Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Robert Grimm

With peak content moderation seemingly behind us, this paper revisits its punitive side. But instead of focusing on who is being (disproportionately) moderated, it focuses on the punishment itself and makes three contributions. First, it develops a novel methodology that combines auto-ethnography for collecting experiences and artifacts with procedural justice for analyzing them. Second, it reworks Foucault's model of the penal system for the algorithmic age, restoring the penal colony as the historically liminal practice between punishment as performance and punishment as discipline, i.e., the stochastic penal colony. Finally, it applies this methodological and conceptual framing to three case studies, one on the gallingly performative moderation by pre-Musk Twitter, one on the exhaustively punitive content moderation for OpenAI's DALLE~2, and one on the relatively light touch but still rather precious moderation by Pinterest. While substantially different, all three feature the pervasive threat of account suspension, thereby banishing users to the stochastic penal colony.

Wilson Fusco, Leandro Nazareno Basílio Júnior

Abstract This article examines contemporary Brazilian emigration flows to Europe between 2011 and 2021, drawing on data from Eurostat, the United Nations, the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Portugal’s National Institute of Statistics. It identifies trends such as the feminization and aging of the emigrant population, the expansion of family migration, and the consolidation of transnational networks. Brazil’s prolonged economic crisis, beginning in 2014, and the COVID-19 pandemic acted as drivers of emigration, while countries such as Portugal, Spain, and Italy became key destinations for long-term settlement. The analysis addresses patterns of sociodemographic selectivity, the limitations of official statistics, and the insufficient engagement of the Brazilian state with its diaspora-contrasting these with institutional measures adopted by receiving countries. The article highlights the reconfiguration of migration flows and the role of social networks, migration governance, and family strategies in shaping recent Brazilian mobility.

Eline Waerp

This paper examines how Scandinavian border and coast guards seconded to Frontex operations understand their participation in them. Drawing on interviews with Swedish and Danish border and coast guards, the paper introduces the notion of Nordic exceptionalism in order to explain how they view their contribution to Frontex operations as positive for Frontex, other member states, and refugees and migrants themselves. Nordic exceptionalism refers to the interviewees’ perception of higher moral standards and stronger work ethic in the Nordic countries vis-à-vis in the Southern, Central, and Eastern European countries. The paper explores how the Scandinavian border and coast guards’ belief that refugees and migrants would be worse off if they were not present at sea rationalizes their participation in Frontex operations, despite their concerns regarding poor fundamental rights protections. Advancing the notion of banal securitization, the paper argues that although the Scandinavian border and coast guards discursively resist the criminalization of migration, they acquiesce to its securitization through their continued participation in Frontex operations. Nordic exceptionalism thus facilitates the banal securitization of migration by inoculating the interviewees from the harmful consequences of their work.

Yuansheng Zhao, Kenji Shiraishi, Tetsuo Narita et al.

We present density-functional-theory calculations which provide a microscopic picture of the recombination-enhanced migration of interstitial Mg in GaN. We determine stable structures and migration pathways with accurate HSE approximation to the exchange-correlation energy, and also computed recombination rates using the obtained energy spectrum and wavefunctions. It is found that the migration between the most stable octahedral sites (Mg$_{\textrm{O}}$) via newly found interstitial complex structure shows the lowest migration energy in which one or two electrons are captured during the migration, that the most stable charge state of 2+ changes to 1+ or neutral, and that by this recombination of carriers the migration barrier is significantly reduced. Starting from Mg$_{\textrm{O}}^{2+}$, Mg captures an electron becoming the 1+ charge state and overcomes the barrier of 1.65 eV, much reduced from 2.23 eV in case of the migration with the 2+ charge state kept. Moreover, further electron capture is realized accompanied by substantial structural relaxation, thus Mg becoming neutral. Detailed HSE calculations for this second capture show that the migration barrier is 1.55 eV, thus clarifying the important role of the carrier recombination for Mg migration in GaN. These findings are corroborated by the present quantitative calculations of recombination rates based on electronic Hamiltonian constructed from our DFT-obtained energy spectrum. The timescale of the recombination is clarified to be in or under the timescale of the migration with typical electron density and the enhancement is expected to be significant.

