Yashinta Irma Pratami Hematang, Sudaryono Sastrosasmito, Harry Kurniawan
Makaling Village, located in South Papua Province, exhibits multi-functional spatial characteristics that operate on two scales: micro and meso. The village is inhabited by the Coastal Malind, a sub-tribe of the Malind Anim, whose spatial practices generate distinctive multi-functional spatial phenomena. In contemporary urban contexts, the concept of multifunctionality and the pursuit of modernity often require flexible spatial arrangements to accommodate diverse activities within a single space. This tendency is largely driven by the limitations of land availability amid increasing population pressure and escalating spatial demands. In contrast, rural settlements such as Makaling reveal a different manifestation of multifunctionality known as kamem la sai, which embodies deeper spatial and cultural layers beyond what is physically perceptible. This phenomenon is rooted in a local philosophical concept referred to as otih ka kaleh wabla. The study employs eidetic reduction analysis within the framework of Husserl’s transcendental phenomenological qualitative research. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and direct field observations, leading to the identification of several observation units, thematic structures, and conceptual layers each corresponding to stages of phenomenological reduction. The primary objective of this research is to articulate the intentional awareness inherent in the kamem la sai phenomenon in Makaling, as revealed through the phenomenological reduction process. The implications of this study extend to the development of human resources in architectural academia, the formulation of government policies, spatial planning practices, and architectural design approaches in Merauke, Papua. Furthermore, the research contributes to the advancement of theoretical discourse on multi-functional space, local wisdom, and transcendental meaning within the context of Papuan vernacular settlements.
Architecture, Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Cloud architecture design presents significant challenges due to the necessity of clarifying ambiguous requirements and systematically addressing complex trade-offs, especially for novice engineers with limited cloud experience. While recent advances in the use of AI tools have broadened available options, system-driven approaches that offer explicit guidance and step-by-step information management may be especially effective in supporting novices during the design process. This study qualitatively examines the experiences of 60 novice engineers using such a system-driven cloud design support tool. The findings indicate that structured and proactive system guidance helps novices engage more effectively in architectural design, especially when addressing tasks where knowledge and experience gaps are most critical. For example, participants found it easier to create initial architectures and did not need to craft prompts themselves. In addition, participants reported that the ability to simulate and compare multiple architecture options enabled them to deepen their understanding of cloud design principles and trade-offs, demonstrating the educational value of system-driven support. The study also identifies areas for improvement, including more adaptive information delivery tailored to user expertise, mechanisms for validating system outputs, and better integration with implementation workflows such as infrastructure-as-code generation and deployment guidance. Addressing these aspects can further enhance the educational and practical value of system-driven support tools for cloud architecture design.
In order to handle the increasing complexity of software systems, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been applied to various areas of software engineering, including requirements engineering, coding, testing, and debugging. This has led to the emergence of AI for Software Engineering as a distinct research area within the field of software engineering. With the development of quantum computing, the field of Quantum AI (QAI) is arising, enhancing the performance of classical AI and holding significant potential for solving classical software engineering problems. Some initial applications of QAI in software engineering have already emerged, such as test case optimization. However, the path ahead remains open, offering ample opportunities to solve complex software engineering problems cost-effectively with QAI. To this end, this paper presents a roadmap towards the application of QAI in software engineering. Specifically, we consider two of the main categories of QAI, i.e., quantum optimization algorithms and quantum machine learning. For each software engineering phase, we discuss how these QAI approaches can address some of the tasks associated with that phase. Moreover, we provide an overview of some of the possible challenges that need to be addressed to make the application of QAI for software engineering successful.
The integration of Industry 4.0 technologies into engineering workflows is an essential step toward automating and optimizing plant and process engineering processes. The Asset Administration Shell (AAS) serves as a key enabler for creating interoperable Digital Twins that facilitate engineering data exchange and automation. This paper explores the use of AAS within engineering workflows, particularly in combination with Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) to define structured and automated processes. We propose a distributed AAS copy-on-write infrastructure that enhances security and scalability while enabling seamless cross organizational collaboration. We also introduce a workflow management prototype automating AAS operations and engineering workflows, improving efficiency and traceability.
