipment be installed in-situ at quarry sites where free air flow is available in order to reduce gaseous (pollutant) emissions, and (iii) the seasonal effects, meteorological parameters and time that were influenced by the activities of quarry should be put in check.

Russell J. Hankey, Kuangxu Chen, Chunlei Liang

The Hall Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations are an extension of the standard MHD equations that include the “Hall” term from the general Ohm’s law. The Hall term decouples ion and electron motion physically on the ion inertial length scales. Implementing the Hall MHD equations in a numerical solver allows more physical simulations for plasma dynamics on length scales less than the ion inertial scale length but greater than the electron inertial length. The present effort is an important step towards producing physically correct results to important problems, such as the Geospace Environmental Modeling (GEM) Magnetic Reconnection problem. The solver that is being modified is currently capable of solving the resistive MHD equations on unstructured grids using the spectral difference scheme which is an arbitrarily high-order method that is relatively simple to parallelize. The GEM Magnetic Reconnection problem is used to evaluate whether the Hall MHD equations have been correctly implemented in the solver using the spectral difference method with divergence cleaning (SDDC) algorithm by comparing against the reconnection rates reported in the literature.

A.P.

Economic crime has an unconditional impact on the system of economic security of the state, because it is a destructive factor that destroys the system of economic relations at various levels both from the inside and from the outside. Considering the fact that economic crime is in the object-subject field of economic sciences and is a threat to the economic security of the state, it should be transferred to the field of economic sciences that study the economic security of the state. The analysis of scientific sources made it possible to group all approaches according to how they are interpreted by the authors, in particular: criminally punishable selfish actions; type of crimes; illegal activity; socio-economic phenomenon; intentional self-serving crimes; actions in the field of economic relations; violation of interests; sources of the shadow economy; selfish encroachments; intentional or negligent acts. The analysis of the above approaches to the interpretation of the meaning of the concept of «economic threats» made it possible to reveal its multi-vector nature, which is caused by the following: economic crimes are the object of various branches of law, in particular: economic, land, environmental, administrative, international and criminal; economic crimes are at the intersection of the interests of the totality of participants in social relations, in particular: enterprises; government agencies; financial and credit institutions; international organizations; NGOs; citizen and group of persons; economic crimes are the object of research of a set of sciences, in particular: economic, social, legal, public administration, technical. The awareness of the object-subject field of the definition of economic crime made it possible to propose that economic crimes should be understood as threats to the economic security of the state, which consist in the implementation of illegal economic activity (economic processes, relations, operations) or the violation of requirements for legal economic activity to satisfy the selfish interests of a person or groups of people.

Sam Adelman

Business as usual is widely acknowledged as the main driver of ecological collapse and climate breakdown, but less attention is paid to the role of law as usual as an impediment to climate justice. This article analyses how domestic and international environmental law facilitate injustices against living entities and nature. It calls for a paradigm shift in legal theory, practice and teaching to reflect the scale and urgency of the unfolding ecological catastrophe. Section 2 outlines the links between climatic harms and climate injustices. This is followed by discussions of unsustainable law and economic development in sections 3 and 4. Section 5 examines the potential contribution of new materialist legal theory in bringing about a legal paradigm shift that reflects the jurisgenerative role of nature in promoting climate justice.<br /><br /> El statu quo empresarial est&aacute; ampliamente considerado como el actor principal del colapso ecol&oacute;gico y el desastre clim&aacute;tico, pero se presta menos atenci&oacute;n al papel del statu quo jur&iacute;dico como obst&aacute;culo a la justicia clim&aacute;tica. Este art&iacute;culo analiza c&oacute;mo el derecho ambiental nacional e internacional facilita que se produzcan injusticias contra los seres vivos y la naturaleza. Pide un cambio de paradigma en la teor&iacute;a, la pr&aacute;ctica y la ense&ntilde;anza del derecho, para reflejar la escala y la urgencia de la cat&aacute;strofe ecol&oacute;gica que se est&aacute; desarrollando. La secci&oacute;n 2 dibuja las relaciones entre el da&ntilde;o clim&aacute;tico y la injusticia clim&aacute;tica. A esto le sigue una argumentaci&oacute;n sobre el desarrollo jur&iacute;dico y econ&oacute;mico insostenible, en las secciones 3 y 4. La secci&oacute;n 5 examina la contribuci&oacute;n potencial de la nueva teor&iacute;a jur&iacute;dica materialista en el sentido de provocar un cambio de paradigma jur&iacute;dico que refleje el rol jurisgenerativo de la naturaleza para promover la justicia clim&aacute;tica.<br /><br /> <strong>Available from:</strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1177" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1177</a>

Marcella Moretti Ferreira, Fabiana Alves Fiore, Alexandre Saron et al.