Sandrine Soukaï

42,473 Indian indentured workers were transported to the French Caribbean archipelago of Guadeloupe between 1854 and 1889. Yet, until recently, the legacy of indenture was marginalized in public memory. The 1970s marked a turning point, with the emergence of Indianité , a French Caribbean cultural project aimed at valourizing the Indian components of the region’s culturally diverse and creolizing landscape. Drawing on still underdeveloped scholarship on Indianité , theories of creolization, studies on embodied memory of past trauma, I analyze how the descendants of Indian indentured labourers reconstruct and transmit the heritage and memory of indenture in Guadeloupe through embodied performances of Indian dance, music and, in particular, the danced and sung theatre known as nadrons (from Tamil nādagam ), formerly staged on plantations. My study interweaves close readings of Indo-Guadeloupean writer, cultural activist and politician Ernest Moutoussamy’s tryptic novel Marianne: fée de notre République du sang-mêlé ( Marianne: The Fairy of our Mixed-Blood Republic , 2018) and his poetry collection A la recherche de l’Inde perdue ( In Remembrance of Lost India , 2004) with interviews conducted with Guadeloupean Indian language and dance cultural associations. Combining an analysis of literary texts on the one hand, and cultural activists’ projects and experiences on the other, I tease out the paradoxes at the heart of Indian song and dance performances, demonstrating how they oscillate between a return to an ancestral Hindu India, a recognition of the creolization at work in French Caribbean Indianness and, more recently, an opening to the global Indian culture popularized by Bollywood.

Marco Gaspari, Belén Agrela Romero

Este trabajo analiza, desde una perspectiva socioantropológica, el papel que adquieren algunos patrones de consumo de alcohol asociados a la masculinidad entre la comunidad ecuatoriana en Génova, Italia. La práctica del consumo de alcohol, en contextos homosociales de migración y asociada a actividades deportivas, está (re)significada bajo parámetros culturales instituidos como “ritualidad alcohólica de la masculinidad”. Alejándonos de un enfoque de patologización del consumo, y adentrándonos en el estudio de las “culturas del alcohol”, migración y consumo, exploramos sobre los significados del tomar ecuatorianizado en tres escenarios de identidad cultural en tanto que estrategias de territorialización.

Lena Tambs

This paper asks and tests questions about ancient group boundaries against empirical data through a case study of the small-scale community of Pathyris in southern Egypt (186-88 BCE). By means of studying 382 documentary texts associated with 16 family archives from a distinct network perspective, the author jumps between scales, perspectives and methods to demonstrate the relevance of Social Network Analysis for boundary-work on ancient communities, yet with a critical eye. In doing so, she analyses a socio-economic network representing the community as well as male and female subnetworks in it, before exploring the intersection between these groups. A general lack of clear divisions observed between studied attributes like sex and legal ethnic status leads her to conclude that neither seem to have represented strict social boundaries that dictated with whom the inhabitants interacted.

Olga Azatyan

Social movements in Armenia are a topical subject of political science analysis by both world, regional and Armenian researchers. Scientific interest in Armenia in this topic of social movements and civic influence arose in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when democratization began in the political life of the Armenian society. In this article, social movements are analyzed as an organized structure of actions, which is endowed with certain democratic resources, presence in a public environment, special knowledge and skills that allow effective communication with public authorities in order to resolve this discontent. From this boiling point, social movements represent an integral element of the democratic regime of the political system of the Armenian transformational society. Public movements in Armenia are a mechanism for expressing the point of view of representatives of civil society, a way of highlighting in the public space those discontent that arise in society, a way of citizens’ participation in politics, and not just in the period between elections. The article focuses on the fact that social movements in Armenia can also be viewed as a democratic resource that should be more effectively cooperated with the authorities, the ruling party and other parliamentary parties for a civilized solution of problems, in which the authorities and the civil environment are interested.

