يعد النظام البرلماني شكل من أشكال الحكومة الديمقراطية النيابي ، وهو وليد ظروف سياسية اجتماعية اقتصادية ، وأن قيام النظام البرلماني العراقي وفق ما جاء في النظام الدستوري الذي أكده المجلس التأسيسي العراقي حيث وضع هذا المجلس الأسس الأولى لقيام أول حياة برلمانية عراقية ، ويكون شكل الدولة العراقية ذات حكومة ملكية وراثية وشكلها نيابي ووفق النظام البرلماني العراقي توجد هناك ثلاث هيئات تسهم في السلطة هي : (الملك ، الوزارة ، البرلمان) .
The archaeological studies of the frontier zones of the Roman Empire are of particular importance due to the abundant excavated data that can be directly linked to historical sources and epigraphic evidence known for centuries. <br /><br />In the Lower Danube region of the Roman Limes, an area that has not been as extensively explored as the areas in Central and Western Europe, there are now a lot of new rescue and regular excavations. The new field data, which were obtained from details unearthed near the village of Sinagovtsi, Vidin region, only 15 km away from the ancient centre of Ratiaria, are important as they might help clarify the way of life in Antiquity if linked to and interpreted together with the already known epigraphic, historical and numismatic data.
To solve the problem of fatigue of the UAV operator during long-term search and reconnaissance missions, a research hardware and software complex was created, in which the positioning of the auxiliary UAV video camera with a narrow field of view is carried out. Dynamixel Library for MATLAB and Simulink was used to organize the interaction of actuators with the virtual environment, which allows combining positioning and image analysis subsystems in a single virtual environment. The results of an experimental study of the 2DCAM virtual-physical system are given.
En el valle del río Genoa (centro-oeste de Chubut, Argentina), la información sobre las interacciones entre los grupos humanos y los animales es escasa. El hallazgo del sitio arqueológico Cueva de Plaza, en donde se recuperaron restos óseos humanos datados en hace aproximadamente 200 años AP, cuentas vítreas, materiales líticos y el único conjunto arqueofaunístico disponible hasta el momento en el valle, se presentó como una oportunidad para conocer si la asociación entre los restos humanos y los restos faunísticos respondía a un acompañamiento mortuorio o si, como sugería una primera evaluación, se debía únicamente a la actividad de mamíferos carnívoros. Los resultados sugieren que el sitio funcionó como madriguera de zorros con posterioridad a los entierros y ponen de manifiesto la importancia del análisis tafonómico dado que aportan información sobre la presencia de restos de fauna en contextos mortuorios y sobre la intensidad de uso humano del sitio.
In this article, we set out to publish the results of extensive excavations conducted in the late 1980s and early 1990s by staff and students of the Archaeology Department, University of the Witwatersrand, at two Late Iron Age stone-walled compounds in the western foothills of the Suikerbosrand massif, near Johannesburg. While these two compounds, Sun Shadow and Boschoek, have been extensively cited in the literature, their data have never been published. Here, we analyse the distribution of their collected artefacts, in conjunction with their field maps, to better understand the spatial organisation of these two Molokwane-style stone-walled compounds. We were also interested to assess the merits of revisiting under-analysed archaeological materials housed in the University of the Witwatersrand’s collections. The results revealed frustrating gaps and shortcomings in the collections, but also shed new light on the social organisation of these settlements. Overall, we feel that the exercise was worthwhile and we encourage similar such studies in the future, allowing researchers to explore the scientific potential of the masses of buried treasure within the university’s collections.
En este artículo se abordan los valores semánticos de los nombres propios, desde el punto de vista de la teoría lingüística del signo del lenguaje, en oposición a las concepciones de la filosofía y la lógica modernas y se reflexiona sobre el carácter deíctico de los nombres propios y sus simbolismos, incluidos los apodos y otras formas de nombrar personas y lugares.
Auxiliary sciences of history, Philology. Linguistics
Tra il 1900 e il 1942, Jean Capart trasforma i Musée Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire di Bruxelles in uno dei principali centri di promozione di quel ruolo sociale che l’istituzione museale inizia a rivestire, in linea con le indicazioni fornite dall’Office International des Musées, di cui è uno dei principali esponenti. L’articolo intende ricostruire le attività organizzate da Capart per rendere il museo, e principalmente la sezione di arte egizia, sempre più accessibile al pubblico attraverso conferenze, visite guidate, lezioni animate e, soprattutto, narrazioni teatrali e pubblicazioni per bambini, qui ricostruite tramite una accurata indagine documentaria.
