Hasil untuk "Cattle"

Tainara C. Michelotti, Alyssa Imbert, Arash Veshkini et al.

Free fatty acid receptors (FFAR) are molecular sensors involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. Free fatty acid receptors are expressed in the bovine liver, although their biological functions are not fully understood. Our objectives were to study the expression of hepatic FFAR in periparturient dairy cows supplemented or not with a mixture of essential fatty acids (EFA) and CLA, and to investigate potential associations between FFAR and metabolic adaptation during the transition period. Multiparous Holstein cows received abomasal infusions of either coconut oil (control; n = 8) or a mixture of EFA and CLA (EFACLA; n = 8) from −9 to 9 wk relative to parturition. Liver samples were collected at −3, 0, 4, and 9 wk relative to parturition. We quantified the liver expression of FFAR (FFAR1–4 and GPR84) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) by real-time quantitative PCR. Repeated-measurement correlations and multilevel multiple factor analysis (MFA) were used to investigate the links between FFAR and other metabolic parameters (i.e., energy balance, blood metabolic indicators, liver proteomics, and liver gene expression). All targeted FFAR were expressed in the liver, except for FFAR4. We found no effects of EFACLA or interactions with time for the expressed FFAR. FFAR1, FFAR2, and GPR84 expression decreased from −3 to 9 wk relative to parturition, whereas FFAR3 remained constant from −3 to 4 wk, then decreased at 9 wk postpartum. We observed strong correlations between FFAR, and moderate correlations between FFAR and PPARD. Multivariate (MFA) and univariate (correlation) analyses revealed weak links between FFAR liver expression and other metabolic parameters (e.g., IGFBP3 liver expression and plasma IGFBP-2). Downregulation of FFAR in the liver from pre- to postpartum may prevent receptors hyperactivation during periods of high free fatty acid concentrations. Physiological relevance and individual contributions of FFAR to the hepatic metabolism require further investigation.

Ruitong Zhang, Zihang Shi, Xiankang Fan et al.

ABSTRACT: In this study, the effect of luxS, a key gene involved in quorum sensing, on the characteristic flavor of yogurt and its molecular mechanisms during the cofermentation of yogurt with engineered probiotics was investigated. The luxS gene overexpression strain was constructed by the homologous recombination technique, and its effect on the expression of population sensing signaling molecules and luxS gene was determined by bioluminescence and quantitative real-time PCR, and finally, headspace solid-phase micro extraction-GC-MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and metabolomics were used to determine the mechanism of its effect on the characteristic flavor of yogurt. The results demonstrated that the overexpression strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus CICC 6074-pMG36e-luxS and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052-pMG36e-luxS were successfully constructed. The expression of the luxS gene was upregulated by 2.25-fold and 3.16-fold, respectively. Compared with the wild-type strains, yogurt fermented by the overexpression strains showed a significant increase in AI-2 content, acidity, viable bacterial count, and protein hydrolysis, whereas pH, water-holding capacity, and hardness were significantly reduced. The HS-SPME-GC-MS results revealed the presence of 31 volatile flavor substances in yogurt. Among them, benzaldehyde (almond and burned sugar flavors), 2,4-dimethyl- (almond, cherry, and naphthalene flavors), dibutyl phthalate (a faint aromatic odor), and n-decanoic acid (rancid and fatty notes) were identified as the key differential flavor substances mediated by the luxS gene. Metabolomics results showed that the luxS gene mediates the production of organic acids in yogurt through arginine and proline metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. This study provides a theoretical basis for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying yogurt flavor formation.

Oscar Alberto Bianciotto, Fernando Martín Aras, Maria Elena Arce et al.