Emmanuelle Muhlethaler, Erez Posner, Moshe Bouhnik

Colonoscopy is the most common procedure for early detection and removal of polyps, a critical component of colorectal cancer prevention. Insufficient visual coverage of the colon surface during the procedure often results in missed polyps. To mitigate this issue, reconstructing the 3D surfaces of the colon in order to visualize the missing regions has been proposed. However, robustly estimating the local and global coverage from such a reconstruction has not been thoroughly investigated until now. In this work, we present a new method to estimate the coverage from a reconstructed colon pointcloud. Our method splits a reconstructed colon into segments and estimates the coverage of each segment by estimating the area of the missing surfaces. We achieve a mean absolute coverage error of 3-6\% on colon segments generated from synthetic colonoscopy data and real colonography CT scans. In addition, we show good qualitative results on colon segments reconstructed from real colonoscopy videos.

Chunmao Huang, Yukun Ren, Runze Li

We consider a branching random walk on $d$-dimensional real space with immigration in a time-dependent random environment. Let $Z_n(\mathbf t)$ be the so-called partition function of the process, namely, the moment generating function of the counting measure describing the dispersion of individuals at time $n$. For $\mathbf t$ fixed, the logarithm $\log Z_n(\mathbf t)$ satisfies a central limit theorem. By studying the logarithmic moments of the intrinsic submartingale of the system and its convergence rates, we establish the uniform and non-uniform Berry-Esseen bounds corresponding to the central limit theorem, and discover the exact convergence rate in the central limit theorem.

Aline Fátima Lazarotto

Este artigo apresenta a experiência da extensão universitária no atendimento pedagógico durante a Pandemia causada pelacovid-19.O objetivo do trabalho foi ofertar, para crianças em situação de vulnerabilidade e risco, atividades remotas síncronas, pedagógicas e interativas, articuladas a primeiros cuidados psicológicos e consolidar meios de acesso aos demais serviços do Sistema de Garantia de Direitos. Com atividades lúdicas permeadas pelo brincar foram desenvolvidas práticas extensionistasno atendimento de crianças em situação de vulnerabilidade social para ressignificar a brincadeira, promover aprendizagens e qualificar os processos de socialização durante o período de isolamento causado pela crise pandêmica. As experiências sinalizam a necessidade de ampliar políticas públicas que minimizem os efeitos provocados pelo fechamento das escolas e o agravamento das condições sócio econômicas de grande parte da população

Lyudmyla Khrenova, Kathy Burrell

This article is an exploration of transnational family links and how they are materialised. Based on interviews with Ukrainian migrants living in Sweden, we discuss different dimensions of the everyday practices of sending things back and forth between family members. We find that what these packages embody and represent are more complex than tropes of economic need, obligation and responsibility allow for. Of course, in many senses they do reveal stories of highly gendered practices of care and duty, and economic divides between Sweden and Ukraine. We find, however, that they are also stories of mutuality, love, fun and shifting post-Soviet subjectivities. This article then both underlines the enduring importance of physical things in maintaining close family connections across distance and reminds us that these material connections are not fixed but instead are mutable circulations, shaping and shaped by generational change and lifecourse experiences.

Dorota Lipowska, Adam Lipowski

As an integral part of our culture and way of life, language is intricately related to migrations of people. To understand whether and how migration shapes language formation processes we examine the dynamics of the naming game with migrating agents. (i) When all agents may migrate, the dynamics generates an effective surface tension, which drives the coarsening. Such a behaviour is very robust and appears for a wide range of densities of agents and their migration rates. (ii) However, when only multilingual agents are allowed to migrate, monolingual islands are typically formed. In such a case, when the migration rate is sufficiently large, the majority of agents acquire a common language, which spontaneously emerges with no indication of the surface-tension driven coarsening. A relatively slow coarsening that takes place in a dense static population is very fragile, and most likely, an arbitrarily small migration rate can divert the system toward quick formation of monolingual islands. Our work shows that migration influences language formation processes but additional details like density, or mobility of agents are needed to specify more precisely this influence.

