Hasil untuk "Dentistry"

M. Buonocore

D. Slatter

Doug Smith, S. Tans, Steven B. Smith et al.

F. Schwendicke, Tatiana Golla, Martin N. Dreher et al.

OBJECTIVES Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are increasingly applied for medical image diagnostics. We performed a scoping review, exploring (1) use cases, (2) methodologies and (3) findings of studies applying CNN on dental image material. SOURCES Medline via PubMed, IEEE Xplore, arXiv were searched. STUDY SELECTION Full-text articles and conference-proceedings reporting CNN application on dental imagery were included. DATA Thirty-six studies, published 2015-2019, were included, mainly from four countries (South Korea, United States, Japan, China). Studies focussed on general dentistry (n = 15 studies), cariology (n = 5), endodontics (n = 2), periodontology (n = 3), orthodontics (n = 3), dental radiology (2), forensic dentistry (n = 2) and general medicine (n = 4). Most often, the detection, segmentation or classification of anatomical structures, including teeth (n = 9), jaw bone (n = 2) and skeletal landmarks (n = 4) was performed. Detection of pathologies focused on caries (n = 3). The most commonly used image type were panoramic radiographs (n = 11), followed by periapical radiographs (n = 8), Cone-Beam CT or conventional CT (n = 6). Dataset sizes varied between 10-5,166 images (mean 1,053). Most studies used medical professionals to label the images and constitute the reference test. A large range of outcome metrics was employed, hampering comparisons across studies. A comparison of the CNN performance against an independent test group of dentists was provided by seven studies; most studies found the CNN to perform similar to dentists. Applicability or impact on treatment decision was not assessed at all. CONCLUSIONS CNNs are increasingly employed for dental image diagnostics in research settings. Their usefulness, safety and generalizability should be demonstrated using more rigorous, replicable and comparable methodology. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE CNNs may be used in diagnostic-assistance systems, thereby assisting dentists in a more comprehensive, systematic and faster evaluation and documentation of dental images. CNNs may become applicable in routine care; however, prior to that, the dental community should appraise them against the rules of evidence-based practice.

J. Matinlinna, C. Lung, J. Tsoi

Z. Brookes, R. Bescos, L. Belfield et al.

Objectives Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a commonly used antiseptic mouthwash, used by dental practitioners and the public, due to its antimicrobial effects. The aim of this article was to provide a narrative review of current antimicrobial uses of CHX relevant to dentistry in the context of oral diseases, highlighting need for further studies to support its safe and appropriate use. Study selection, data and sources Randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews and national (UK and US) guidelines were consulted where available, with search terms for each subject category entered into MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar and the Cochrane database. Results Some evidence existed to support adjunctive short-term use of CHX to manage dental plaque, and reduce clinical symptoms of gingivitis, dry socket, as well as reduce aerosolisation of bacteria. However, use must be weighed alongside the less desirable effects of CHX, including extrinsic staining of teeth, antimicrobial resistance to antiseptic agents and the rare, but fatal, allergic reactions to CHX. Conversely, evidence for the effectiveness of chlorhexidine to manage or prevent periodontitis, dental caries, necrotising periodontal diseases, peri-implantitis, and infections associated with extraction and aerosolised viruses remains less certain. Conclusions The use of CHX in dentistry and oral healthcare continues to be widespread and thus it is important that dental practitioners understand that, based on its differential mechanisms of action on different microbes, appropriate clinical and dental use of CHX should be oral disease specific. However, further scientific and clinical research is required before full recommendations can be made.

E. Sofan, A. Sofan, G. Palaia et al.

Adhesive dentistry has undergone great progress in the last decades. In light of minimal-invasive dentistry, this new approach promotes a more conservative cavity design, which relies on the effectiveness of current enamel-dentine adhesives. Adhesive dentistry began in 1955 by Buonocore on the benefits of acid etching. With changing technologies, dental adhesives have evolved from no-etch to total-etch (4th and 5th generation) to self-etch (6th, 7th and 8th generation) systems. Currently, bonding to dental substrates is based on three different strategies: 1) etch-and-rinse, 2) self-etch and 3) resin-modified glass-ionomer approach as possessing the unique properties of self-adherence to the tooth tissue. More recently, a new family of dentin adhesives has been introduced (universal or multi-mode adhesives), which may be used either as etch-and-rinse or as self-etch adhesives. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the current knowledge for each adhesive system according to their classification that have been advocated by many authorities in most operative/restorative procedures. As noted by several valuable studies that have contributed to understanding of bonding to various substrates helps clinicians to choose the appropriate dentin bonding agents for optimal clinical outcomes.