Halophytic plants offer an alternative for food production by using species adapted to high salinity, such as Salicornia. Salicornia magellanica, in Tierra del Fuego, and Salicornia neei, in the provinces of Chubut and southwestern Buenos Aires, are species widely distributed across the coastal marine intertidal plains and inland saline lagoons of the Patagonian territory. Studies conducted in natural Patagonian environments allowed for the analysis of their spatial distribution, plant productivity, and cultivation methods, both in open fields and in pots for home gardens, using seawater or saline wastewater from the fishing industry. These efforts aim to diversify agricultural production for human consumption and forage for ruminant livestock. This halophytic plant has proven to be a high-quality food, with 60% of its fatty acid content in the form of essential omega-3 and omega-6, a protein content ranging from 6% to 10%, and high levels of complex salts. Its cultivation is viable in both coastal areas and domestic settings with minimal seawater supply. In the studied region, between 70,000 and 100,000 hectares of salt marshes with Salicornia were estimated, with yields ranging from 15 to 40 tons per hectare of fresh product. Moreover, as summer forage, it has been used in mixed pastures with Puccinellia, Suaeda, Agropyron, or Atriplex, for the production of sheep and cattle with low cholesterol levels. Preliminary results from evaluations on the health effects of Salicornia consumption have been promising. Indicators such as an increase in HDL (good cholesterol) showed significant differences between the beginning and end of intake.

Yue-Jia Lee, Mohd Abdullah, Yung-Fu Chang et al.

ABSTRACT There is limited efficacy in vaccines currently available to prevent some animal diseases of bacterial origin, such as bovine respiratory disease caused by Histophilus somni. Protective efficacy can potentially be improved if bacterial antigens that are expressed in the host are included in vaccines. During H. somni infection in the bovine host, biofilms become established, and the availability of essential iron is restricted. To investigate further, the protein composition of spontaneously released outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) during iron-sufficient and iron-restricted growth and the proteins expressed in the biofilm matrix were analyzed and compared. Proteomic analysis revealed a dramatic physiological change in H. somni as it transitioned from the planktonic form to the biofilm mode of growth. All transferrin-binding proteins (Tbps) previously identified in H. somni were detected in the OMVs, suggesting that OMVs could induce antibodies to these proteins. Two TbpA-like proteins and seven total proteins were present in the OMVs only when iron was restricted, indicating the expression of these Tbps was differentially regulated. More proteins associated with quorum-sensing (QS) signaling were detected in the biofilm matrix compared with proteins in the OMVs, supporting a link between QS and biofilm formation. Proteins ACA31267.1 (OmpA) and ACA32419.1 (TonB-dependent receptor) were present in the OMV and biofilm matrix and predicted to be potential protective antigens using an immuno-bioinformatic approach. Overall, the results support the development of novel vaccines that contain OMVs obtained from bacteria grown to simulate the in vivo environment, and possibly biofilm matrix, to prevent diseases caused by bacterial pathogens.IMPORTANCEBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most economically important disease affecting the cattle industry. Available BRD vaccines consist of killed bacteria but are not very effective. Poor vaccine efficacy may be because the phenotype of bacteria in the host differs from the phenotype of cultured bacteria. Following host infection, virulent bacteria can express transferrin-binding proteins (Tbps) not expressed in culture medium but are required to sequester iron from host proteins. During chronic infections, such as BRD, bacteria can form a biofilm consisting of novel protein and polysaccharide antigens. The unique proteins expressed on outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Histophilus somni (a BRD pathogen) in the absence of iron and as a biofilm were identified and characterized. At least two TbpA-like proteins were expressed in OMVs only under iron-limiting conditions. Quorum-sensing-associated proteins were identified in the H. somni biofilm matrix. In silico analysis identified potential protein targets for vaccine development.

Can Yuan, Alain Gillon, José Luis Gualdrón Duarte et al.