Highlights This special issue is dedicated to the topic of energy sufficiency, where the guiding question is how decent living standards for all can be ensured without exceeding planetary boundaries. Despite increasing recognition of the importance of exploring sufficiency for cities, buildings and infrastructures, before this special issue little specialist literature has been available. Thomas Princen’s seminal work on sufficiency as an organising principle for sustainable living, with both a sense of ‘enoughness’ and ‘too muchness’, is a shared starting point. Papers in this issue varied in the aspects of energy sufficiency investigated and methods used: some focused on creating conceptual advances, others presented new empirical work from single or multiple countries, with citizens, professionals, policymakers and practitioners all centred in one or more contributions. Findings suggest that sufficiency can be integrated into city planning, building design, and everyday household and neighbourhood practices, while identifying the infrastructures that shape and support these changes. Sufficiency has been explored in relation to travel patterns, occupation of residential space, sharing facilities and heating practices. The benefits and challenges of living well with less have been identified for varied populations and places. There is still more work to do. There is a need to expand geographical scope. Research gaps remain in linking sufficiency to prosperity, in understanding actor–networks for sufficiency in ways that transcend the usual silos of ‘consumption domains’ or ‘policy sectors’, in recognising the role of infrastructure, and in understanding the practicalities of ‘doing’ sufficiency in our buildings and cities.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Wisam H. Mohammed, Svetlana L. Shambina, Haider K. Ammash
This study investigated influence of varying waviness characteristics of fiber, represented by path amplitude Δ and different numbers of half sine waves k , on the elastic-plastic dynamic behaviour of laminated composite plates with variable fiber spacing. The analysis was based on the equations for action of constant axial dynamic loading and two-dimensional layered approach with classical first order shear deformation theory with five degrees of freedom per node, and it was performed with FORTRAN 94 programming language. Von-Karman’s assumptions were used for the discretization of the laminated plates to include geometric nonlinearity for nine-node Lagrangian isoperimetric quadrilateral elements. Complete bond between the layers was assumed with no delamination, which was based on first-order shear deformation theory. The Newmark implicit time integration method and Newton-Raphson iteration were simultaneously used to solve the nonlinear governing equation in conjunction. It was proven in the research that the nonlinear performance of the laminated composite plate was affected by the studied waviness parameters Δ and k , and also by the variable distribution pattern selected for this study.
Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
La representación de la arquitectura de James Stirling, maestro en el uso de los recursos gráficos, se caracteriza principalmente por el empleo de la sección fugada y la perspectiva axonométrica. La consulta de su fondo documental confirma también la existencia de otra técnica recurrente, aunque menos conocida en su obra: la construcción de maquetas de estudio, las cuales utilizaba como artificios espaciales para ayudarle a percibir mejor la realidad del proyecto. Este texto tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis cronológico-evolutivo de la implementación de este procedimiento tridimensional en su trabajo profesional, desde sus primeros años de formación hasta su asociación con Michael Wilford, deteniéndose en aquellos modelos más representativos de cada una de sus etapas creativas. El estudio permitirá entender cómo, en un principio, la producción artesanal de maquetas fue intrínseca e inseparable de su labor proyectiva. Posteriormente a su fama internacional, la participación en prestigiosos concursos, realización de grandes edificios y exposiciones de su obra, condicionarían la ejecución de modelos cada vez más complejos. En el mundo de la arquitectura, este procedimiento, unido a la implantación de las más nuevas y eficaces tecnologías de modelado 3D, condujo de forma irremediable a la desaparición de la figura del maquetista artesanal.
Engineering design, Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
Almira Firdania Isna Johanda, Herry Santosa, Ema Yunita Titisari
RSIA Melati Husada Malang developed the concept of a boutique hospital by applying Javanese architectural interiors to give a homey, personal, and authentic impression and support the healing environment concept. This aims to reduce anxiety and improve the well-being of postpartum patients. The purpose of this study is to identify the interior elements of Javanese architecture in the postpartum inpatient room that support the formation of a healing environment. The research uses a qualitative descriptive method with data sources from field observations. The criteria for identifying the object of study were developed by integrating literature studies on the interior elements of Javanese architecture and the concept of healing environment. This resulted in the formulation of 6 categories and 14 elements of Javanese architectural interiors, all of which adhere to the healing environment criteria. Furthermore, we use these criteria as a reference for descriptive analysis of the object of study. The results of this study show that the object of the study has applied 13 out of 14 criteria for Javanese interior design based on the healing environment.
Technology, Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings
The effectiveness of model-driven software engineering (MDSE) has been successfully demonstrated in the context of complex software; however, it has not been widely adopted due to the requisite efforts associated with model development and maintenance, as well as the specific modelling competencies required for MDSE. Concurrently, artificial intelligence (AI) methods, particularly deep learning methods, have demonstrated considerable abilities when applied to the huge code bases accessible on open-source coding platforms. The so-called big code provides the basis for significant advances in empirical software engineering, as well as in the automation of coding processes and improvements in software quality with the use of AI. The objective of this paper is to facilitate a synthesis between these two significant domains of software engineering (SE), namely models and AI in SE. The paper provides an overview of the current state of AI-augmented software engineering and develops a corresponding taxonomy, ai4se. In light of the aforementioned considerations, a vision of AI-assisted big models in SE is put forth, with the aim of capitalising on the advantages inherent to both approaches in the context of software development. Finally, the pair modelling paradigm is proposed for adoption by the MDSE industry.