R. Galante, C. Figueiredo-Pina, A. Serro

OBJECTIVE The main goal of this review is to provide a detailed and comprehensive description of the published work from the past decade regarding AM of ceramic materials with possible applications in dentistry. The main printable materials and most common technologies are also addressed, underlining their advantages and main drawbacks. METHODS Online databases (Web of knowledge, Science Direct, PubMed) were consulted on this topic. Published work from 2008 to 2018 was collected, analyzed and the relevant papers were selected for inclusion on this review. RESULTS Ceramic materials are broadly used in dentistry to restore/replace damaged or missing teeth, due to their biocompatibility, chemical stability and mechanical and aesthetic properties. However, there are several unmet challenges regarding their processing and performance. Due to their brittleness nature, a very tight control of the manufacturing process is needed to obtain dental pieces with adequate mechanical properties. Additive manufacturing (AM) is an emerging technology that constitutes an interesting and viable manufacturing alternative to the conventional subtractive methods. AM enables the production of customized complex 3D parts in a more sustainable and less expensive way. AM of ceramics can be achieved with an extensive variety of methods. SIGNIFICANCE There is no perfect technology for all materials/applications, capable alone of fulfilling all the specificities and necessities of every patient. Although very promising, AM of ceramic dental materials remains understudied and further work is required to make it a widespread technology in dentistry.

N. Cochrane, F. Cai, N. Huq et al.

S. Chu, R. Trushkowsky, R. Paravina

S. Patil, Sarah M. Albogami, J. Hosmani et al.

Background: Machine learning (ML) is a key component of artificial intelligence (AI). The terms machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning are erroneously used interchangeably as they appear as monolithic nebulous entities. This technology offers immense possibilities and opportunities to advance diagnostics in the field of medicine and dentistry. This necessitates a deep understanding of AI and its essential components, such as machine learning (ML), artificial neural networks (ANN), and deep learning (DP). Aim: This review aims to enlighten clinicians regarding AI and its applications in the diagnosis of oral diseases, along with the prospects and challenges involved. Review results: AI has been used in the diagnosis of various oral diseases, such as dental caries, maxillary sinus diseases, periodontal diseases, salivary gland diseases, TMJ disorders, and oral cancer through clinical data and diagnostic images. Larger data sets would enable AI to predict the occurrence of precancerous conditions. They can aid in population-wide surveillance and decide on referrals to specialists. AI can efficiently detect microfeatures beyond the human eye and augment its predictive power in critical diagnosis. Conclusion: Although studies have recognized the benefit of AI, the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning has not been integrated into routine dentistry. AI is still in the research phase. The coming decade will see immense changes in diagnosis and healthcare built on the back of this research. Clinical significance: This paper reviews the various applications of AI in dentistry and illuminates the shortcomings faced while dealing with AI research and suggests ways to tackle them. Overcoming these pitfalls will aid in integrating AI seamlessly into dentistry.

A. Balhaddad, I. Garcia, L. Mokeem et al.

Hassan Saad Shallak, Abbas Zaki Abdul Hussein, Ali Sabah Nouri et al.

The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of surgical and non-surgical rehabilitation programs on anterior and posterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in team sports athletes, such as football, basketball, and handball. The methodology used was the descriptive-analytical approach using objective measures. The study included a sample of 60 players aged between 18 and 30 years who had suffered a cruciate ligament injury. The sample was divided into two groups: one group underwent surgical rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction surgery, and another group underwent non-surgical rehabilitation through specialized therapeutic exercises. The researchers concluded that the study showed that surgical rehabilitation for ACL injuries was more effective in improving range of motion, reducing pain, and increasing muscle strength compared to non-surgical treatment. Additionally, the researchers recommended the necessity of designing specialized rehabilitation programs that consider the nature of the injury and the needs of each player to ensure the restoration of movement and safe return to competition

Luke Wandzura, Michelle Sperandio, Melanie Hamilton et al.

Background/Objectives: Oral lesions can present with a wide range of clinical appearances, often making diagnosis challenging, particularly for dental students. This study aimed to identify the most common oral lesions treated at a teaching dental clinic and to compare these findings with data from a systematic review of similar clinical settings. The goal was to inform and calibrate a clinical classification system for oral pathology used in teaching environments. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using electronic medical records from a university dental clinic over the past 10 years. Oral and maxillofacial pathology cases were categorized based on clinical and histopathological diagnoses. A systematic review was also performed to provide external context, with searches conducted across four electronic databases. Two independent reviewers carried out the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. The review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of 524 patients were identified with oral lesions. The most frequently encountered clinical diagnostic category was developmental defects, while the most common histopathological diagnosis from biopsied cases was epithelial atypia. The systematic review yielded 1215 records, of which 69 were retrieved for full-text assessment, and 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: The findings highlight the predominance of specific oral and maxillofacial pathoses in teaching clinic settings, underscoring the importance of targeted educational strategies to improve diagnostic confidence among students. There is also a need for more consistent diagnostic grouping in oral pathology to enable better comparison across studies and support clinical and pre-clinical teaching. By integrating these insights, we propose a referenced classification framework that may improve standardization in the clinical teaching of oral lesions and enhance diagnostic calibration and teaching effectiveness in dental education.