Abstract Background The availability of large cohorts of whole-genome sequenced individuals, combined with functional annotation, is expected to provide opportunities to improve the accuracy of genomic selection (GS). However, such benefits have not often been observed in initial applications. The reference population for GS in Belgian Blue Cattle (BBC) continues to grow. Combined with the availability of reference panels of sequenced individuals, it provides an opportunity to evaluate GS models using whole genome sequence (WGS) data and functional annotation. Results Here, we used data from 16,508 cows, with phenotypes for five muscular development traits and imputed at the WGS level, in combination with in silico functional annotation and catalogs of putative regulatory variants obtained from experimental data. We evaluated first GS models using the entire WGS data, with or without functional annotation. At this marker density, we were able to run two approaches, assuming either a highly polygenic architecture (GBLUP) or allowing some variants to have larger effects (BayesRR-RC, a Bayesian mixture model), and observed an increased reliability compared to the official GBLUP model at medium marker density (on average 0.016 and 0.018 for GBLUP and BayesRR-RC, respectively). When functional annotation was used, we observed slightly higher reliabilities with an extension of GBLUP that included multiple polygenic terms (one per functional group), while reliabilities decreased with BayesRR-RC. We then used large subsets of variants selected based on functional information or with a linkage disequilibrium (LD) pruning approach, which allowed us to evaluate two additional approaches, BayesCπ and Bayesian Sparse Linear Mixed Model (BSLMM). Reliabilities were higher for these panels than for the WGS data, with the highest accuracies obtained when markers were selected based on functional information. In our setting, BSLMM systematically achieved higher reliabilities than other methods. Conclusions GS with large panels of functional variants selected from WGS data allowed a significant increase in reliability compared to the official genomic evaluation approach. However, the benefits of using WGS and functional data remained modest, indicating that there is still room for improvement, for example by further refining the functional annotation in the BBC breed.

Yuhang Luo, Yuhang Luo, Yuhang Luo et al.

The Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) infects various mammals, including humans, and is linked to gastrointestinal, respiratory, and neurological diseases. A recent outbreak in Liuzhou, Guangxi, China, led to the isolation of a new MRV strain, GXLZ2301, from fecal samples. This strain replicates in multiple cell lines and forms lattice-like structures. Infected cells exhibit single-cell death and syncytia formation. The virus’s titers peaked at 107.2 TCID50/0.1 mL in PK-15 and BHK cells, with the lowest at 103.88 TCID50/0.1 mL in A549 cells. Electron microscopy showed no envelope with a diameter of about 70 nm. Genetic analysis revealed GXLZ2301 as a recombinant strain with gene segments from humans, cows, and pigs, similar to type 3 MRV strains from Italy (2015-2016). Pathogenicity tests indicated that while the bovine MRV strain did not cause clinical symptoms in mice, it caused significant damage to the gut, lungs, liver, kidneys, and brain. The emergence of this MRV strain may pose a threat to the health of animals and humans, and it is recommended that its epidemiology and recombination be closely monitored.

Slavica ARSIĆ, Nataša KLЈAJIĆ, Predrag VUKOVIĆ

From a global point of view, the Republic of Serbia has favorable conditions for cattle breeding and beef production, because there are favorable soil and climatic conditions, high production of roughage and fodder, available workforce, installed capacities of meat processing industries (for the production of beef and meat products) etc.. However, it is not the only, or exclusive, parameter of the development of cattle production, because there are significant differences in the racial composition and production potential of cattle in certain production districts of the Republic of Serbia. The paper shows the period of the movement of the number of cattle, as one of the potentials for the production of beef, and the heifers that provide new heads for fattening. In the observed time period from 2012 to 2022, it is in permanent decline. According to the obtained data of the calculated value of base and chain indices for the observed time period of ten years, there is no hint of stabilization of breeding and increase in the number of cattle for slaughter. The average number of cattle in the Republic of Serbia was 898 thousand head with a tendency to decrease from 2.5% to 3.0%. At the end of 2022, the estimate of slaughter outside slaughterhouses in December was reduced to 16 thousand heads, however, the number of slaughtered heads increased from May and reached its maximum in October with 20.61 thousand heads and in November when there were 26.45 thousand heads. From this data, it can be seen that the total number of heads has been decreasing since December, which means that there has been stagnation in the number of slaughtered heads.