The increasing adoption of WebAssembly (Wasm) for performance-critical and security-sensitive tasks drives the demand for WebAssembly program comprehension and reverse engineering. Recent studies have introduced machine learning (ML)-based WebAssembly reverse engineering tools. Yet, the generalization of task-specific ML solutions remains challenging, because their effectiveness hinges on the availability of an ample supply of high-quality task-specific labeled data. Moreover, previous works overlook the high-level semantics present in source code and its documentation. Acknowledging the abundance of available source code with documentation, which can be compiled into WebAssembly, we propose to learn representations of them concurrently and harness their mutual relationships for effective WebAssembly reverse engineering. In this paper, we present WasmRev, the first multi-modal pre-trained language model for WebAssembly reverse engineering. WasmRev is pre-trained using self-supervised learning on a large-scale multi-modal corpus encompassing source code, code documentation and the compiled WebAssembly, without requiring labeled data. WasmRev incorporates three tailored multi-modal pre-training tasks to capture various characteristics of WebAssembly and cross-modal relationships. WasmRev is only trained once to produce general-purpose representations that can broadly support WebAssembly reverse engineering tasks through few-shot fine-tuning with much less labeled data, improving data efficiency. We fine-tune WasmRev onto three important reverse engineering tasks: type recovery, function purpose identification and WebAssembly summarization. Our results show that WasmRev pre-trained on the corpus of multi-modal samples establishes a robust foundation for these tasks, achieving high task accuracy and outperforming the state-of-the-art ML methods for WebAssembly reverse engineering.
The escalating impacts of anthropogenic activities and natural disasters, aggravated by economic crises, have amplified the vulnerability of environmental and territorial systems, leading to significant urban planning and social implications. Consequently, numerous public and private buildings have been abandoned, necessitating crucial reorganizations or repurposing to prevent degradation and obsolescence due to disuse. The imperative goal is to foster resilience within territories, primarily by enhancing the adaptability of urban assets to altered conditions induced by both natural and anthropogenic disturbances, thereby increasing their inherent flexibility to offer functional responses to disruptions. This approach aims to mitigate adverse effects, expedite restoration of the status quo or augment the adaptability of structures, particularly public and strategic ones, during extraordinary phases. The proposed methodology for fortifying solidity and fostering resistance to change in the built environment involves digital cataloguing of heritage through the creation of three-dimensional models of structures. This process, known as Building Information Modelling (BIM), is predicated on a preliminary analysis of structural, architectural, and plant engineering data, which is beneficial for both ordinary and atypical management. The result is an efficient system that offers facility management opportunities for structures throughout their lifecycle and facilitates optimization of resource use. It aids in evaluating the extraordinary use of assets, examining various performance hypotheses for each scenario, understanding the time required for system setup, and determining relative economic indicators until the restoration of the preceding state.
Marwa Alaa, Abbas J. Jubear, Hussein R. Al-Bugharbee
In recent years, open-pore metallic foams have been employed in a wide variety of applications owing to the essential qualities that they possess. In the present study, the thermal performance of a finned heat sink made from open-cell copper foam was investigated numerically under laminar forced conditions. The influence of fin thickness, air velocity, and heat fluxes on the average heat sink base temperature to ambient temperature difference, the Nusselt number, and pressure drop were investigated. Fin thickness was generally taken as 2, 5, 7, and 10 mm. Heat fluxes were taken from (600 to 3000) W/m2, while the air velocity was taken from 0.04 to 0.16 m/s. The findings of laminar flow indicate that straight fins with a thickness of 10 mm minimize the temperature difference between the heat sink's base and the surrounding air the most, followed by fins with thicknesses of 7 mm, 5 mm, and 2 mm. At 3000 W/m2, a change in velocity from 0.04 to 0.16 m/s increases the average base temperature difference (i.e. (Tbase-Tamb)) by 118.9% for a heat sink with 10 mm straight fins. . At a heat flow of 600W/m2, the Nusselt number grew by 72.6%, 60.7%, and 45.7% when fin thickness was raised from 2 mm to 10 mm, 2 mm to 7 mm, and 2 mm to 5 mm, respectively. The results also demonstrate that the pressure drop rises with increasing fin thickness.