Between 1900 and 1942, Jean Capart transformed the Musée Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire in Bruxelles in one of the main centres for promoting the social role that the museum institution was beginning to play, in line with the instructions given by the Office International des Musées, of which he was one of the main exponents. The article aims to reconstruct the activities organized by Capart to make the museum, and mainly the Egyptian art section, increasingly accessible to the public through conferences, guided tours, animated lectures and, above all, theater storytelling and publications for children, reconstructed here thanks to a careful documentary investigation.
Gunung Kawi Temple is one of the most monumental archaeological remains in Bali, originating from the 10th to 11th century. This study aims to determine the values of local wisdom of ancient Balinese society related to the construction and presence of Gunung Kawi Temple. Data were collected through literature study and observation. Analysis was conducted through qualitative approach using data integration and explanation based on theory. Explanation is presented in narrative text. The results of this study indicate that the construction using the concept of cliff temple is an adaptation to address the limitations of geographical features and material resources. This adaptation is a form of ancient Balinese society local wisdom. This local wisdom is also reflected on the environmental preservation value which is related to the function of Gunung Kawi Temple as a religious sacred building.
Kompleks Candi Gunung Kawi merupakan salah satu tinggalan arkeologi paling monumental di Bali yang berasal dari abad ke-10 sampai 11 Masehi. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilainilai kearifan lokal masyarakat Bali Kuno yang terkait dengan pembangunan dan keberadaan Kompleks Candi Gunung Kawi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan dan observasi. Analisis dilakukan melalui pendekatan kualitatif dengan pengintegrasian data dan memaparkan simpulan-simpulan berdasarkan teori. Pembahasan kemudian disajikan dalam bentuk teks naratif. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa pembangunan dengan konsep candi tebing merupakan bentuk adaptasi dalam menyikapi keterbatasan geografi dan sumber bahan baku. Adaptasi tersebut merupakan salah satu wujud kearifan lokal masyarakat Bali Kuno. Kearifan lokal tercermin juga dari nilai pelestarian lingkungan yang terkait dengan fungsi Kompleks Candi Gunung Kawi sebagai bangunan suci keagamaan.
En este trabajo se presentan las evidencias materiales del paisaje rural de diferentes zonas de Uruguay. El registro material refiere a estructuras en piedra relevadas en estudios de evaluación y diagnostico de impacto arqueológico. Estos estudios han sido llevados a cabo en el marco de proyectos privados de emprendimientos mineros. Los proyectos, enmarcados en la Arqueología de Contrato, buscaron diagnosticar los impactos de las obras proyectadas sobre el registro arqueológico del área y establecer las correspondientes medidas de mitigación, corrección o compensación. Buscando ahondar en el conocimiento de los paisajes antrópicos de Uruguay se da continuidad a estos proyectos, entendiendo esta continuidad como parte de la mitigación del impacto. Se presentan cinco casos de estudio que evidencian procesos de ocupación y explotación llevados a cabo en el medio rural a partir del siglo XVII.
Il contributo rilegge l’etnicità romano-barbarica come costruzione culturale fondata in parte sulla rilettura e sulla riappropriazione di modelli biblici intesi come strumenti fondanti e autorevoli. Lo studio tenta di capovolgere il paradigma tradizionale secondo cui l’etnicità sarebbe un portato prettamente “barbarico”, in opposizione all’universalismo cristiano-romano. Seguendo questo modello, la storia europea è spesso stata rappresentata come un conflitto tra principi universali e nazionali. Secondo l’A. il ruolo politico dell’etnicità nell’Europa latina non va considerato, almeno in una certa misura, come un’importazione barbarica. Lungi dal rappresentare un’antitesi alla chiesa universale, l’etnicità assume il suo ruolo politico decisivo proprio attraverso il cristianesimo e, più in particolare, attraverso la ripresa e l’adattamento di taluni modelli di auto-definizione etnica presenti nei testi biblici.