Muhammed Salah Uddin, Angelo Kaldis, Rima Menassa et al.

Background: <i>Mannheimia haemolytica</i> is a bovine respiratory pathogen commonly associated with bacterial bronchopneumonia. Current vaccine strategies have shown variable efficacy in feedlot cattle, and therefore novel vaccines are needed. <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> spores have been investigated as a mucosal vaccine platform, due to their ability to bind and present antigens to the mucosa and act as an adjuvant. The aim of this study was to develop two spore-based mucosal vaccines targeting <i>M. haemolytica</i> and evaluate their immunogenicity in mice. Methods: Two antigen constructs composed of cholera toxin B subunit, <i>M. haemolytica</i> leukotoxin, and either the <i>M. haemolytica</i> outer membrane protein PlpE (MhCP1) or GS60 (MhCP2) were synthesized, purified and then bound to spores as vaccines. In two separate mice trials, the spore-bound vaccines (Spore-MhCP1 and Spore-MhCP2) were administered to mice through intranasal and intragastric routes, while free antigens were administered intranasally and intramuscularly. Unbound spores were also evaluated intranasally. Antigen-specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA from bronchoalveolar lavage, feces, and saliva were measured after vaccination. Mice sera from all treatment groups were assessed for their bactericidal activity against <i>M. haemolytica</i>. Results: In both mice experiments, intramuscular immunization induced the strongest serum IgG antibody response. However, the intranasal administration of Spore-MhCP1 and Spore-MhCP2 elicited the greatest secretory IgA-specific response against leukotoxin, PlpE, and GS60 in bronchoalveolar lavage, saliva, and feces (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Compared to the intranasal administration of free antigen, spore-bound antigen groups showed greater bactericidal activity against <i>M. haemolytica</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Conclusions: Since intranasally delivered Spore-MhCP1 and Spore-MhCP2 elicited both systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice, these vaccines may have potential to mitigate lung infection in cattle by restricting <i>M. haemolytica</i> colonization and proliferation in the respiratory tract. The efficacy of these mucosal spore-based vaccines merits further assessment against <i>M. haemolytica</i> in cattle.

Davood Anvari, Shirzad Gholami, Adel Spotin et al.

Background: Current study was designed to provide a better insight into the circulating genotypes, genetic diversity, and population structure of Echinococcus spp. between southeast of Iran and Pakistan. Methods: From Jun 2020 to Dec 2020, 46 hydatid cysts were taken from human (n: 6), camel (n: 10), goat (n: 10), cattle (n: 10) and sheep (n: 10) in various cities of Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran, located at the neighborhood of Pakistan. DNA samples were extracted, amplified, and subjected to sequence analysis of cox1 and nad1 genes. Results: The phylogeny inferred by the Maximum Likelihood algorithm indicated that G1 genotype (n: 19), G3 genotype (n: 14) and G6 genotype (n: 13) assigned into their specific clades. The diversity indices showed a moderate (nad1: Hd: 0.485) to high hap- lotype diversity (cox1: Hd: 0.867) of E. granulosus s.s. (G1/G3) and low nucleotide diver- sity. The negative value of Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs test displayed deviation from neutrali- ty indicating a recent population expansion. A parsimonious network of the haplotypes of cox1 displayed star-like features in the overall population containing IR9/PAK1/G1, IR2/PAK2/G3 and IR18/G6 as the most common haplotypes. A pairwise fixation index (Fst) indicated that E. granulosus s.s. populations are genetically moderate differen- tiated between southeast of Iran and Pakistan. The extension of haplotypes PAK18/G1 (sheep) and PAK26/G1 (cattle) toward Iranian haplogroup revealed that there is dawn of Echinococcus flow due to a transfer of alleles between mentioned populations through transport of livestock or their domestication. Conclusion: The current findings strengthen our knowledge concerning the evolution- ary paradigms of E. granulosus in southeastern borders of Iran and is effective in control- ling of hydatidosis.