Shih-Yuan Yu, Yonatan Gizachew Achamyeleh, Chonghan Wang
et al.
Mission-critical embedded software is critical to our society's infrastructure but can be subject to new security vulnerabilities as technology advances. When security issues arise, Reverse Engineers (REs) use Software Reverse Engineering (SRE) tools to analyze vulnerable binaries. However, existing tools have limited support, and REs undergo a time-consuming, costly, and error-prone process that requires experience and expertise to understand the behaviors of software and vulnerabilities. To improve these tools, we propose $\textit{cfg2vec}$, a Hierarchical Graph Neural Network (GNN) based approach. To represent binary, we propose a novel Graph-of-Graph (GoG) representation, combining the information of control-flow and function-call graphs. Our $\textit{cfg2vec}$ learns how to represent each binary function compiled from various CPU architectures, utilizing hierarchical GNN and the siamese network-based supervised learning architecture. We evaluate $\textit{cfg2vec}$'s capability of predicting function names from stripped binaries. Our results show that $\textit{cfg2vec}$ outperforms the state-of-the-art by $24.54\%$ in predicting function names and can even achieve $51.84\%$ better given more training data. Additionally, $\textit{cfg2vec}$ consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art for all CPU architectures, while the baseline requires multiple training to achieve similar performance. More importantly, our results demonstrate that our $\textit{cfg2vec}$ could tackle binaries built from unseen CPU architectures, thus indicating that our approach can generalize the learned knowledge. Lastly, we demonstrate its practicability by implementing it as a Ghidra plugin used during resolving DARPA Assured MicroPatching (AMP) challenges.
Eriks Klotins, Michael Unterkalmsteiner, Tony Gorschek
Software start-ups are new companies aiming to launch an innovative product to mass markets fast with minimal resources. However, most start-ups fail before realizing their potential. Poor software engineering, among other factors, could be a significant contributor to the challenges that start-ups experience. Little is known about the engineering context in start-up companies. On the surface, start-ups are characterized by uncertainty, high risk, and minimal resources. However, such a characterization isn't granular enough to support identification of specific engineering challenges and to devise start-up-specific engineering practices. The first step toward an understanding of software engineering in start-ups is the definition of a Start-Up Context Map - a taxonomy of engineering practices, environment factors, and goals influencing the engineering process. This map aims to support further research on the field and serve as an engineering decision support tool for start-ups. This article is part of a theme issue on Process Improvement.
The perception of the value and propriety of modern engineered systems is changing. In addition to their functional and extra-functional properties, nowadays' systems are also evaluated by their sustainability properties. The next generation of systems will be characterized by an overall elevated sustainability -- including their post-life, driven by efficient value retention mechanisms. Current systems engineering practices fall short of supporting these ambitions and need to be revised appropriately. In this paper, we introduce the concept of circular systems engineering, a novel paradigm for systems sustainability, and define two principles to successfully implement it: end-to-end sustainability and bipartite sustainability. We outline typical organizational evolution patterns that lead to the implementation and adoption of circularity principles, and outline key challenges and research opportunities.
Markus Borg, Elizabeth Bjarnason, Michael Unterkalmsteiner
et al.
The RET (Requirements Engineering and Testing) workshop series provides a meeting point for researchers and practitioners from the two separate fields of Requirements Engineering (RE) and Testing. The long term aim is to build a community and a body of knowledge within the intersection of RE and Testing, i.e., RET. The 4th workshop was co-located with the 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE'17) in Lisbon, Portugal and attracted about 20 participants. In line with the previous workshop instances, RET 2017 o ered an interactive setting with a keynote, an invited talk, paper presentations, and a concluding hands-on exercise.
Abstract Among the different nanostructures that have been demonstrated as promising materials for various applications, three–dimensional (3D) nanostructures have attracted significant attention as building blocks for constructing high-performance nanodevices because of their unusual mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and magnetic properties arising from their novel size effects and abundant active catalytic/reactive sites due to the high specific surface area. Considerable research efforts have been devoted to designing, fabricating, and evaluating 3D nanostructures for applications, including structural composites, electronics, photonics, biomedical engineering, and energy. This review provides an overview of the nanofabrication strategies that have been developed to fabricate 3D functional architectures with exquisite control over their morphology at the nanoscale. The pros and cons of the typical synthetic methods and experimental protocols are reviewed and outlined. Future challenges of fabrication of 3D nanostructured materials are also discussed to further advance current nanoscience and nanotechnology.