Paola Andrea Escobar Villegas, Brayan Daniel Cordoba-Melo, Brayan Daniel Cordoba-Melo et al.

ObjectivesSARS-CoV-2 primary affects the respiratory tract; however, evidence suggests the oral cavity can be involved in severe COVID-19 survivors. This study investigates factors associated with xerostomia in severe COVID-19 survivors from a Latin American cohort.Materials and methodsA prospective multicenter study from the Latin American Registry of Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19, analyzed data on 272 severe COVID-19 patients from 7 institutions in 5 countries (Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Argentina, and Paraguay). Long-term follow-up assessed demographics characteristics, comorbidities, lifestyle, cardiovascular complications, and oral health. Logistic regression in R software identified factors associated with xerostomia.ResultsXerostomia was reported in 20.6% of patients. Among affected individuals, 53.6% were female, while women represented 35.6% of those without the condition. In the overall cohort, the most common comorbidities were overweight/obesity (57.0%), hypertension (55.9%), and dyslipidemia (32.0%). Patients with xerostomia had higher rates of dyslipidemia (48.2% vs. 27.8%) and asthma/COPD (16.1% vs. 4.2%) compared to the group without xerostomia. In multivariable logistic regression, asthma/COPD (aOR: 5.14; 95% CI: 1.76–15.7), palpitations (aOR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.04–5.94), and chest pain (aOR: 3.74; 95% CI: 1.67–8.43) were independently associated with xerostomia. Conversely, male sex was associated with lower odds of reporting xerostomia (aOR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.24–0.89).ConclusionThese findings underscore the need for clinicians to actively assess oral health symptoms such as xerostomia in post-COVID care, particularly in patients with cardiopulmonary comorbidities and persistent systemic symptoms.

Mahapara A Wani, Tarun Kalra, Manjit Kumar et al.

Aim: The primary aim of the study is to compare the bone stress level in the mandible at the implant–bone crest interface on distal-most implant bilaterally in All-on-4 concept and Trefoil concept with three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis. Materials and methods: Two geometric models of the implant and mandibular bone were generated. Two models were created in accordance with the needs of the study. The first model received four implants, where two distally tilted implants were placed in the first mandibular molar region bilaterally and two straight implants in the canine region. Then, the second model received three straight implants. Forces of 100 N and 75 N were applied axially and horizontally. Results: The maximum von Mises stress values with axial force 100 N and horizontal force 75 N in the All-on-4 concept were observed to be 9.9549 MPa for cortical bone, 1.3453 MPa for cancellous bone, and 64.297 MPa for the right implant, 56.509 MPa for the left implant, and 48.118 MPa for the metal structure. The maximum von Mises stress values with axial force 100 N and horizontal force 75 N in the Trefoil concept were observed to be 15.281 MPa for cortical bone, 1.8259 MPa for cancellous bone, 15.775 MPa for the right implant, 12.027 MPa for the left implant, and 17.064 MPa for the metal structure. Conclusion: Maximum stresses were seen at the cortical bone as compared to cancellous bone, both in the All-on-4 and Trefoil concept. Maximum von Mises stresses were observed in Trefoil at the implant–bone crest interface. How to cite this article: Wani MA, Kalra T, Kumar M, <i>et al</i>. Comparative Evaluation of Stress at Bone–Implant Interface in All-on-4 and Trefoil Concept: An <i>In Vitro</i> Study. Dent J Adv Stud 2025;13(2):51–59.

Miguel Arocena, Magdalena Millán, Felipe Parietti et al.

Objetivos: Comparar los cambios inducidos por un microambiente hipóxico en células normales, pre tumorales y malignas.  Métodos: Se utilizaron: la línea celular HaCaT de queratinocitos humanos no tumorales, una sublínea HaCaT pre-tumoral transducida con los oncogenes E5, E6 y E7 del virus del papiloma humano 18, y la línea celular de carcinoma oral CAL-27. Fueron sometidas a un microambiente hipóxico mediante hipoxia inducida por cubreobjetos y visualizadas con el microscopio Nanolive 3D Cell Explorer Fluo y también con microscopía confocal. Para analizar cambios metabólicos y procesos de muerte celular se usaron sondas fluorescentes específicas para ATP mitocondrial y activación de caspasas ejecutoras, respectivamente.  Resultados: En normoxia, las células tumorales mostraron menos focos de heterocromatina, y en hipoxia mostraron un aumento muy marcado de focos de alta densidad en comparación con células pre tumorales y normales. En cambio, los niveles de ATP mitocondrial en hipoxia decayeron más en células tumorales que en pre-tumorales y normales. Por último, en hipoxia hubo un aumento significativo en la activación de caspasas ejecutoras en células tumorales en comparación con células pre-tumorales y normales.  Conclusiones: En conjunto, nuestros resultados muestran que las células tumorales sufren cambios más dramáticos frente a un microambiente alterado que las células pre-tumorales y normales, cambios que podrían tener roles muy importantes en determinar la evolución futura del tumor. 