Nella Desiona, Sayed Umar, Simon Elieser

ABSTRACT. Inseminasi buatan merupakan salah satu bioteknologi dalam bidang reproduksi ternak yang memungkinkan manusia mengawinkan ternak betina tanpa perlu seekor pejantan. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keberhasilan inseminasi buatan pada sapi yang dipelihara secara semi intensif telah dilakukan mulai bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2022 di Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survey, menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara langsung kepada peternak menggunakan kuesioner yang terstruktur, data sekunder diperoleh dari dinas terkait. Varibel yang diamati meliputi : angka kebuntingan, jumlah sapi betina, pengetahuan peternak dalam mendeteksi berahi, skor kondisi tubuh, jarak lokasi dan ketepatan waktu IB. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa R2 =65,3 yang artinya sebesar 65,3% variabel yang diamati memengaruhi angka kebuntingan sedangkan 34,7% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain. Jumlah sapi betina di tiap lokasi penelitian secara signifikan (P0,05) memengaruhi keberhasilan inseminasi buatan. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara nyata jumlah sapi betina memengaruhi keberhasilan IB dan secara simultan bersama variabel pengetahuan peternak dalam mendeteksi berahi, ketepatan waktu IB, jarak lokasi peternak dengan petugas IB serta BCS sebesar 65,3% memengaruhi keberhasilan IB di Kabupaten Deli Serdang.    (Analysis of successful factors for artificial insemination cattle in the reproduction optimization program in Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatera)  ABSTRAK. Artificial Insemination is one of the biotechnology in field of livestock reproduction that allows humans to inbreed female livestock without needed of male cattle. The method of this research was survey method, using primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained by distributing questionnaires and interviews directly to farmers as additional information, while secondary data obtained from inseminators related to the results of artificial insemination in the Deli Serdang District. The questionnaire used included questions about cattle characteristics such as pregnancy status, knowledge of breeders in detecting heat, body condition scores, number of cows, location distance and breeder profiles with 95 respondent breeders from three districts. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression tests. The results showed that as many as 5 variables were observed simultaneously only 65.3% affected the pregnancy rate while 34.7% were influenced by other factors. The conclusion of the study is that the factors that influence the success of artificial insemination in cattle in Deli Serdang Regency are the number of cows in the sub-districts studied.

Brahim Bouchoucha, Noureddine Zeghilet, Omar Bouaziz

Subclinical intra-mammary infection is a very current disease in dairy females; several early tests exist for their detection: California Mastitis Test (CMT), Electrical Conductimetry of milk (CE), pH indicator papers. In this study, the milk of 104 cows (416 quarters) was tested using CMT (Raidex^®) to first estimate the prevalence of the disease and to identify the effect of age, stage of lactation and position of neighborhoods on its prevalence; second, we looked for data related to camels from another study carried out on 57 camels (in Algiers (ENVH), starting with the hypothesis that the camel is more resistant. The prevalence rate (CMT > 1) is around 45% for cows and 15% for quarters. The study conducted in Algiers yielded a rate of 67% (for camels and 35% for quarters, i.e., an increase of 130% for quarters and 50% for animals. Our study emphasizes the impact of the last stage of lactation compared to the first (35% vs. 15%), which is in agreement with the other study; on the other hand, the effect of the posterior position of the teats and age was contradictory. The differences between the rates were not significant at <i>p</i> < 0.05 between neither the animals or quarters (Chi 2: 53.24 and 71.41).

Javed Ahmed Ujjan, Sapna Waheed Memon, Majeeda Ruk et al.