Adam M. Dempsey, Diego J. Muñoz, Yoram Lithwick

Recent simulations show that giant planets of about one Jupiter mass migrate inward at a rate that differs from the Type II prediction. Here we show that at higher masses, planets migrate outward. Our result differs from previous ones because of our longer simulation times, lower viscosity, and our boundary conditions that allow the disk to reach viscous steady state. We show that, for planets on circular orbits, the transition from inward to outward migration coincides with the known transition from circular to eccentric disks that occurs for planets more massive than a few Jupiters. In an eccentric disk, the torque on the outer disk weakens due to two effects: the planet launches weaker waves, and those waves travel further before damping. As a result, the torque on the inner disk dominates, and the planet pushes itself outward. Our results suggest that the many super-Jupiters observed by direct-imaging at large distances from the star may have gotten there by outward migration.

Shubhadeep Sadhukhan, Rohitashwa Chattopadhyay, Sagar Chakraborty

Synchronization, cooperation, and chaos are ubiquitous phenomena in nature. In a population composed of many distinct groups of individuals playing the prisoner's dilemma game, there exists a migration dilemma: No cooperator would migrate to a group playing the prisoner's dilemma game lest it should be exploited by a defector; but unless the migration takes place, there is no chance of the entire population's cooperator-fraction to increase. Employing a randomly rewired coupled map lattice of chaotic replicator maps, modelling replication-selection evolutionary game dynamics, we demonstrate that the cooperators -- evolving in synchrony -- overcome the migration dilemma to proliferate across the population when altruism is mildly incentivized making few of the demes play the leader game.

TianZhang He, Adel N. Toosi, Rajkumar Buyya

In Software-Defined Networking (SDN)-enabled cloud data centers, live migration is a key approach used for the reallocation of Virtual Machines (VMs) in cloud services and Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) in Service Function Chaining (SFC). Using live migration methods, cloud providers can address their dynamic resource management and fault tolerance objectives without interrupting the service of users. However, in cloud data centers, performing multiple live migrations in arbitrary order can lead to service degradation. Therefore, efficient migration planning is essential to reduce the impact of live migration overheads. In addition, to prevent Quality of Service (QoS) degradations and Service Level Agreement (SLA) violations, it is necessary to set priorities for different live migration requests with various urgency. In this paper, we propose SLAMIG, a set of algorithms that composes the deadline-aware multiple migration grouping algorithm and on-line migration scheduling to determine the sequence of VM/VNF migrations. The experimental results show that our approach with reasonable algorithm runtime can efficiently reduce the number of deadline misses and has a good migration performance compared with the one-by-one scheduling and two state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of total migration time, average execution time, downtime, and transferred data. We also evaluate and analyze the impact of multiple migration planning and scheduling on QoS and energy consumption.

Silvia Maria Hirsch, Areli Veloz

Elejalde Erick, Galanopoulos Damianos, Niederee Claudia et al.

Migration, and especially irregular migration, is a critical issue for border agencies and society in general. Migration-related situations and decisions are influenced by various factors, including the perceptions about migration routes and target countries. An improved understanding of such factors can be achieved by systematic automated analyses of media and social media channels, and the videos and images published in them. However, the multifaceted nature of migration and the variety of ways migration-related aspects are expressed in images and videos make the finding and automated analysis of migration-related multimedia content a challenging task. We propose a novel approach that effectively bridges the gap between a substantiated domain understanding - encapsulated into a set of Migration-related semantic concepts - and the expression of such concepts in a video, by introducing an advanced video analysis and retrieval method for this purpose.

Rafał Celiński, Danielle Hilhorst, Grzegorz Karch et al.

We consider an initial-boundary value problem describing the formation of colony patterns of bacteria Escherichia coli. This model consists of reaction-diffusion equations coupled with the Keller-Segel system from the chemotaxis theory in a bounded domain, supplemented with zero-flux boundary conditions and with non-negative initial data. We answer questions on the global in time existence of solutions as well as on their large time behaviour. Moreover, we show that solutions of a related model may blow up in a finite time.

Detlef Elstner, Yori Fournier, Rainer Arlt

The profile of the differential rotation together with the sign of the alpha-effect determine the dynamo wave direction. In early models of the solar dynamo the dynamo wave often leads to a poleward migration of the activity belts. Flux transport by the meridional flow or the effect of the surface shear layer are possible solutions. In a model including the corona, we show that various migrations can be obtained by varying the properties of the corona. A new dynamo of Babcock-Leighton type also leads to the correct equatorward migration by the non-linear relation between flux density and rise time of the flux.