Federica Di Spirito, Alessia Bramanti, Davide Cannatà et al.

Considering the increasing need for oral and dental care in the elderly, teledentistry has been proposed to improve the education of elderly patients in oral health maintenance and risk factor control, identify patients’ concerns in advance, facilitate monitoring, and save time and money. The present cross-sectional analysis of Google search data through real-time surveillance with Google Trends aimed to determine Google users’ interest in oral and dental needs and teledentistry applications in the elderly, and to compare search volumes before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. Extracted CVS data were qualitatively analyzed. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were performed between searches for “elderly” and “teledentistry”, and all the oral and dental needs and teledentistry applications. The Mann–Whitney U test compared search volumes in the 36 months before and after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Google users’ interest in the elderly and related oral and dental needs was diffusely medium–high, while teledentistry and its applications were of lower interest. Interest in teledentistry and its applications was strongly related to interest in the older population, which is consistent with the assumption that older adults represent the population segment that could benefit most from these tools. A positive correlation was also found between searches for “Elderly” and searches for almost all oral and dental needs typical of the geriatric population. Search volumes increased significantly after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. More information about teledentistry should be disseminated to increase knowledge and awareness, especially among older patients, about its indications, applications, and advantages.

Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel, Fereshteh Najar-Karimi, Fatemeh Abbasi et al.

Natural killer cell/T-cell lymphoma (NK/TL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and requires early detection, which can be very challenging. NK/TL often arises in the nasal cavity and can then spread to the oral cavity, but the case presented here is an unusual presentation of NK/TL in a 66-year-old edentulous male patient who initially presented an intraoral exophytic lesion in the palate that appeared within 3 months. We report the present case to highlight the challenges of reaching an accurate diagnosis given the diverse clinical manifestations of NK/TL.

Chandni Patel, Vallari Shah, Bela Dave et al.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is defined as a clinically and genetically diverse cluster of illnesses involving conflict in carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Periodontitis is a complex condition with several causes. The interaction between these two conditions appears to be cyclical as well as bidirectional. Gingival crevicular blood obtained through routine periodontal oral assessment could be utilised for blood glucose estimation. Aim: To examine the efficacy of gingival crevicular blood elicited during routine periodontal probing, as a reliable source for screening of diabetes mellitus, and to compare it with finger capillary blood and venous capillary blood in chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, in-vivo, clinical study was conducted in the Department of Periodontology at Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, from January 2021 to January 2022. The study included 50 patients, who were diagnosed with chronic periodontitis in the age range ≥30 years, and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A prior detailed history was compiled. The clinical parameters recorded were sulcus bleeding index, plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level. Each patient’s blood samples were collected from three different sites, Gingival Crevicular Blood (GCB) collected from gingival crevice, Finger Capillary Blood (FCB) collected from finger bed and and Venous Capillary Blood (VCB) collected from forearm for determining the blood glucose levels. Glucose levels were compared by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Karl Pearson’s correlation was used for the comparison. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 was used for statistical analysis and p-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) was 5.5±0.61 mm and 6.76±0.82 mm, respectively. The mean Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI) score was 1.41±0.25 and 1.45±0.21, respectively. The mean GCB, FCB, and VCB glucose level of the subjects were 171.58±85.63 mg/dL, 179.14±80.31 mg/dL and 186.96±87.57 mg/dL, respectively. There was no statistical difference seen among the three methods, thus, either of the methods can be used for measuring blood glucose levels for screening of diabetes mellitus in chronic periodontitis patients (p-value=0.66). Posistive correlation between FCB and VCB (r-value=0.976, p-value <0.001). VCB and GCB, when correlated showed strong positive and highly statistically significant results (r-value=0.934, p-value <0.001). Similarly, GCB and FCB showed a positive correlation (r-value=0.920, p-value <0.001) which was statistically highly significant. Conclusion: The results suggested that, the efficacy of gingival crevicular blood when compared with finger capillary blood and venous capillary blood glucose levels showed positive correlation, suggesting either can be used in dental clinics for diabetic screening purpose without any extra invasive procedures.