A DEWATS (decentralized wastewater treatment system) is an alternative for expanding sanitation. In Brazil, DEWATS is acknowledged by law and is part of the National Sanitation Plan strategy for achieving the treatment of 85.6% of all the generated wastewater by 2033, improving the current treatment index of 49%. This review's aim is to identify DEWATS studies in Brazil and to verify their potential for narrowing the national wastewater treatment deficit. Hence, aspects such as cost, maintenance, and efficiency were assessed. The archival research method (ARM) was used to identify papers published in the last 20 years through the scientific databases of Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Data regarding the general characteristics of each study were collected and compared to Brazilian environmental regulation and sanitation status. The results showed the evaluation of different technologies such as DEWATS, highlighting their flexibility and potential use in 79% of Brazilian counties. However, although 81% of the studies conducted performance analysis, none covered the main parameters required by Brazilian law. Although legal gaps for DEWATS improvement and consolidation have been identified and the interest in studying DEWATS has been increasing in the last five years, many barriers to their widespread use remain. HIGHLIGHTS Critical analysis on current challenges for the widespread use of DEWATS in Brazil.; Studies focus on solutions for rural areas, highlighting the need for solutions in urban and peri-urban areas.; Advantages as low implementation cost and simplified Operation and Maintenance (O&M) are inadequately evaluated in the analyzed papers.; The lack of specific laws and regulations about DEWATS and water reuse are barriers for expanding DW treatment.;

E. O’Donnell

Jeanne Darc Noviayanti Manik, Wirazilmustaan Wirazilmustaan

Conservation of natural resources is a natural resource management whose utilization is done wisely to ensure the continuity of its availability by maintaining and improving the quality of diversity and value. Conservation of natural resources and ecosystems aims to achieve the realization of the sustainability of natural resources and the equilibrium of the ecosystem so that it can better support the efforts to improve the community welfare and the quality of human life. The problem are the implementation of conservation of natural resources and its ecosystem in the region based on Act  No. 5 of 1990 and law enforcement against perpetrators of the conservation of natural resources and ecosystems.  The research method used is legal research using a statutory and conceptual approach. The conservation of natural resources and ecosystems is based on preserving the ability and utilization of natural resources and their ecosystem in a harmonious and balanced environment. The conservation of natural resources and ecosystems is conducted through the protection of life-supporting systems, preserving the diversity of plant and animal species along with its ecosystem and the sustainable utilization of natural resources and ecosystem.

Xinyu Hou, Xiaobing Zou, Xiaobing Zou et al.

Hollow cathode discharge and micro-hollow cathode discharge have numerous applications in the fields of industry, medical treatment, environmental protection, and analytical chemistry. However, many of them lack the typical features of hollow cathode mode, especially the applications at atmospheric pressure. In order to investigate the underlying basic science of hollow cathode discharge, the hollow cathode discharge in argon was studied by experiments. The range for the operation of the hollow cathode mode in the argon–aluminum device was quantitatively determined to be from 0.8 to 4 Torr cm, no matter how small the cathode cavity is. The atmospheric pressure operation of the hollow cathode mode was realised with the aluminum cathode of a 50 μm cavity. The hollow cathode discharges were consistent with Townsend similarity law when the anode was very close to the cathode and the value of p·D was chosen at the lower limit of the range for hollow cathode mode. In contrast, if the anode was moved a little bit far from the cathode and the value of p D was significantly increased, the results followed Allis–White scaling law. The reason for the deviation of Allis–White scaling law from Townsend similarity law was given.

K. Foster, P. Vecchia, M. Repacholi