In identifying mutations occurring in distinct cow breeds, genetic elements must be taken into consideration. More recently, these hereditary features have gained attention throughout the world. As in many underdeveloped nations, to bridge the deficit in molecular genetics, multiple solutions are required. The inner membrane anion carrier superfamily contains the uncoupling proteins (UCPs), vital to energy regulation. Research on heredity has shown that variations in the UCP2 and UCP3 genes are connected to obesity and metabolic syndrome. This research aimed to investigate if any mutation in the UCP 2 and UCP 3 genes are related to many characteristics in Pakistan’s three indigenous cattle breeds using artificial neural network (ANN). For better analysis, the output of the ANN model is loaded into the Primer Premier 3 software. Using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing, the results of this study indicated 07 variations in the exon 4 region of the UCP2 gene and 03 variants in the exon 3 area of the UCP3 gene among 215 indigenous cow breeds. The association study revealed that the g.C35G mutation in the UCP3 gene is strongly related to meat quantity characteristics such as carcass weight and drip percentage (P0.05) but not with body height or hip width (P>0.05). Sequence analysis showed five distinct diplotypes: AA, BC, AC, CC, and CD. Cattle with the novel heterozygous diplotype BC perform better in carcass trait and drip percentage than animals with other genotypes. The study’s findings suggest that the UCP3 gene may be utilized for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and breed mixing in Pakistan cattle breeds to aid in the country’s economic growth.

Alena A. Bogdanova, Andrey A. Alekseev, Aleksandra A. Payuta et al.

This study was aimed to establishthe effect of a fodder protein supplement from minced subcutaneous epithelium of farm animals on hematological, biochemical parameters of metabolism and milk productivity of high-yielding cows during the early lactation. For this, three groups of cows, six animals each, were formed according to the principle of analogous pairs. The control group received the main diet, the second and third experimental groups were daily fed with 300 g and 500 g of protein supplement for 60 days in addition to the main diet, respectively. The effect of prolongation of the supplement was studied over the next 30 days. Hematological and biochemical blood parameters, qualitative and quantitative composition of milk were studied in all animals. The animals of the experimental groups showed an increase in metabolic and redox processes during the experiment. An increase in the metabolism of nutrients in the liver has been found. Due to the sufficient intake of protein in the organism of animals, there was an increase in milk productivity and milk quality indicators.

Vempalli Sudharsan Varma, Suminakshi Das, Chivukula V. Sastri et al.

The study aimed to characterize the microbial population involved in lignocellulose degradation during drum composting of mixed organic waste i.e. vegetable waste, cattle manure, saw dust and dry leaves in a 550 L rotary drum composter. Lignocellulose degradation by different microbial populations was correlated by comparing results from four trials, i.e., Trial 1 (5:4), Trial 2 (6:3), Trial 3 (7:2) and Trial 4 (8:1) of varying waste combinations during 20 days of composting period. Due to proper combination of waste materials and agitation in drum composter, a maximum of 66.5 and 61.4 °C was achieved in Trial 1 and 2 by observing a temperature level of 55 °C for 4–6 d. The study revealed that combinations of waste materials had a major effect on the microbial degradation of waste material and quality of final compost due to its physical properties. However, Trial 1 was observed to have longer thermophilic phase leading to higher degradation of lignocellulosic fractions. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and fluorescent spectroscopy confirmed the decrease in aliphatic to aromatic ratio and increase in polyphenolic compounds of the compost. Heterotrophic bacteria were observed predominantly due to the readily available organic matter during the initial period of composting. However, fungi and actinomycetes were active in the degradation of lignocellulosic fractions.

M. Mackett, T. Yilma, John K. Rose et al.

R. Ehrhardt, R. Slepetis, J. Siegal-Willott et al.

Geser Nadine, Stephan Roger, Hächler Herbert

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The impact of food animals as a possible reservoir for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing <it>Enterobacteriaceae</it>, and the dissemination of such strains into the food production chain need to be assessed. In this study 334 fecal samples from pigs, cattle, chicken and sheep were investigated at slaughter. Additionally, 100 raw milk samples, representing bulk tank milk of 100 different dairy farms, 104 minced meat (pork and beef) samples and 67 <it>E. coli </it>isolates from cattle <it>E. coli </it>mastitis were analyzed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>As many as 15.3% of the porcine, 13.7% of the bovine, 8.6% of the sheep and 63.4% of the chicken fecal samples yielded ESBL producers after an enrichment step. In contrast, none of the minced meat, none of the bulk tank milk samples and only one of the mastitis milk samples contained ESBL producing strains. Of the total of 91 isolates, 89 were <it>E. coli</it>, one was <it>Citrobacter youngae </it>and one was <it>Enterobacter cloacae</it>. PCR analysis revealed that 78 isolates (85.7%) produced CTX-M group 1 ESBLs while six isolates (6.6%) produced CTX-M group 9 enzymes. Five detected ESBLs (5.5%) belonged to the SHV group and 2 isolates (2.2%) contained a TEM-type enzyme. A total of 27 CTX-M producers were additionally PCR-positive for TEM-beta-lactamase. The ESBL-encoding genes of 53 isolates were sequenced of which 34 produced CTX-M-1, 6 produced CTX-M-14, 5 produced CTX-M-15 and also 5 produced SHV-12. Two isolates produced TEM-52 and one isolate expressed a novel CTX-M group 1 ESBL, CTX-M-117. One isolate--aside from a CTX-M ESBL-- contained an additional novel TEM-type broad-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-186.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The relatively high rates of ESBL producers in food animals and the high genetic diversity among these isolates are worrisome and indicate an established reservoir in farm animals.</p>

Fabiano Antonio Cadioli, Patrícia de Athayde Barnabé, Rosangela Zacarias Machado et al.

This is the first description of a Trypanosoma vivax outbreak in the state of São Paulo (municipality of Lins). Fever, jaundice, decreased milk production, weight loss, profuse diarrhea, abortion, anemia, leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogenemia were observed in the affected animals. Thirty-one cows and calves died out of a total of 1080 in the herd. Three cows showed neurological symptoms like dysmetria, ataxia, muscle weakness, ptyalism, lymph node enlargement and submandibular edema. Flagellated hemoparasites were observed in blood smears. The species was diagnosed as T. vivax by means of PCR. This T.vivax strain showed resistance to diaminazene aceturate and the infection spread quickly at the herd. From the ELISA test, 599 serum samples (98.36%) were positive for anti-T.vivax IgG antibodies. This outbreak occurred during a very dry period, which indicates that other factors were involved in the outbreak, such as absence of tabanids and large populations of Haematobia irritans and Stomoxys calcitrans. The increases in these populations may have been due to the use of biosolid waste from sugar and ethanol plants in the sugarcane plantations surrounding the dairy farm.<br>Esta é a primeira descrição de um surto de Trypanosomavivax ocorrido no Estado de São Paulo, no município de Lins. Animais acometidos apresentaram febre, icterícia, diminuição da produção de leite, perda de peso, diarreia profusa, abortos, anemia, leucocitose e hiperfibrigenemia. Foram registrados 31 óbitos de vacas e bezerros em 1.080 bovinos no total. Três vacas apresentaram sintomatologia nervosa, como dismetria, ataxia e fraqueza muscular, além de ptialismo, aumento de linfonodos e edema submandibular. Hemoparasitas flagelados foram observados em esfregaços sanguíneos, e a espécie de tripanossomo foi diagnosticada como T.vivax por PCR. A cepa de T. vivax mostrou ser resistente ao tratamento com aceturato de diaminozeno e a infecção disseminou rapidamente no rebanho. Pelo ELISA, observou-se que 98,36% (599) das amostras de soro colhidas apresentaram títulos positivos para IgG anti-T.vivax. O surto ocorreu em condições de baixa precipitação pluviométrica, fato que indica que outros fatores estavam envolvidos na ocorrência desse surto, como a ausência de tabanídeos e a grande presença de Haematobia irritans e Stomoxys calcitrans, cujo aumento populacional pode ser devido ao uso de resíduos de usinas de açúcar e álcool nos canaviais que circundavam a granja leiteira.

D. Radley, C. Brown, M. P. Cunningham et al.